கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Lanka Guardian 1996.02.01

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LANKA
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ETHNIC CONFLICT AN
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MVEM/S EACAGAFOUMD
P. A. : THE SURPRIS
Mervyn de Silva
Flera ISS Tuch in the P.A.'S
constitutional reforms package for the TITES Of the Örth-ard-St. Lt Tot enough. The government's overriding concern Was not to alienate majority. Sinhalese opinion or offend the Buddhist clergy, the Maha Sangha, While responding to the long-standing Tamil demand for regional autonomy in the so-called "traditional homeland", the north-andeast. This Was not the hardwork of the cock-a-hoop P.A. We saw in action soon after the "Lion Flag" was hoisted in Jaffna, the triumphant climax of "Operation Riviresa". President ChandrikaKLUtaratunga and her closest advisers had evidently observed a change in the Tlass mood and it took them by surprise. Soon they were on the defensive, Constitutional Affairs Minister, G. L. Pieris Tost of II.
To attribute this change in the climate of opinion only to the Maha Sangha and the Sinhala-Buddhist hardliners is to oversimplify. The truth is that the L.T.T.E., over-estimating its military strength, had established a Tiri-State in Jaffna. It had convinced its guerrillas, the Jaffna middle class and the Tamil people that the L.T.T.E. had the military capacity to defend its "capital" even against an Onsla Lught by a Well-equipped conventional army. But for once the Sri Lankan army Was advancing according to a plan, and most of all, was in no hurry, and not under pressure to take Jaffna in order to boost Tla55 Torale in the Soul.
What the P.A. strategists did not anticipate was the Sinhala reaction to the news that the army had taken Jaffna and the "Tigers" had fied. The Sinhala ego had taken such a battering these past years that the reaction of the Sinhala Voter Was certainly not what the P.A. had confidently апticipated — ап, electorate prepared to ECCOTT|0dat Ethi ETa,Tils and CCCedgat least some of their long-standing deThands. "We hawe the Tigers on the nun,
Why concede, Why Maha Sangha, Si and the intelligent: Surprise.
What is more, th The arпny hadршII The army had gro it had a right to sp. climate had such a P.A. policy-makers ryback-bencherst had to be abando Tarimills, Substantial assumption that th Softened even the
fga WECUSEd Prabhakaran is on de?" It is possible the Deputy Defenc identified by everyT per reader as the" took this line of arg policy-making lewel:
What is importan taken a seat at the Cabinet, so to say,
The L.T.T.E.'s O' ened the army's Copened Cor rather rE frott. A that frO Cor Inplex military ch after all an ethnic complexion of thee; and Sinhalese as teTail Take the E challenge. The Wa policy makers dare a deal that Sinhala aS a "Sgil-Out" to ti Worse, a stab in the E back.
Thus, the "Dig Wol nearly al Tamil par disappointing Or IrE less Somersault, Wi

NG PRICE OF VICTORY
compromise?" The mıhlalese Tiddle-class sia took the P. A. by
e army had "arrived". edit off. On its own. wn up. It had a Voice; ak. This new opinionstrong impact on the and the parliamentaat the old action-plan Ed, i.e. to offerte ConCessions. On the 8 military victory had Sirhialese hiard||irlers.
tham frũTT1.Jäffrla, and the run, Why "concahat Colonel Rakwatte, ce Minister, Who Was V viewer and newspapolitician" at the front, Jument at the highest 5 of the P.A.
t is that the army had meeting of the inner The army had arrived.
wn reaction strengthposition. The Tigers' 3-opened the Eastern it in a Way is a more allenge..... in What is
Conflict. The ethnic ast-Tamils, Muslims Will as the different East quite a different r goes on, the P. A. flot offer E Tassis Opinior Will de Ou TCE IB enemy, and What's rawe Sinhala Soldier's
ution package "which ties have rejected as 4dequate or a sharTneIt hardly be the basis
of a negotiated settlement. Or the first step in a "conflict resolution exercise".
The P.A. in fact has mounted a self-protective rear-guard action. "The government's devolution plans do not include any special privileges for the Northern and Eastern provinces" said Prof. Pieris on Monday 29. (Interestingly, he was addressing a gathering of monks at the Bandaranaike Memorial Hall) "All powers regarding the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country will be wested with the Centre. Devolution is essential to preserve the country's territorial integrity"
GÜARDIAN
Wol. 18 No. 18 February 1, 1996
Pri Cg Rs. 10.00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. NO: 246, Ulic Place COOT - 2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447.584
Printed by Ananda Press B25, Sir Ratnajothi Saravarlannuttu Mawatha, Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
Pakistan's Kashmir Tangla Immigration Major ISSL
ir: AL jistralia 3. Russian Pols Examiring the Accord Trends and Briefly 구 Structural Adjustriartıl
Folicy and Ils Impact B Pluralism (2) .3 לוחםחםAstr Sri Lankan Literaturg (5) 5 Correspondencia 19

Page 4
Pakistan's Kashmir
Eqbal Ahmad
There are striking similarities between five decades of Pakistan's entanglements in Kashir and the Arab states policy on Palestine from 1930 to 1980.
FRhetoric, strident in both cases, obsLLLLLL LLLLLL LLLLLL LLL LLLL0LLLL00LS There Was an absence of attention to Comprehending the resources, methods, and strategies of the adversary. Little respect was shown toward and no effort Was expended to Tobilise the aspirations and resources of the peoples in question - Palestinians and Kashmiris. Their pliability and sacrifices were presumed. PolitiCal opportunism, the exegesis of personal ambitions and domestic politics shaped the activities and proclamations of politicians and governments, and these passed as policy. Diplomacy Was reduced to legal argumentation and references to U.N. resolutions. By and large posturing Substituted for policy making. Ab Owe all the pressures for conformity ware such that the intellectual class either fed the prevalent illusions or retained silent to the detriment of the countries and peoples Concelled.
When policy was actually discussed and for Tulated, it was conceived mostly in military term, and without serious and dispassionate consideration of the adversary's or one's own political and economic capacity or Will to sustain War. Ilusions Substituted for analysis, bluster for planning and design. Naturally, miscalculations resulted: In 1948 the Arabs grossly underestimated their enemy's strength no BSS that their OW1 Wakil SS. I th5555 year, Pakistan Tiscalculated the strength and popularity of Sheikh Abdullah and his National Conference, the nature of India's interest in Kashmir, the effectiveness of Pakistani tribals as a fighting force, and the Collard and Cohesion of its own army. In 1965, Pakistan's highest officials miscalculated three-fold: Kashmiri respomise to Cperation Gibraltar, the Pakistani force's capability to carry out Sledgehammer, and India's riposte to both. Similarly in 1967 when it closed the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt disregarded Israel's strategic objectives and will to make war, America's lack of interest in restraining Israel, and also Egypt's own Tilitary capability.
In both regions Wars did break out,
costing dearly in m resulting either in 1967, and 1972, or Tlate:S aS il 1965 f. for Egypt and Syria both cases was t Warring sides to acc sored by Superpowe the United Nations. lead to serious andf peaca. The wiciou: mis CalculatioriS, COS and Warfare na 5 i Arabs in abject Su unequal peace for E a risky stallemate fo Pakista and India Ways, and Kashmi betwwixt - beġ ġdir suppressed.
Recently I have Kashmir's prospect all'OWa. Pakistari inti my Observations a and Conversations \ is, Kashmiris, and
The evidence is India'STOral Solati total, and unlikely military means or p It COMIT lands slot : among Kashmiri Mu
SOCOTITUlalal and Muslim ideolog II: LEITT15. Tie C: KäShirialaräti
Wedi realiti BSTOt On Nor did Pakistania igniting Kashmir's e. The roots of the po lay in Kashmiridisco the Indian governm manipulations of K protracted and bru proceeded has me shriri people's deep
Ironically while in Kashmir has a appears farther from today than it was 1992. Ka Silli'SETE people are merely thig Tock and a hE decision lakers Will Kashmiris, great say

* Tangle
en and material, and defeats as in 1948, i Llifa WOLlrable StalleDr Pakistar art 1973 ... Anotable feature in Ie willingness of the :eptcease-Пres sропars and Supervised by Yet, War's end did not ruitful negotiations for S. cycle of posturing, illy spendingопагms, inally ended for the rrender by the PLO. gypt and Jordan, and rSyria and Lebanon.
COrtin Le il Lei Old ir TETTaiTS COrt Sted g, Suffering, brutally
been inquiring into S. Since India Wi|| not JJBITITILIaПt KashпГ e based on research "With infor Tig Pakistai
ridiaris:
Overwhelming that on in Kashmiris nearly to be Overcome by olitical manipulations. a shred of legitimacy slims. India's probler ough sectarian Hindu Leis Wiew it is i Coimint luit is notwithstanding, frCIIndia iS based On religious preferences. Wearly thing to do with xtraordinary Tebellion. pular uprising in 1989 intentWith neglectand er it's un COSCioable ashmiri politics. The tal repression Which rely consolidated Kaalienation from India.
dia's Toralisolation in ugmented, Kashmir the goal of liberation in the years 1989 to ave and long suffering caught now between ird place. Pakistan's I do Pakistan, and the "our if they would take
a break from rhetorical exercises and international travels to ponder this reality. In this space one can offer only the outlines of a framework for their reflection.
History of liberation struggles in twentieth century suggests that movements Which succeeded owed their successes to sever primary and four Secondary sactors. The following are primary requirements: (i) popular support for the liberation mOVement and augrnenting moral isolation of the incumbent; (ii) a dominant and unified leadership and organisation; (iii) primacy of politics and subordination of the military to the political leadership; (IV) rebel organisation must out administer the incumbent, not merely outfight it;(w) clarity of goals is essential; objectives must not be in dispute; (iv) the ideology and style of the movement should be in harmony With the inherited culture of the people, (vii) Support of foreign countries which mobilise international opinion and also help to sustain morale.
The Secondary factorS entail the logistics of Waging protracted struggles; faVourable terrain, availability of food, Supply of arms, and dependable external Sanctuaries. Historically, movements which fulfil the primary conditions fully but are deficient in secondary advantages have tended to succeed. The Mujahideen's struggle against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, widely deemed as being successful, was unique in the sense that While it was exceptionally Well endoWed On the Secondary resources it was deficient in the areas of primary requireTELS. But the its Weakle:SSES WEEre offset by the extraordinary support it had of the United States, Saudi Arabia, Iran and, above all, Pakistan which had long and open borders with Afghanistan. A Senior diplomatin Delhi observed that the "failure to comprehend the uniqueness of the Afghan experience and Kashmir's Contrasting patterns hawe contributed to Pakistani blunders in the Valley."
A brieflook at the Kashmiri environment today leads to unhappy conclusions: (a) At the outset, the uprising which began in 1989 Was popular, politically rooted, and Converging around one dominant party - the JKLF. Today there are

Page 5
upwards of thirty groups, ideologically divers, competing, often undercutting each other. In this free-for-all India's COUnter-insurgency operatives have introduced their own players. The most notorious and powerful of those is the group led by Kuka Parray Which has Cutsignificantly into Some strongholds of Kashmiri resistance. (b) Militarisation has reached in the resistance movement to the point that political and military relationship has LaLaLLLL LLLaLLLLLLLS LLL LLLL LLLL LLLLCLLL primacy over the political wing of resistance. (c) By all accounts the parallel hierarchies — administrative organs, justice, and Policing — Which had begunto dewetop during 1989-1992 have all but disintegrated as militarisation augmented and resistance groups multiplied, (d) Appearances notwithstanding, Kashmiri resistance is deepy divided today overthe question of objectives. Pro-Pakistam and proindependence, Islamists and secularists hawe little in Common except their opposition to India, and this makes collaboration and Coordination difficult and, in Some cases, impossible, (e) With few exceptions, the ideology and style of the resistance groups-some are linked to PakiStan's Islamic parties - run counter to Kashmiri political culture which is by and large mystical, temporal, and pluralistic.
Above alle WS from Pakista ruderiLaa0 LaaLLLLLLL LLLLLL GLLL LLLLLL LLLaLLLL CALISB.The ViolenČe in Karachi-rILIrders in government custody, siege of mohallas, incarceration of people without charges and trials, and extortion by militial-closely parallels Kashmiri experience today. A group of Kashmiri intellectuals, a few of them on a visit from Srinagar, gathered LLL0 LLLLLLLHH LL LLLLLLaL LLLLL LL0LL LLLSS LLLLLLL anxious questions about Pakistan were painful to answer. What they had to say WaSE VETTOre difficLE LOSWCW.
"Riaz - Khokar Sahibi (Pakistan's High Commissioner in India) has Karachi thrown at him. Whenever he speaks of Kashmir". Said One Tan. Ard a Woman professor: "We have had two choices. One, India has been a bitter experience for US. The other, Pakistan looks Obetter now. So We Want a third option." Said a Well known political figure: "India is spending fifty billion rupees a year on Kashmir, Pakistan is losing three hundred billion rupees annually in Karachi. Who will last longer. We Worry." And so it went. LLLLK LLLLLL LLLLaL LL L L LLLLLLaLLLL LLLLLL a ar SWBr?
Immigrat
Kalinga Sene
Immigration loorris iSSLE in AUStralia elections, With a T. MP threatening toʻrL. on anti-immigration
Graеппе Campbe goorlie in the Wes Tiining belt for TorE Labour's endorse T1: to his criticism of th cies on immigration, the Violent.
He has announc independent nation the Australian Agai tion (AAF) party, W per Cent of Wotes in til OS i NEW South South Australia. He his campaign on Al TlOlt.
AAF FläS EJEgri E xenophobic anti-A: ment, although the p racial background 0. terial.
Old Critic Wroteir article AAFII Would grants were called S yen".
NOW that Asians half of immigrantsh for CL-ut 5 il the iTI could be suspecte racists. Asian migra cismi renmains ingirai psyche.
in an interview wit Rodney Spencer sa ticket with Campbell elections is not pure campaign.
"We've really got Ther's little differer major) parties," he alternative. The alte Sort of a lationalis What We hawe iSiarli party system".
AAFI Wants immig

ion major issue in Australia
riate
SYDNEY
large as a major s upcoming general averick Labour Party In as an independent platform.
III, federal MP or Kaltern Australian gold + tham a de Ca[i]=, lCSt antin November due e g0vernment's poliTLIli-CL|LIfFiliST1ärld
ed plans to for IT an a Senate ticket With inst Further Immigrahich Won up to eight recent state by-elec
Wales, Victoria and is expected to launch stralia Day later this
accused of being an sian political moWearty platfort in says the immigrantsis imma
a recent newspaper Tot exist "if I TOTE ITmiths instead of NgU
make up more than are, any group calling migration programme of being anti-Asian nts Say anti-Asiani raled in the Australian
hIPS, AAFI president id the planned senate for the coming federal |yananti-imigration
a One-party System. ce between the (two
said. "We Want ar. :rnative basically is a stic Australian party. terraticialistic: COTE
rant arrivals limited to
30,000 a year, about a third of current levels and a fifth of the rate five years ago.
Spencer, a medical practitioner, does not dispute the business community's argument that immigration boostsecononic growth, but says growth by itself is Tot neceSSarily a good thing.
"I don't Want growth that creates big cities, so that I can't drive around. I don't Want growth that createS pollution. So that I can't breath the air," he said.
He adds that Australia is not only importing people but also dropping protection for its industri ES. "We don't baliewe it is right to drop our tariff barriers, destroy our industries and import everything We Want from overseas. That's globalisation and it's not in the best interest of the Australian people".
Emeritus Professor Laksiri Jayasuriya of the Centre for Development Studies at Perth's Edith Cowan University says Australians are beginning to see the economic impact of their migration policies of the recent past, and this Will bring the issue of racism into the centre-stage of the public agenda.
"Racial issues hawe bleem drive Lulder the carpet by saying it's only the lunatic fringe (which gets involved), but it's no longer so," he says. "We now find arriore competitive labour Tarket.... so one is going to find all kinds of scapegoats".
The deregulation of the labour market and the increasing withdrawal of protectionism hawe affected migrarits more than anybody else, but Jaya,Suriya notes that ironically they are being blamed for the problems.
"What Gгаеппе Сапpbellisагguing is not really racist of anti-green, but he's really challenging deregulation and nonprotectionist policies (which) really boils downto the question of jobs for Australian Workers," he says.
The media have branded Campbell's planımed ticket as arı anti-Green campaign. But Western Australian Senator Dee Margetts agrees With Campbell om the need for a public debate on issues like population and immigration policy.
-F5

Page 6
WH/77HER ALSS/A2
C.P.: Post-Polis Res
HOraCe Perera
PS Taubman Writing in the New York Times posed a question to the peoples the Russian Federation. "How could you" he asked vote communist, "after enduring all those Erdless limes in the Arctic Winter to buy a stunted head of cabbage, after suffering all the grandiloquest nonsense of Lenin's ideals and studying Marxism-Leninism until your mind Went dumb, and after Watching your Country sink into an economic stupor". This is just what millions of Russians did On Sunday 17th December 1995 in voting to fill half the seats of the 450 places in the DLIrma, the "Lower House" of the Parliament of the Russian Federation, thereby resurrecting the Communist Party from the dead and making it and its allies the Tost po Werful political Organization in the Federation.
The most significant thing about the election, apart from the shift towards CoTunists and Nationalists Was that the elections CCCLured as there Wera Sērious doubts that it would be held at all. As a matter of fact, as many as 43 political parties fielded candidates and Voter out exceeded the 60% expected. Moreover the 660 odd team of international obserVers reported that, but for the voting in Chechnya where the War was still continuing and a few negligible irregularities, the election Was Well conducted. The serious unfair element was the extent to which the government party, "Our Home is Russia," monopolised the electronic media in the campaign leading to the election.
No time Was given to the other parties. The Communists with their likely Agrarian allies and other leftist parties can together hold about 200 seats in the Duma. With Zhirinovsky's ultra-nationalists, whose economic programme is not very different they can command a majority in the House. President Yeltsin has gone on record
CT LLLTT T T THOLCOCCCCCS CCLueuHuLLH kL HLH CLGLTL Federally WWA. He acknown as a cally so LSC LuOHLHTTkCHC CCHCLS ELLE LCLCCHLS LO LTCCuGTLeGuOC TLTT LLLSTS CL LCLL LOLOLO LLLL LLLSLLLeLkLk CCTrTCTTT LLLHLHOHCGL LLLLL LCLLLL LHCCHLCTCMS LLLLLL LALLGLO OTOHLHHLSCLMS
OTsar testars,
臺
as saying "We hawe or assess the elec While Prime Minister Ha5. declared that t course". In spite oft fances that Russia y of Refor" there i. election results con feat of the governm to democracy and r far experienced by Yawlinsk the deter reformist YabloCo, El When he told Flora Cal COITIITrentator Flera' WWFFLWF that gOWETTIĜit S0 TIL alterēti".
Communist Returr
The retum topop nist Party was not ur of reckoning, 17 the Ched. Westernoptim sticallyexpected der economy to taker sub-continent that is tion bringing with th refits to its peoples. e Wêr, particularly the and St Peter'sberg, urban centres, perce rently. They saw pc reform bring with to economic misery, sp galloping inflation a employment, suspic
Tir diSilUSiOl by Yeltsin's freque decree rather thar a parliament, his novel mert by the use C BCOliālē Stephen F. Cohen" nearly half the natio bacchiamalia of officia ching 5 to 8 percen These naturally geni gia for what many re When law and order excellent and cle almost non-existent, health-care free art zed. It was evident t

Urrection
no reason to Worry, ions as a tragedy". Wictor Chernormyrddin ley "Will not Change BSE and other assuVIII stay on the "Road no doubt that the stitute a stinging de at and a Wote of NO arket refoľTTS ELS SO he Russians. Grigori mined leader of the ck was more realistic Jewis, a Tegular politito the Weal "...people hate the ch they Support its
I mot Unexpected
larity of the Commuexpected as the day December, approaistshadquite unrealiпоcracy and a market oot in the sporawling the Russian Federaem Considerable beMany Russians, howSe Outside MOSCOW as Well as Sofile other Ved things wary diffelitical and economic nly confusion, chaos, ecially in the form of ind Widespread unon and Crille.
ent was heightened it resort to rule by cceptance of rule by | dissolution of parliaif tanks and by his which according to 'hawe improverished in While unleashing a Ll corruption and enrit of the population". erated a hazy nostamembered as a time prevailed, bread Was ар, шпеппployment education universal, i Wacations subsidiat reform was facing
a formidable obstacle which strangely enough was "THE PAST". To make matters worse the West continued, in spite of official Russian warnings, plans to extend NATO eastward thereby offending the entire Russian political spectrum. This, together with Turkey's efforts to extendits influence into the largely Muslinn dominated former Soviet states of Central Asia, raised among Communists and Ultra-nationalists the spectre of "encircleleft" of the RUSSiam Federatio. The Sea and other considerations contributed to people increasingly identifying with the dictators Who used the monolithic Tlachinery of the state to secure unquestioning obedience than With the neo-detocrats who claimed to liberate them. They probably felt about communisi Tı What Churchill is reported to have thought about democracy "that it is the worst form of government but there is nothing better".
Kto Viľ1 OWat?
This question which means "Who is guilty"?. Tends to be raised by Russians whenever the country is engulfed in a deep Crisis. In today's chaotic and confused situation many of the political class, annong them Yeltsin's allies, seem to hawe no difficulty in pointing an accusing finger at Yeltsin,The most damning "indictment" of the President was made by hisonetime ally, the Editor of Oshohaya Gazeta, who early this year Screamed in a two-page headline in his paper "Boris Yeltsin is Guilty. Before the law, Before the People, Before History".
The second accused in the eyes of many are the Western Goverппnents and the International Aid Agencies which failed to provide the financial backing to honest, through inexperienced, reformers led by Prime Minister Yegor Guidar. The conditionalities that aid organizations laid down showed a colossal ignorance and therefore a total lack of appreciation of the nature and magnitude of the problems facing the reformers. Complaints were һеard from the most pro-westem to the most nationalistic states of the miserly treatment received from those whom they expected to be their partners. In the eyes of many, both inside and outside Russia,

Page 7
the West and the aid agencies"Were guilty of Squandering the moment in early 1992" when they could have stepped up aid and helped Yeltsin and his then powerful team of reformers. Because of the lack of outside Support Boris Yeltsin had to compromise with the corrupt old guard. Most of the reformers Were pushed from power and by the end of 1992 the apparatchikshad seized control of the Central Bank and much of the government.
There is a third guilty party notas visible to Russian Voters as to competent Russia Watchers outside. The "accusation" against them is made by Jeffrey D. Sachs, a Harvard economist who was adviser to Russia's Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar in 1992 and to Finance Minister Boris FyodorOLI ilril 1993. Oriġ Carl I do ro Jetter ta make considerable use of the "charges" henade against the "accused" inacontribution ТЕ ПаđЕ to the NEW YOrk Times. He points out that Russia has "always lacked a political tradition, even the rhetoric, of civic mindedness" Moreover "Few politicians even profess a standard of public service or public morality". While "almost all post communist states hawe experienced corruption scandals (largely because civil society is weak and still unorganized) Russia's corruption is singularly deep". One reason Jeffrey Sachs gives for this "is that the Communist Party Central Committee, the breeding ground of much of today's leadership, was profouindly corrupt". It comes as no surprise therefore to lear that "In the Sowjet Union's Warning years, senior appartchiks converted political power into financial stakes" and that in the "spontaneous privatization" (a tem with a cynical connotation) that followed Tuch of the billions of dollars, originally earned by the state, especially from the export of oil, gas, dia Timonds and metal..... flowed into private pockets "creating shortfalls in the government’s budget. Prime Minister Wiktor S. Chernomyrdin has overseen a process under which prized government assets were turned over to political insiders for a fraction of their worth and huge privatiZed Companies paid little or no taxes. Corrupt practices such as the few mentioned" stripped the government of revenue Which Could hawe been Lu Sed t0 añėlirate the impact of inflation and other market dislocation. It is not surprising that to many a Russian паткеf economy became inextricably linked with "corruption" and carine to be played up as such by the LLLLLL LaL L0L LHHLLLLLLL LLLL LLLaLLLLLLL000LS rily responsible. The corruption was a major campaign issue for opponents of
refort in the 17 De un doubtedly Contrib
Finally it can be crats" also share a of them seem to of the entired crocr little they knew was Voters, to a larger electio 15 alOITE WE democracy. Interna led in Wain to the undertake Crash B оп democracy. All ference of Europ ASSOCiations Sirice

Cember" belections and uted to their success.
said that the "deopart of the "guilt". Most awe had a hazy idea atic process. Even the not conveyed to the majority of whom free is tha litrTLUS 'test of tional NGO's appea
European Union to lucation programmes every biennial Conean United Nations 1991 these appeals
Were repeated. It was pointed out that as democratic institutions came to be introduced into the Scandinavian Countries the Danish Bishop Gruntwig urged widespread education of the people for democracy"If this democracy is not to be stified in its infancy". The Warning was taken seriously and by the beginning of this Century democratic institutions Were taking firm root in the countries concerned. With the modern Electronic IT1B dia aWailable today such programmes could have been carried out more effectively and in a much shorter timë.
WEY72 PFEISWEW AL 5 AE5
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U. Kall LIThatilake

Page 8
GAFWALAMAMWAKAW COMWAFZ/C7
Indian Role: Examinin
Humayun Kabir
at a concerned about is just to briefly highlight the relevant clauses and provisions of the Accord that bear evidence of India's entrenched role i Sri Lanka'''Sisteg Tlal T1 dextgraaffiTS.
Fог Sгі Lanka, a major galп from the Accord was that its unity and territorial integrity was safeguarded. Another gain was that the government could transfer troops from the North to the South Were tha JWP insurgency was just erupting. Yet another benefit was that wiolence ceased, temporarily though.
The Sri Lankan government met some of the Tamil demands. Tamil and English Were made official languages, alongside Sinhalese. The Northern and Eastern proWinces were an algamated with more powers devolved. However, the merger required to be popularly upheld in a referendum by the people of the Eastern province after the expiry of one year.
But the gravest flaw in the Accord was that Hartlet was enacted Without the Prince Of Denmark. The Tamils WBre mot made a party to it. They were not even Consulted Wellin advance by either signatory.' It was the responsibility of the Government of India to bring the TULF and Tamil militant groups to agree to the provisions of the Accord and underwrite and guarantee them which included surrendering of arms by the militants within 72 hours without looking into the problem of security for the disa rrred Tarmis. But more significarity, as Bastia Tipillai contends, India's role was unusual as it was Well over and above that of Tediator.'"
The provisions laid in the Accord demonstrated how Substantial and powerful arole was assigned to India in the process of settling Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict."In fact, in Sub-clause 2.14 of the Accord, the Government of India obligated itself "to underWrite and guarantee the resolutions, and cooperate in the implementation of the proposals" in the followingmanner: (i) Indial Obserwers Were to be im Wited for tha provincial council elections in the north and east. (ii)Sri Lanka would rehabilitate the disarried Tamil Tilitant youth and LLLHHHLHaLLLaLL aLLH L Laa L GLLLLLLCaLLLL LL
national lifa With |rldi the security and safe in the Ortsl-SäStoff responsibility of Indi That the Sri Lank:
al Sura free and | country's north-east king in an inter-state Sri Lankan glowerinn representative of the as CobiJSE TWEEr in the El cal Councils of ric provinces of the isla durn on the merger Ces Was to be 0bSBr tive of the Election (Wii) The surrender C talts Was tobe Ud: India ad Sri La (viii) The monitoring ties, due from 31 J dole by a joint lr group, (ix) To guara 553 filti: Lākā ju ir Vīt ping force, (x) The finalised during neg be resolved betweer Within a period of six ACCO Td.
India's security co in Rajiv Gandhi's le The latter's positive sually brief and inst was obligated to b SECLurity CONCETIS ii foreign and security four respects. (I) Sri ce India's Security S. ying foreign military SortBl. Tis adrel Pakistani military, B. MOSS di Sri Läka tually stopped using Wa.5 to TakETinCO other ports unavailal any other country in Would consider to rests and Concerns. EfterENCE to Sri La of base facilities in T Navy, (iii) India'sfea oil tank farm being unfriendly foreign po

g the Accord
an help. (iii) Ensuring aty of all communities eisland was the joint a and Sri Lanka. (iw) gover Il Tent Was to Fair election in the had to be an underta: agreement. (W). The lässt Wa5 g invita a GOWT TEt af II ections to the provinBirther ärld EastET ind. (vi). The referenof these two provinved by a representaComission of India. farms by Tamil millaroint observation of Кап representatives. of Cessation of hostilluly 1987, Was to be do-Länkär obSEWEr tee and enforce the S the President of Sri Ln indian peaCe-keeresidual matters, not tiations, Were also to dia arīd Sri Lākā Weeks of signing the
ncerns Were outlined tter to Jayewardene.
reSPOil Se Was UIUrītā rīLS. Šri Laikā e mindful of India's the Conduct of its policy, particularly in Lanka Will not prejudiensitivities by emploand intelligence pere Wance to the rol Of titi SKMISISTE - And Sri Lalka eWemthem. (ii) Sri Lanka malee and any of its ble for military Luse by a Tarner that India eliminical to her inteThis had the implied ka's alleged granting rincormale e to the US TSG Of the TriNICOTälge out to military use by Wes Were also taken
care of. The restoration and operation of the farm was to be undertaken as a joint Wenture between India and Sri Lanka. And (iv) Sri Lanka Was to review its agreements with foreign broadcasting organisations to ensure that any facilities set up by them in the island were not used for any military or intelligence gathering բLIIբOSBS.
In return for these extra-ordinary gains in its relationship with Sri Lanka, India had only to Take So Ile dubious gestures to the island. India agreed to expel Sri Lankan Citizens engaged in terrorist activities or advocating separatism from Indian territory. This could not be a serious reciprocal Undertaking on the part of India, for it is in any case expected or incumbent On the part of a country that professes to be a good friend of a domestically-insecure neighbour of hers not to grant sanctuary, arms, training and finances to the militant elements who were fighting to secede from that neighbour. By the way, Such assurances coming from India also implied that there were campson its territory for Tail Tilitants who had received artis and training there, a truth Which the Indian authorities almost ritualistically denied before. Another assurance that India gawe to Sri Larika was that the former Would provide training facilities and military supplies for the latter's Security forces. Il fact, dia did it in Order to reinforce its influence O'War Sri Laka a S W2|| aS tO obviate the island state's needs to receive Suchi assistance from OtherSOurC8SWhich could be deemed to be compromising to India's perceived interests.
Thus, with the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka. Peace ACOrd, Sri Lankas status wis-a-Wis India LunderWert a funda Tental change that was exemplified by the novelty in the tenor and texture of their bilateral relationship.' Sri Lanka formally came under hegemonic influence of India as far as the island's ethnic conflict, and its foreign and Security policy were corCerfied. Before, the Sri Lankan golwgirrents, whether of UNP or SLFP, could handla the ethnic issue as an interrial problem in which India had no role to play. From after the signing of the Accord,

Page 9


Page 10


Page 11
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) concludes clearly that adjustriment does mot necessarily lower growth or increase existing powerty.
On the contrary, others, especially associated with non-governmental organizations, Who de al With p00 people or the environment in developing countries assert that adjustinent is an unmitigated social andecological disaster. Asan NGO communique strongly states adjustment and policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund "UnderITisle the well-being of families, food producers, LLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLL LLLLHHLLLLHHGLLL LLLLLL well as the viability of fragile demoCrācis".
Even Japan a major shareholder and financial power in the Bank, has through апAgency, Cverseas Eсопопіс Со-ореration Fund, sharply criticized the Bank's approach to Structural Adjustment quoting its heavy reliance on market mechanisms and regulations of State interwention, excessive liberalization of trade and financial institutions, and indis Crir Tir late privatization. It takes little effort to recogniZe Le Walid Telg WarCE of LFESÈ identifid characteristic experiences in relation to COUrtrija:Slika Sri Lanka.
Japan's agency discredited the Bank's optimism in expecting industries that SUStain the coming generation would automatically arise from the private sector's ECLiwitiĒS.
It is, according to Japan, is possible to gain an optimum allotment of resources by taking recourse in market principles alone. The Government has to provide sorThe Subsidies, and especially subsidized interest rates, for socially beneficial activities. Thus did Japan herself propose ideas unwelcome to the Bank, in spite of its i Wolwer Tert in it.
Fшrtherпоге, the Japanese Agency obj5enwed that different ConditionSofirm diwidual countries needed to be carefully Teck Ömed. But the World Barık looked at all countries alike. Also it criticised the gospel that the private Sector, be it foreign or national, had to be treated alike. Japan's Overseas Economic Co-operation Fund (OECF) considered the notion of transferring the basic industries to foreign capital extremely serious.
The Bank lacked a long term view of developing export industries for it believed that the private sector's activities alone would suffice to attain that end, Japan became a success through pursuing policies different from those now advocated by the Bank and did nothesitate to indicate its wieW. Thus within the Bank'sbig Voices differences on its Structural Adjustment and other policies have existed.
Thig in Tipact of S can best be illust Zimbabwe Which Pir Tali Of York Uiiw WJBF) |MF Commented, ultimal Zi Titabwe the freer invariably demande tion, rerioval of fore and importrestrictio wal of subsidies, E price structures to t depression of the S norty. The World B resource cost (DR 1987 to offer this bwe, which otherw doing well although 5| |i| I'll SEt|E Resource Costis a in the Banks idgO cally it could be fau
TE WE-Kf Zimbabwe had prog ly the policies it Wi. The Barik did not W, Asian Dragonslike off in the 1960s i protectionism and dustries thay prof institle Bark IIlITEIitinterveItion in today's changing
As Stonesiana plan for a future in might change or in economies of scale logy or simply went CustomEr5. T1B Bà dynamic comparat panecea is Struct ever is yet Surprise who apply the polic not question therT cannot err it is infall
Structural Adjus zing countries in e. duction which are ( ower from Colonialis serious political cor not be overlooke Structural Adjust de epidelogical cho nature and the po NGOs but also bec World Order UCI World Order OWE" the old one althout by economists and
By 1990-1991, a OITIC Structural A Was introduced in ently the standard in place - further good-bye to price the Tminimum Wag

Structural Adustrilent ated by the case of ofessor Colin Stonesrsity had studied. All eports, as Stones плап ely recommended for marketpackage which 2d currency devaluaign exchange controls S, Cut backSorremoadaptation of relative he World Tarket, and tate's rold in the ECOank Used its dorTiëstic C) analysis approach prescription to ZimbaWise on its own Was it hlad to EOTTOW EOLlt
debts. The domestic 1 important instrument ogy though economiLLE-C.
alled to recognise that ressed using preciselsited restricted there. rant to accept that the KOrga Os Taiwan took ETWiTOTEL COf SLubSidi ES for till ilSSEto fa Wour. But cautions that GoveSShould be not utilised
global economy.
'gued the Bank cannot
Which World Tarkets dustries might realize improve their technoLure Out aldi fiind Tore nk shows no grasp of we advantage. Its only ural Salwation. It hOWi by the failure of those ies but newer less do | After all the Barik |ible,
Tliet re5 Lults ir freekisting patterns of proon the whole, Orles left m. This is an extremely sequence that should d. The imposition of hent UniwerSally is a ice not only as it harms or as claimed by the ELISELECTES TE NEW hangeably. The New wEr turns Out to bE likB. gh it has been created I not by armies.
Bank thought out Ecodjustment Programme Zimbabwe. Consequесопопnic package got currency devaluation, Controls, elimination of e; and introduction of
Cost Sharingfeesinhealth and education occurred. The impact of this drove those In the slUITIS of Hararé to Call the New Order ESAP - Extreme Suffering for People.
MBe3:T1 While bJEgtWeg1 1986 t0 1991ZiTbāV rītēd Vr 2-6 brīs f DoLLLLLL aa LLLLLLa LLaaLLLLL a LLLLLaLLaLLLLLLLS LLLLLLaLS EWWE's debat enhanced in the six years by almosta fourth but adjustments and resultant efforts did not improve the country's external financial position. Acting on the Barık'5 adwicEtrafı 5fOTed One Of Africa'5 firest health and education records into SāblēS.
Women could not afford hospital births and children dropped out of schools. As an observer remarked girls short of food ог ехапіпationfees сопрelled byіппеdiacy of Tlaterial needs ignored possibility of AIDS or pregnancy and sold sex in exchange for cash or food
Storia SirTan fore SaW ( ded-irindustrialization as a major long term consequence of structural adjustment. Initially serious food shortages beset Zimbabwe. Structural Adjustment required inefficient State enterprises to break even. As a result the Grain Marketing Board had to close up operations just before drought and food shortage followed; previously self suffcient Zimbabwe now imported food. Zimbabwe had to sell Maize cheap and buy it day later from the World market because it no longer had stocks as a logical result of having adopted adjustment.
But that Structural Adjustmentis beneficial to the country is an article of faith. The World Bank trades it like a missionary or insurance Salestian Would his Wares, religion or insurance. For instance the Eastern bloc countries who traded mostly With each other Were like all structural adjusters required to become economically "efficient" so as to compete in the global market place. Inevitably it implied few Workers on the payroll as could be achieved. Unemployment and misery Ti Lultiplied.
The Bank like a religion believes that suffering has to be accepted and surmounted to be sawed. Leaders and the elites rarely pay the human costs of adjustment and often become earnest supporters of it. Structural Adjustment demands the roll back of the state through privatization, deregulation and letting the market Work its Wonders. Weakening existing States is the endeavour of rival powers. Also, the Bank's increasing concern with issues ofgoveпапсеапопgilsborrowers Cornes as a logical laststep in its gradually expanding involvement in policy reform through adjustment lending which had bEET first ExtEdEditO SOCII SECtOTS.

Page 12
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Page 13
ALURALIS/W/2)
Conceptualising
Laksiri Jaya,Suriya
М/логіїy5fаft/sалd'Ethлfcfїу.
From the foregoing, it is clear that ethnic identity is a negotiated outcome inspecific socio-cultural conditions which may inwolwe conflict. In this reconceptualisation of ethnic identity Schlesinger (1987), quoting Postoi (1983) states that:
the critical factor for defining the ethnic group therefore following Bath) becomes the social boundary which defines the groups with respect to ethnic groups of the same order, not the cultural reality within these bodies (1987,235).
Implicit in this reformulation is the incorporation of the structural factors relating to ethnic group membership arising from the location of these groups and individual members inspecific social situations. The latter refer to the complex patten of social relations that impinge on a person and serves to give meaning to a sense of ethnic identity. It is an approach which characterises ethnic groups in terms of group relations and recognises that these groups are "minority groups', not in an arithmetical sense, but ideologically. Membership status of ethnic groups, is characterised in terms of unequal power relations pertaining to the dominant groups and structures of society; and importantly, this is accompanied by differential and pejorative treatment, particularly in competitive situations such as in the labour larket.
Importantly, this identification of ethnic groups in terms of 770/7ty status does not exclude a sense of group awareness and group identity arising from the posSession of Shared characteristics, such as cultural, linguistic, religious or national characteristics. Ethnic groups, in this sense, denoted appropriately by boundary markers, are seen as being dynamic, flexible, and responsive to varying Sociopolitical circumstances. As the "boundary markers' of ethnicity (i.e., the physical or cultural attributes used in defining an ethnic group), may change over time, as the groups themselves may undergo changes over time. For example, the second and third generation Australians of migrant origin who account for nearly 20% of the Australian population (ABS
Differen
1995) are likely to st in Ways different fr first generation)org of their particular SO nomic circumstanc 1995; Bottomley 19 this, Gans (1979)
second and third ge or ethnic origin may value to identity ser teristic of first gen second geпегation, only a 'symbolic eth only a nostalgia forth a lOOSEer San Sē (of et
Furthermore, con: mobility that exists Australia, Weinrich (1975), and others r makes the Sense of fluid and dynamic. A fluidity, they cite t passing which occur
people cross Soc are likely to exper the way in Which people (Tajfel 198
Therefore, depen cation of persons in class, people classif particular ethnic grc "one boundary situal bOECLUSE COf theirm fest theiridentityindi reason alona, it Wol ding to assume that SESof"Ethic d enter into the bela quote Olzak
Ethnicity emerges We action when the ges attached to e 1986,254).
In other Words, et dgid - in the coite society Such as Alu: resource to be mob cumstances (e.g., m social discriminati etc.) rather than in t archaic Walues. Thig city gains in salience
 

ce' for a Changing Reality
anifest their ethnicity m their parents (the andparents because ial, political and ecois (see e.g., Wasta 21; 1979). In view of as suggested, that nerations of migrant attach only symbolic inents Tore characration Settlers. The as a rule, manifests nicity' where there is e "old ethnicities' and inic group affiliation.
sidering the extent of in open societies like (1986), De Wos maintain that mobility ethnic identity more is an example of this he phenomenon of 's Wen:
ial boundaries [and] ience disjunctions in they relate to other 2,304).
ding on the social loterms of gender and ed as belonging to a up may move from ion' to another (e.g., rginality), and manifferent ways. For this ild be highly misleathat there is a fixed antity which always ioural equation. To
asa basis for CollectiCara Clear adWata= Lhnic identity (Ozak
inicitys bestregar xt of a multicultural tfalla — TOre ä5 a lised in defined Ciriirginality, alienation, n, uпеппployment It is of a set of fixed xtent to which ethniWill be a function of
the strength of one's sense of ethnic identity in terms of group affiliation, and this will be determined situationally. A Tore flexible and dynamic understanding of ethnicity, has, of necessity, to take into account the subjective (representations arising from one's own experience) and objective (social circumstances) aspects of ethnicity. Thus, researchers such as Bottomley (1992; 1991; 1979) who have researched the meaning of difference among first and second generations of ethnic origin, while not denying the reality of ethnicity, do not wish to reifyitas a fixed and immutable identity.
The definition of minority groups offered by Dworkinet al.(1982) is more appealing because, When applied to ethnic groups, it offers a process oriented account of ethnicity and ethnic identity. Accordingly, 'a minority group is a group characterised by four qualities: indentifiability, differential power, differential and pejorative treatment, and group awareness' (DWorkinet al., 1982, 21-2). This view, importantly, recognises that, depending on circumstance, groups can acquire as well as lose their minority status. A classic instance of the latter is that of the Irish Catholics in Australian history. Thus, at different periods of history a group or designated groups may hawe more or less power relative to others, be treated fore or less diferentially, and perceive-themselves differently as regards their sense of ethnicity. In minority group formation, the pattern frequently observed is that a group is first ident Satye (e.g., in terms of Cultural or racial characteristics), then receives dif saray (a rare because of the lack of power and Tesources, and ower tirne evolves a groypaиareness.
Hence, ethnic groups as minority groups, may be identified as those singled out for differential and pejorative treatment Which is What serves to differentiate ther from the majority on the grounds of their ethnicity, based on Cultural or physical attributes. As a result, they are regarded as 'status devalued" groups whose ethnicity is more instrumental than expressive, and operating as interest groups in the public domain (see Jeannie Martin 1991). This point of view, though lost sight of with

Page 14
the dOITirlance of theidealist/eSSentialist view of culture, was first expressed in the Australian context by the late Jean Martin (1978). Nearly two decades ago, Martin described Australian Society as a genuimely pluralistSociety (Where) ethmicrminorities are legitimate interest groups (1978, 75). As interest groups', what is important is the cross-cutting affiliations arising from a recognition of their common circumstances such as inequality, disadvantage, discrimination, Or denial Of ECCESS C. résources. It is for this reason that it is Widely recognised that ethnicidentity is regarded as a "politico-economic resource that can be mobilised in the pursuit of grO Lupo inteTests.
Castles (1992), is one Contemporary Australian theorist who acknowledges that the interest group approach, when considered in the Australian context, is defensible and plausible in that it deals With "the dilema of inclusion wersus ethnic rights and the... disparity between formal rights and real power (1992, 199). Although Castles appears doubtful Whether "this type of mobilization is taking place' (1992, 189), there is increasing evidence of ethnic mobilisation (e.g., in the strong ethnic support for the "racial vilification Bill, and use of community languages on SBS radio). Furthermore, ethnic politics have become more Salient in New South Wales and Victoria, and there is a greater awareness among major political parties, of the influence of the 'ethnic vote". More recently. Castles (1993) appears to hawe modified his earlier scepticism by correctly pointing out that the inclusionary model of citizenship adopted by Australia. ignores peoples' varying group identities and different social positions' (1993, 32). Similarly, Jaya,Suriya (1994; 1993) adwocates a model of democratic pluralism based on a post-modern notion of citizenshiբ,
Еїhл/с/fуалd fhe Soc/a/Rea//їy offЛе
The Australian theorising on difference and diversity is based on the concepts of culture and ethnicity, and revolves around two alternative conceptualisations of ethmic groups: One, as CWa/g/OL/35 and the other, as 77 dry series L5. Admittedly, in spite of the conceptual shortcomings, there may have been some justification for the culturalist approach to represent diversity in the early phase of mass migration, i.e., pre-1976. This period (see HREOC 1994) was dominated by European migrants for whom language was a key boundary marker of their ethnicity; and, in the context of a first generation
1.
strategy of migrant a of relative economic list discourse had
ethnic groups as W groups (Jaya,Suriya 1 changing Social der T ral location of thos grants, OrperSonSO SUCI a chläfËdCtr is appropriate and irr
The theorising and se used to portray th lian society should r ally rigorous and de able to portray aCC social reality, in pa variety of the Socia Australian populatic Concept and termin necessary to identif demography of the there are four distin helpful in portraying the present day el Australian Society:
1. The BethlC , Ti ethnicities
After 1976, as a of migration from A East, the 'ethnic COr lation is characteris and racial mix (see pter 6). The catego med under "ethnicit in popular discours social meanings. T cannot be SubSUITE re'theorising by rew and racist. Put diff Australia is not just multiracial Society is applied mainly to and those of "Asian different because shape.
According to 777 (HREOC 1993), the
two basic prob
post 1976 irminimi created by dome. ther than by the (
is the inabilit
guarantee arriWalls as and
the lingerir Europeans fret frOfT
Regrettably, the multiculturalism pa

daptation in a period affluence, a Culturafunctional utility for "el as the idcirTiirilarit 1990a). However, the Iography and structuia described aS TiFethnic origin, makes isation increasingly Telewalt.
language of discOUrLe diversity of Australot only be conceptufensible, but also be urately the changing rticular, the complex I composition of the | T. LETTE the ology of "bestfit', it is y the changing Social se groups. In brief, tive features that are the Social reality of thnic composition of
. FacE BI IBM
result of new Waves siaaldte Middle position of the popued by a more wa ried HREOC 1993, Chay'race', often SubSuy", continues to exist e and has a range of gracia" diSCOLIrSe I'd by, or withiri, ''CullLriting the facts of "race' erently, in One sense, a "multiCultural' but a Where the term 'race' Categorise Aboriginal origin who are visibly of skin colour or eye
g 53a 0//79 W3C/7
El TE
ems associated. With gration remain those StС СТCLJПstaПCES racharter of immigrants:
of the economy to employment for new it could before 1975,
ig prejudice that nonare essentially "difEuropeans' (p. 102).
BCBlt Stätement On lys little heed to this
reality, nor the problems of racism and prejudice identified by the HREOCReport Or1 Racial "WiÖblĞrhC3.
2. Adaptation and status of "Asian
migrants
The new "Asian settlers (approximately 4.3% are classified as Asian born) who display a great variety in their social condition (HPREOC1993, Chapter B) hawe needs and aspirations quite distinct from the earlier migrants drawn from Europe (Jaya,Suriya & Sang 1990). Unlike earlier waves of migrants from Europe, language is not a key marker of the ethnicity of "Asian settlers. Religion, and cultural values appear to be more Salient in determining their distinctive ethnic identity, especially with Middle Eastern groups (see HREOC 1993, 98, on the growth of non-Christian religious groups). These new settlers who include a high proportion of refugees, are less concerned, with questions of cultural and linguistic maintenance. They are more oriented towards material advancement and striving for ECOIOTIC bottETTEt il är aldWEISE ECO
OTC elwirOTElt. Wille 5GOTTE of thE5E new migrants, especially those from Indochina (Wietnam and Cambodia), hawe fared poorly in the labour market, other groups, especially skilled professional and business migrants, are over represeinted in the higher end of the occupational spectrum. This reveals a bi-Todal patters of occupational and economic adaptation which has significant implications in understanding the 'ethnic strivings of these groups (Jayasuriya 1991).
3. Migrants and those of ethnic origin
in a changing economy
The dilemmas of economic growth, structural adjustinent and restructuring of the economy have had a differential impact on ethnic groups. This is most apparent in the labour market position of older migrants (see HREOC 1993, 21), Women, OutWorkers, and young people drawn from new migrant groups, especially Lebanese and Indochinese communities (Vietnamese, Cambodians). Furthermore, following the restructuring of the Australian economy, ona variety of indicators Such asindustrial accidents, Compensation, and ageing, migrants of ethnic origin hawe, had to beara disproportionate burden of the adverse Social effects (See e.g., Taylor & MacDonald 1994). At the sarietime, older migrants are now increasingly part of the ethnic aged, and constitute a distinctive groups with social needs (see HREOC 1993, especially Chapters 3-5).
(To be Солtливо)

Page 15
Astronomy as Sci
Chandra Wickremasinghe
Acceptance of S
It is a great honour you have bestowed on neinth and in so doing would like to take this opportun Scholarship and service to humanity to which the Sal has had a relatively short history, but already its p awards. I also feel privileged to be the very first ast Sly SC), il recognising Contributionis to know lege iI has shown remarkable judgement and foresight. F. is emerging as a science that can both capture imag. of the Earth from space, which are so commonplac taken for instance by the Hubble Space Telescope, p. drama is to be enacted - the cosmic backdrop for
AŠTU science has its roots in diverse cultures and in many different parts of the World. It exemplifies Tian's insatiable curiosity to explore the World around him. The pursuit of astronomy was perhaps the first intellectual activity of man that was not directly linked to survival. And it is precisely this type of activity involving abstract contemplation of the Universe that sets man apart from all other creatures that inhabit our planet.
In the ancient World evidence of sophisticated astronomical thought invariably signifies high levels of civilization. Indeed archaeological records of astronomical activities, where they have survived, could often be used as the index of advancement of a particular Culture. The Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, the Greeks, the Indians and the Chinese had all developed sophisticated traditions in astronomy, and they all had soa red to the highest levels of civilization.
Perhaps the most important aspect of astronomy, now as in the past, is in defining the spatial and temporal framework Within Which our OWriterrestrial existences could be set. With a few notable exceptions the Western traditions in astronomy remained distinctly Earth-centred until the Work of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and
LTLkkLku LLmuLGLuLuOTTTOkCuOL LLLLL LCLeLkC CLTSTTCCCLLLTS
HOTOTTLe OHTSTTuTTuLHHLHuS LCCCHGLOuCCLC LLTLS
Newton in the 15th AD. Thereafter our expanded, and still seemingly without discoWer Man's plac inevitably begin Wil geological history o evolution of lifeupo
The Earth, toget netary bodies of the its career as a collet The Taterial of the derived froT a clou collapsed under its the Contracted to fic happened some fс years ago. In the WÕuld hawa bog to living systems, or ew to persist.
Comets, Which a these days, canneіп of the solar syste. cooling planet and terials, including Wa formed the Earth's of Water tolecules the disassociation light from the sun atmosphere and cl planet. Only after thi: the Eart have beco for |ife With its SLJrfā protected from the radiation fror the si

en Cee
ahabdeen Award
eaward of a Sahabdeen Prize. I acceptit with humility, ity to commend the noblest ideals of distinction in labdeen Trist Foundationis pledged. This Foundation rizes rank amongst the most coveted of international roloner to receive a Sahabdeen Prize. And if I might the subject area of astrolony the Sahabdeen Trust or, in the closing years of the 20th century astronomy ination and unify our conflict-riddled planet. Pictures !e nowadays, and of distant dust clouds and galaxies, rovide the natural backdrop against which our human oth politics and history.
and 16th Centuries conceptual horizons continue to expand,
lilit. The Search to e in the COSTOSITILSt. a state let of the f the Earth, and, of the
it.
her With the other polaa Solar system, began tion of costic debris.
Earth was ultimately d of dust particles that OWn self gravity and orm a solid object. This Lir and a half billion beginning the Earth O hot at its surface for enorganic molecules,
TE TILch in the BWS, from the outer regions Collided With our da posited Wolatila Thater that subsequently oceans. Evaporation from the oceans, and of Water by ultraviolet then gave rise to an Lud COWET around Our shad happened could Tea congenial home ce SCreenEd and We| damaging ultraviolet
The geological record traces in considerable detail the evolution of terrestrial life over some 3800 million years. The first single-celled life forms appear in the oldest Precambrian sediments dated at about this time. It is indeed quite remarkable that this was also the first moment in time when conditions on the Earth would have permitted life to Survive. The development of life from single cells to highly complex life forms, eventually leading up to Man Was evidently a slow and someWhat te dious process, To Set Our Cosmic timescale in its correct perspective letus imagine that the entire history of terrestrial life - a timespan of some 3800 million years Was Compressed into a mere century-100 years.
At the beginning of our compressed Century of Earthly life we find the emergence of single-celled bacteria. Such humble life forms existed on the Earth, essentially unchanged and alone, for a full 75 years. Flowering plants came in about three years ago, and along with them Carme also many winged-insect species that served to pollinate the flowers. Our Own direct line of descent, Homo erectus, a hostinid Walking upright on two legs made its first tentative appearance three Weeks ago. And our immediate ancestor, Homo sapiens, hunter and food gatherer, With a brain equipped eventually to Write the plays of Shakespeare as Well as to unlock the secrets of the Universe, came
13

Page 16
in as late as 8 hours ago. Eight hours in a century-longspan of terrestrial lifel That is the sum total of our proprietary claim on this planet, no more, no less. The ancient Indus Valley civilization and the city of Moenjodaro is scarcelyan hour old; the nuclear era only seconds old; the space age is virtually new-born. That defines a perspective in time.
To discover the place of our own planet in the Wide COSITIOS turns Out to be a even more sobering experience. In the contemporary view of the Universe the Earth is relegated to the status of a small planet orbiting around a fairly ordinary star, thea SL In... The Sun is one of Some hundred billion for So Sir Tilar Stars that makeup our Milky Way system or Galaxy, and the Galaxy, itself is just one of a hundred billion galaxies in the observable Universe. The current belief, derived from recent Hubble telescope images as Well a S from infrared obserwations, is that polaLLLLLLLLS LL LLL LLLL LLLLHHL LL LLLLLLLLLLS Thus many billions of suitable homes for life rust exist on a Wast. COSTIC scale.
So much is more or less accepted by astrongers without dissert. Butatearlier times bitter arguments raged in order to maintain a cosmic Supremacy for both our species and Our planet. The Earth was widely regarded as being at the centre of the Universe well into the 16th century, and all species of living things Were regarded as eterial and in mutable Well into the latter half of the 19th century. The Сореппісап геvolution of the 15th centuгу demolished Our status as a privileged planet, and the Darwinian revolution of the late 19th century diminished our status as a special Species. Further hur Tiiliations followed from the great explosion of astronomical knowledge in the present century. Our planet, our Solar system, Our galaxy hawe all faded a Way to total insignifican Ce as We have corne to probe the Universe further and deeper than ever before.
An extension of the Copernican revolution that connects with my own collaboratiwe researches with Sir Fred Hoyle, one that is long overdue, concerns the widely accepted premise that life is indigenous to the Earth. Ever since the experiments of Louis Pasteur, which already in 1860 put paid to the old ideas of the spontaneous generation of life, the suspicion had dawned in the minds of many people that
14
|ife may well be a p. to be understood or Wider than the Earth. Cist Helmholz i 18
It appearS tO TE scientific procedure, to cause the product non-liwing Tlatter, te Whether life has ewe not just as old matt Seeds häWe Tot be planet to another E everywhere where fertile soil.
ThBSE ideas Wera tinguised scientists J. Tyndal and Swar to Arrhenius, howey first moderп expos known as pansperm
"Mrs SMS ATBILS I folloWE di logic as Helmholtz possibility that bacte particular) are lifted. potential Wells of the magnetic effects, a dispersed throughs radiation pressure fr
My collaborator S apргoached the que life through our long astronomy. The link and biology followe quest to discoverth TiCdLust. COSTic, d the for in of gigantic aS COSpiCUOLIS dal tions against the bi the Milky Way,
In 1973 | ПаE cosmic dustgrains in ingly complex Orga this prediction Wass In Collaboration. With of Charles Universit argued at this stage largely organic, and was checked With ot СОПet mada in the exceedingly cortiple cosmic dust fully Hoyle and I felt sul through the 1980's dust grains were ric

enoleon that has I a Scala Luch Tuch Thus the great physiFS: WTO:
2 to be fully correct if all our attempts fail ion of organisms from raise the question rarisen, whether it is r itself, and Whether En Carried frOT One and hawe developed they hawe fallen on
shared by other disof the day, notably by te ArrheilLUS. It Was yer, that We OWe the ition of the concept ia. In his classic book g, "published in 1907, essentially the same . He discussed the Brial cells (Spores, in out of the gravitational airplanets by electrod then came to be pace by the action of OIT StafS.
Sir Fred Hoyle and I stion of the origins of -standing interests in between astronomy d naturally from Our e continposition of COSList particles occur in clouds that show up k patches and striackground of stars in
a prediction that the ustaWe an exceedпіс сопропепt, апd tubsequently werified. Professor Warysek fy in Prague further that Cornets must be again this prediction servations of Halley's year 1986. With the xorganic character of stablished Sir Fred ficiently emboldened to argue that Cosmic st merely Organic, but
that they were biologic in character. After all it is biology on the Earth that accounts for pretty Well all of the organic material that is found here. No other process cari Compete, it would seen, When it comes to converting inorganic material to coplex organics on a vast cosmic scale. Cosmic dust according to our point of view could be thought of as the seeds of life in the Universe. Exactly as Helmholtz had SUSpected over a hundred years ago, life iS theen a phenomenton that must encOnTTpass the entire Universe.
These ideas, flew in the face of received Scientific Wisdom, Were Wigorously resistad ir the 1970'S and 1980'S. But W there is little dispute that at least some aspects of our theory must be fully correct. For instance, with the discovery that cometary dust is largely of a complex organic nature, Tost Scientists Would now agree that the chemical building blocks of ifĒ CITĚ frČITI COTIES. EWE, the idea of life itself a rising from Comets is not excluded any longer from serious discussions of the Origins of Life. A major paradigm shift is in sight.
As We approach a new millennium our planet is stil in a state of chaos – a Collection of nation-states engaged in bitter, trivial, tribal conflict. Such conflicts Occur not only between nations, but also among Smaller sub-groups - between ethnic groups, economic and political groups, even between young and old. At all levels modern science and technology has contributed to the potential ferocity of Conflict, as for instance in the Weapons that are deployed. The guiding principle in the conduct of human affairs is aggression-aggression directed towards grabbing the utmost of our planet's resourCes for the group to which one belongs. Regrettably the situation harks back to the ideas of Social Darwinist that reared its ugly head in the early part of this century.
A correct World Wiew, a cosmic World Wiew, that includes the COSITlic nature of |life, Could armeliorate the Crises Lihat face nodern Society. Indeed, it may Well be that the Very Survival of our cherished social institutions into the next millennium Will be contingent upon the acceptance of a World View that Would displace the evils of egotism, ethnocentricist and ultranationa|ST.

Page 17
SE/ ΔΑΛ/ΚΑΛ/Δ /TEHA TUEE(5)
Cruelty, Humour and H
Jeanne Thwaites
oth Daniel and Woolf Were the
first of their families to choose an occupation where the main function was control of others. Why they did so can be explained either as an innate need to dominate or simple expediency: a job presented itself and they took it. It is likely, however, that their schooling played the greaterpart in their decision for "the public School has rested on its assumed ability to Create Ten Specially Suited for leadership and government" (Bamford 209). This schooling did more than create administrative leadership, it promoted the idea that both Corporal punishment and callousness are a part of that concept. An old civil servant, TWynam, describes the military paradeshe. Witnessed in Colombo:
The parade took place at midday in the hottest season of the year and the troops Wore thick stocks around their necks and high collars. Dozens of men fainted and Were pulled out of the line and just left on the ground to recover - or not to recover for it was quite COITTITI On for tan OrtWelWe Tėl to die of Sunstroke (L.W. Growing 105).
Cruelty, and stoicism when dealing with it, Was taught in Public Schools. Bamford describes flogging in the Victorian era as "simple caning to sheer atrocity"andsay's it was virtually impossible for a boy to go through his Schooling without receiving Such a punishment. The stiff upper-lip had t0 ble de Weloped and there Was noti TE-Off given to a boy with bleeding buttocks who had been Unable to sleep all night (66). This toughening affected Daniel and Woolf differently: Daniel was extroverted, Woolf introverted; they came from different background: Daniel was brought up to to feel superior, Woolf to feel inferior; Daniel was tall and athletic; Woolf small and books.
Although neitheractually discusses any cruelty suffered at the hands of master and prefects in his Public School, Woolf's story
of his schooling in 5 herent compared to tisT1gs:
There at Oce Carapace, thefaCE is to Survive, Wer to the Outside and as a protectior te shwering Soul... t. Usually grown to
(78-9).
This is not the COWardice in Coll We ha a Triwed || himself as a cowa unacceptable to his tOngue-in-cheek | th WELS Tot a COWE acceptable (38). Ye del Ce of physical ( football, Wentures thr and although he calls mer Imakes frequen Out at S83 - Which visiting Mr. X. (LW. cowardly self-image an earlier title when to hold his oWn pri School. As a Scho strikes against hir T, Small, a Jew, and which facts otherbo) ded him of every improve their owns by going to a day S. avoided a Cruel spor Which prefects wente night - the fact of hi for night bullyingma Cornpanions an excL
To sensitive Woo hawe been irtolerabl but Tot beCause of suffering anti-Semitis rationalizes his miser fact that he was to System. But he ac

Omosexuality
Wing, is almost incohis writing of other
egan to develop the de, which if oursanity must learn to present usually hostile World the naked, tender, le male carapace is
COn Ceal COWardice
nly time he talks of ection. With himself. Jaffna, he describes rd, who is therefore associates, and says at because his dog ha himself became the shows little Wicowardice. He plays ough the jungle alone himself a poor swimtly swims to a girder trip nearly drowns a Growing 223). The t0 ha We COIThe frOIT) he had not been able obably in his Public olboy he had three He was physically a "scholarship boy," lys would hawe reThinime they wanted to elf-images. Although chool he would hawe tknown as "fagging" ld on the boarders at s not being available Valso have given his ise to belittle it.
f School|| ||Ife had to e. He agrees it was, being flogged or of Sm. He painstakingly yas coming from the to intelligent for the tually absorbed the
values of the system he was too intelligent for. He was able to keep the required "stiff upper liբ:"
Rex Daniel too does not talk ofreceiving physical punishment in school. Accompanied by their father, he and his younger brother Emil arrive as teenagers at Bedford College and to their surprise the English boys immediately dub them "giants" and "niggers." Their father is dark-skinned and the boys tanned from the long sea voyage. The giant niggers become the subject of derision that same evening for they search their showers and beds for spiders and snakes and later get down on their knees to pray: to honor a promise they have made to their mother. They take the mocking laughter of their future companions that evening, but the next day Emil nearly kills the Head Boy who strikes him to bring him into line. They thus become candidates for expulsion only hours after having arrived but are quickly reinstated - a wealthy father no doubt has its advantages (4-6). This drama protects them permanently from future bullies and when they kneel to pray in future the laughter is friendly. The fact that there are two of them is also a protection, and it also seems from their insistence on continuing to pray on their knees at night that they wisely decided not to bald under intimidation.
The difference in this stage of their Schooling obviously seems to have had a great deal to do with the Way Danieland Woolf treat subordinates. Daniel has no compunction in bringing down the law hard on miscreants but has greater difficulty being hard on someone who has committed no crime; "discovered that the Cook had White Leprosy and, Sad as it Was, had to dismiss him and advised him to go to Mantivu for treatment" (10). Rather than lay down the law on minor matters he find Ways to avoid direct Confrontation so others can "save face." He pays an unjust fine himself. When the law
15

Page 18
demands it be levied. He finds the property fence is being broken each night and repaired at dawn to avoid detection so that a small herd of cattle can graze on his plants. He does not confiscate the animals or arrest their owners but has the newspapers headline the fact that he has just issued himself a license to shoot stray cattle. The trespassing stops instantly (83).
Woolf newer stops rubbing the village people up the Wrong way with head-on confrontations and punishments for disobedience. Daniel is dealing with people from his own country, of course, and Would hawe been Tore Sensitiwe to how they would react. Woolf merely wants the "latives" to think as he does.
Rex was always spoken of as the "gentle" som by his mother and S0 may hawe developed a Self-image to match for there is no cruelty in his Writing and he was never physically violent.' John Madden, the sportscasterand Oakland Raiders' coach, іп Ста КлеиуЕуша/5 7иwo Feat says that men Who have been unusually big and strong as boys find it difficult to be violent and hawe be traimed to use their ful|| strength against their opponents on the football field. Thereason is that big strong boys hawe been told since childhood not to pick on those weaker than themselves. Daniel was just such a big strong boy. His book shows soleone who rolls With the punches with little inner Compulsion to StrikE Öul.
He also enjoys jokes played on him by his subordinates and develops a sense of Canaradeie With them. The Kacha is a lot Wind on the east Coast; One of his clerkstells him that during the time of the kachan Women get pregnant, and Daniel finds himself making kachan jokes. He arrives late one afternoon and apologizes to a committee, explaining his absence as caused by heavy work. He says "and someone called out "kachan" so the laugh was turned on me" (121).
The response from the village people was an open show of trust that occasionally astonished him in the forms it took. More than once a murderer insisted on surrendering to him personally, and one killer even refused to handower his bloodstained Weapon to anyone else (87).
16
Woolf admits he dealing with subordin HİSSETS 3 CoflLITICOFİS indulges it by making up with Singhales against him but doe ghter. Willagers SUgg cular Wild buffalo Wh he later hears the all all: "I suggest the will Ex Citer GrittO Ente afternoon" (44).
The English in th usually, Tot ar TLUSE played on them. Wo of HLUTIOT and Dar threaterad. Wher hE Tolent. At a varie Governor Thompso dTLUkälld his dUmT
"Say, gUWTlET, Whi "One Who govern "Then, why does
TEL 5 TL11 | niel's, although he Thompson. He is ur and With hin Welt uproarious evening to the Governor as Sri Lankan abbreWi lency"). But that la dearly, and made hi looked him for prom he decided to start With influential Ceyl situation around:
was able to be while doing so, y Wi|| || Lunderstand, ! that I foud S3Tl amused abouti
But being "amu implies patronizat äTLUSEedhini adth mples of his patron
ECF. To Hot bodies of murder W sights, but Woolf's punishment is prob self politically Sch SeleITS aliSO to be r Ha deplores being flogging of a man i

WES - LuthlESS Whaf lates (111), and while evident he frequently put-downs. He puts e and Tamil jokes is not join in the lauest he Shoot a partiich is dangerous and illa|| WS mot Wild at agers wanted a little rtain a dul Sunday
e C.C.S. Were, more d When jokes Were of deplores their lack lig fill dS HiS CITEET laughs at the Wrong ty show attended by n, a wentriloquist gets 1y is irrewerent
at's a governor?" S." Tլ իg?"
Lughter, including Dais sitting next to Mrs. repentant: "H.E. left,
the G.A. It was a " (82). (Daniel refers | "H.E." the Common Eti f' "HIS EXCEugh was to cost him eleries Who Owerotion later. Eventually pulling strings himself onese, and turned the
I happy and amused ou, my dear Children, for you know by now thing to be happy and everything did (144).
Sed" in this context ion of those who ere are поuпting exaization of the British.
to witness hangings, ictims, and Other gory attitude to corporal eratic. Ha Calls hizophrenic (158), but Torally schizophrenic. required to Watch the ni Kandy (166), but in
1906 when sent to superwise the Pearl Fishery at Marichchukadd systematically abuses those underhim. The peariscarne Out of the Gulf of Mannafandabout 10000 Arabs from the Përsian Gulf as Well as Tamils from India, came in dioWS to do the diving. The British claimed these pearls and paid the divers by allowing them to take one-third the oysters found. The days were hotand the laborers became lethargic. Woolf Wrote to Strachey:
... the Arabs will do anything if you hit thern hard enough with a walking stick, an occupation in which I have been engaged for the most part of the last 3 days and nights (91 & Spotts 114).
Earlier in the same letter he wrote, "some Arabs (now at the Fisherythink) caught a missionary last year in the Persian Gulf & bLuggered him Luntil he Was all but dead," which anecdote he omits in Growing. He concludes, "It was their (the Arabs) attitude of human equality, which accounted for the fact, oddly enough, that hit them with a walking stick, whereasin the whole of my time in Ceylon | lewer Struck, or Would hawe dared to strike, a Tamil or a Singhalese." The feeling of "human equality" he also explains was because the Arabs gawe him gifts and would put their arms around his shoulders
By his own admission Woolf Was a cold Tlal, "It's true that I'm Cold and reserved to other people; I don't feel affection ever easly." he wrote to Virginia Stephens shortly before they became engaged (Spotts 173). There is no emotional coldness, however, when he suddenly starts gushing praises about the Arabs, and there is somethingstrange about the sudden change in him. One example: "the Arab is superb, he has the grand manner, absolutely Saturnine, no fuss or excitement..." (LW. Growing 93). He says nothing as enthusiastic about anyone else in the book.
One explanation is that Woolf was a closet bisexual or homosexual, and that he became sexually aroused by the Arabs, and was indulging in a form of sadism or sex play with them. It could hawe been that hitting thern Was the only Way Ha could touch thern without threatening is career, Ewe if Woolf was bisexual he

Page 19
would not hawe wanted it exposed, for when he was a boy Oscar Wilde had spent time to Reading Gaol for being careless, and homosexuality was still taboo in England. There had also been a few cases of blatant horrosexuality in the English community in Ceylon resulting in Englishmen being disgraced - he would hawe heard of these. Perhaps the Arabs, a race more tolerant of homosexuality than the English, understood his dilemma and some therefore put a friendly artin around in With Confidence in the knowledge that it Would give pleasure and not be rejected, and for the same reason gave him gifts.
In their exchange of letters Woolf and Strachey, a known homosexual, developed a code word for homosexuality: "Morocco." Perhapsitis nota coincidence that there is an Arabian connection here. In the letter about the rape of the Tissionary and beating the Arabs, Woolf says other people reading Strachey's last letter to him night think "Morocco," but he understands that Strachey did not intend Morocco. There seems little point it quoting the letter he speaks of, except to say it refers to 1903-4 when they were in Cambridge together and in it Strachey is deeply affectiomatE and er motional. Talks about SOd0my also come up in many of Strachey's letters (43). In one letter he writes to Leonard, "Your letter Was Wolderful, and was particularly impressed by the curious masculinity of it. Why are you a Main? We are females, nous autres, but your mind is singularly male..." (43). It seems possible, even likely, that they had once been lowers.
He often invited Strachey to visit him in Ceylon, but then at last when the other man agreed, quickly Scotched the idea saying that he (Woolf) did not want to be seen in his "present state of mind (64)." and explains this statement: "I have no connection with yesterday: I do not recognize it nor myself in it." Yet, he is not talking about a da sirē not to hawa COmphanionship for his sister visits him. While he İS-in this Sarı 2 "preset state of Trı ild." His words to his friend seem to be agentle way of explaining that his homosexual presence might be an embarrassment.
Woolf is usually presumed to be heteroSexualbecause of hispaSSionate purSuit of his Wife, and he confided to other She
did try to have sex wi fourId repugnant. BLur ters and While his let ged With emotion, th ship may have be StreUOUS OIT HITTI SE Supposed,
Thilles E. IE: Hill the i irth SanTG CIT text) cannot be ignored. W wes in Ceylon helis pc. there is a shortage mowes in With a Tan he proceeds to in Sull A fellow C.C.S. offic bed Dutton to Woolf Ur WägfĒid B03rd S. Growing 63), SO it Si decision that Woolf W the man in any cas at length every deta EfiTCtt. EWELLä sionary which gives nasty about the COU he comes to feel SOT he runs into her and tearfully that her hus It dOBS 110t Sëern Whose best fried ål xual (Strachey), ami a code name so they homosexuality, coul With Ora ad EDBE 1 C if they Were not sex Woolf Was a hCmõS Why he chose Dutto
All Woolf's biogra stood loyally by his W ness, frigidity, and tually accepting he their social circle. (: There is also de' unfaithful to her at did live With anoth bisexual the starria more self-serving th: Virginia's homosexL tected her fronko' if they did not hawe SE TE WEITHWE KOW 1 h) in heterOSEX Lula SCX. riage Would also ha admired as a heter: of perfect unselfish his drea ITS, While SI blaned for the lack Tot him. If so, ther hE needed to be ad

th hGr Which act Shë tthey were both Writers to har are chare celebrate relationen nothing like aS xually as has been
вpisode in Groиwлд7, f homosexuality, that Whal Woolf first arristed to Jaffa WhETE of houses. There he Called Dutto WCII for page after page. ir has already descriearlier as "a bloody chool bugger (L.W. заппs a very straпge Ould Walt LO |WG With e, and he describes II of Dutt's lack of ly he marries a misWoolfa CaC to be ple now. Years later Tyfor Mrs. Dutton for | SE CO rfid BS ir hirT band is "queer" (69). possible that Woolf | höfig is a HöflöSEan With whom he has can Write freely about dawe wedloths blivious of it-even ually inwolwed. But if exualit does explain n's house.
phers agree that he wife through her Tadesbian affairS, ewen" WOTEen lowerSito Spotts 155/65 et al). idence that he was d after HBr death h9 IT WOTla. if HE WES ge must have been atit appears and also ality Would hawe prowing about his - for axtogether she Would OW interG5th G. WES This particular marWe enable him to be sexual man capable OWe of the Woman of le Would be the Orle of Sex in their lives, } Was a hypocrite who Tired TOre than h9
wished to be honest; and one already knows he was a hypocrite for he needed to be admired as the perfect imperialist although he did not believe in imperialism.
One cultural difference between Ceylon and ITOSt Wester COUntrieSiS thathornosexuality and creative talent are often spoken of as if they go hand-in-hand. Many of Ceylon's most towering creative talents in alfieldSWEre andare) OTOSgxuals. So ironically Woolf, by cutting himself froT all Ceylonese, also would hawe cut himself off from some very interesting homosexuals if he was indeed Crawing their company.
Daniel's Writing does not talk about hor T10Sexuals as such, but he and his Wife were friends with manу, апdthelг папnes are in the text. The artist David Paynter WELS HOITOSEXUal; this i S HOW Daniel deg= scribes one of several meetings with him:
We saw a great deal of David Paynter. He Was So Chan Tling and instrLCtiwa only a young fellow then... he told me he never read newspapers. The floor of his studio was black and his table just of the floor, the first ting We'd Saanong like it. I liked David very much. When I saw Dawid's beautiful Turals in the Trinity College Chapel for the first title, I remember feeling that it was all Wrong to hawe Our Lord depicted as an Easterner when my own conception of Him Was that he was a Westerner. Today David is no more, and I feel Lhe CSS a very personal one. When I was Stationed in Nuwara Eliya I met the other members of the family (67).
This passage shows how accepting Ceylonese Were, for Daniel was a very föITTEI Tal of the Cold School ardiffDawid"S Sexual proclivity had troubled him he Would not have associated with him, leave alone talked about any encounters. Although open-Thindedness about homosexuality is not something exclusively Ceylonese, that it was able to continue withQut hafassment in their WOrld LInder thE British to who it was a crime, is a amusing insight into how little the colonials knew what was going on. Their own segregationist policies had made them blind.
(செகோதிபதி
Not
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Page 21
COAFAFEGAPOWDEWCE
Caste, Buddhism and Jap
Le to Sorme delay in dell'Very
received the Nov. 1, 1995 issue of GOnly on Jan. 5th of this year. Permit me to commentbriefly on H.L. D. Mahindapala's diatribe on the Tamils, which appeared in this particular issue.
I'm in agreement with Mahindapala that there existed a caste called turubas among the Tamils, who were placed at the lowest rank of the caste hierarchy. But I'm surprised that he has not provided properperspective by stating that this type of discrimination was not exclusive to Tamils. The Caste group known as rodiyas BITICIIg thẽ. SÎlhälESB Shäfed thEl SarT1E hierarChical Order Similar to LILIIIlbas of Tamils. We Area Hadook for Ceylon (1971) published by the U.S. State DepartTent states.
"In modern Kandyan society more than half the population are Goygama. Next in order of size are the Wahuripura, Nawa ndanna, Hena and Berawa Castes. Many of the remaining castes are repreSented by small groups; for example, the Rodiya, the lowest caste, probably numbero Tore thar Sg Weral thousand."
About the depressing social status of the rodlyas in the traditional Sinhalese Society, the same referenceg book, mentions further:
"Among the most isolated groups are the Rodiya, who traditionally are not permitted to live in villages with the higher
castes. They are ge isolated enclaves a been institutionalize сопditioпs are genє of the general popul that halfare literate, шnemployment"
AlSO), I Worlder Ff strictly adhered an similar to Tamils, majоглќayas(sects Why the Siam Nikay ma. Caste only? Why consisting approxim Sangha was establis Salagama caste int ita la CrOST archy should exista follow the precepts Orie?
Mahindapalacan caste system is not kan bouddhistIS. Hefi ally a buddhist Count named Ela (labelle riahs' by Basil Hall Tankis 10 less differ of Tamils and rodiy: Nakane, one of the gists of Japan, als: Маралғsa Sociey("
"The TE HAWE bec" hierarchy in village logists in Japan; ir
Canard: ArabS Abu Sed
news item which appeared in a
state-owned newspaper referred to the LTTE leader W. Prabakharan's disappearance out of the island to collect funds and support from a North African State.
Thisfabricatednewsitemisade|berate One to misdirect and divert the attention of the people from the real Source of financiers and supporters to the LTTE Organisation which flourishes on funds and other support pumped by those Countries Where Tamilshawe residaceas геfugees.
This news item is intended to tarnish the relationship of the Muslim Arab States
With the Socialist DE Sri Lanka; especiall relations Wit MLS North Africa.
Any reasoпable п a proposition to hel the LTTE in any foi Will ever dare to go Suclamar Who ha Cred the innocent M. in such large num latest genocide atte Hulans huge police st of Hularinuge is er intentions.
The following fac

al
inerally found in fairly Lind hawa traditionally d beggars. Their liwing rally inferior to those ation. Probably fewer
and many suffer from
caste system is not long the Sinhalese, why there are three :) a Tiong the bhikkus? aislimited to Goyigathe Aпаршra Nikaya, ately 20 percent of the shed by a monk of the he 19th century? Isn't Tlat SLIch a CaSTB Filiermong the priests Who of the Enlightened
take reliefo F1Barthat
TEdStricted to Sri LamE in Japan, traditiontry, there exista Caste id as "Japanese paChamberlain) whose It to that of turubas is of Sinhalese, Chie i leading anthropolostated in her book, 1970).
| LII erous studies of Jolitics by rural socioideed, the Willagers'
sharp aWareness of it compares with the caste-consciousness in a Hindu village".
Let US not forget the cradle of Contempofary demOCracy, the United States of America. Few decades ago, the Social status of the blacks (derisively called "niggers' in the not-so distant past, even by the liberal U.S. Presidents like Harry Truman) were no less different to that of turumbas of Tamils or rodiyas of SinhaleSe. Autobiographies ofiliberalminded moWie stars like Katharine Hepburn and Shirley MacIaine describe poignantly about the humiliation faced by the blacks a S untouchableS in the So-Caléd der T10cratic ArTerica, Shirley Maclaine hadWritten that her educated father even did not grant permission for her to invite her costar Sidney Poitier for a meal at their ho Te. This Was a true lifa experience to Sidney Poitier who portrayed a similar situation in the classic movie Glass MWios Cornwig o DWinar, which he costarred with Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy. Every founding father of American democracy owned black slaWes. Also, alrTostaldemocratic Countries. do have an Intelligence Agency like the CIA, MI5, MI6, Mossad and RAW. The funtions of these Intelligence agencies Work against the basic principles of democracy. Thus, Mahindapala's hypothesis that "democracy and fascism cannot co-exist" is also not true.
Sachi Sri Katha Fukuroi City, Japan,
:mocratic Republic of y aired at disrupting lim Arab States of
ian Will Tule out Such p W. Prabakharan Or "m. No Arab Country
to the assistance of :d Tercilessly massaMusliTIS of Sri Lanka pers. Ewen the wery mpt directed at the ation and the village Lough to pro We their
ctual reasons Stad
against the LTTE for any assistance for that ratter.
1. The LTTEMowement since it's establishment was determined to massacre innocent Muslim in large number occupying North and East of Sri Lanka.
2. The LTTE also made the Muslims of North and East of Sri Lanka refugees
and made them evacuate at very short Ilotice.
3. Confiscated the hard earned Wealth of the Muslims and made them paupers over night.
About these stubborn facts, all the
19

Page 22
Muslim Arab Nations are fully aware. It is ridiculous to suggest that any Muslim nation Would come forward to help the CLUSO ft LTTE.
The Muslim Arab States of North Africa enjoy the most mutually cordial mutually relationship with Sri Lanka at all times. But the relationship is stronger than ever befo
after MādāTCarīdrikā Bārdārālāk Kumaratunga became the Executive PreSidēt of Sri Lanka.
The planned mas and Muslim villager LTTE since its appe group are Well knoW World. These actsar culated amounting to races of people in enough to explainth
And the MusiiTi Ai Weny Well. It is pueri
Malay Representation
he Devolution Proposals of the
government are, according to ProfēSSOTI G.L. Pieris, not final but may be suitably amended after assessing the respOnse from all political parties.This restriction to political parties is unfortunate as it leawes out contributions from Such august bodies as the Maha Sangha and the Christian Church as Well as the Muslim Community Which had been closely associated With Constitution making in the past. It is now claimed that the Constitution in the making will be so formulated that all communities will receive just and fair treatment. Thus there is a chance for the Malays and other miniscule communities to find the representation. So far denied to them. Representation is the quintessence of the Well being of a minority. It is a sign of its recognition by the majority and an assurance that governmental activity will hawe due regard to its ethos.
The proposals hitherto mada are planned to give satisfaction to Tamil demands. While falling over backwards to satisfay the Tamils the government has failed signally to consider the plight of the miniscule minorities — Malays, Burghers, Borahs, Memons - who form as much a part of the body politic as the Tamils. The recognition of the ethnic factor in the Constitution of those countries professing and practising democratic ideals should Take it necessary for the Sri Lankan government to give serious thought for the representation of these minorities in Parliament. The frustration felt by the Tamils led them to resort to violence to gain their demands. The smaller minorities, howewer, hawe to rely upon the sense of fair play and justice of the majority Community to obtain the recognition for which the Malays have been agitating since the Legislative Council days.
The road block to their representation in Parliament has been the paucity of their
2O
numberS Which pre. Parliament through the Creation of the
Jaye Wardene COinS opportunity for repr minorities to be app BLItin the abSECE C ment the appoint Ile Only be a personal or can be seen by the M. H. Artit to Pari PrefTooladasa, and the in Parliament after th the proposBd abolitic destroys even this sentation of a st: indeed a retrograde: the government a r persons of exception sions as Well as adju іппіпority represent
l1 O19 formTn or ark Olination has four Lankan Constitution: tution of 1972. The |Itroduced ile de Vic which provided a n Parliament without TË NOW With a na WCOS lated the retention o a modified form Will With any of the princ making adopted in p. ensure its Conformity true democracy.
Our proposal is f. g|ECtion of METTE: basis as envisagE Proposals togethe LUTTEDET OF METE party securing the seats at the electi Mer TiberS Shal|irlC appointed for pre respective profess Members of the S

SaCrBSO Buddhist s carried out by the arance a SateTOrist tjthl 3 MLISTI Ara a deliberate and calgenocide of the two
Sri Lanka, This is e LTTE's behaviour.
rab Nations know it le on the part of the
LTTE to expect any assistance from the North African State which condemns genocide and terrorism of any nature. For that matter no other African states like Algeria, Libya, Tunisia and Egypt would e Wer Support the causa of the LTTE carrying a genocidal campaign under the Sovereignty of the Socialist Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka.
A Patriotic Musi
lude their entry into
election. However, National List in the titution, offered an esentatives of such inted to Pariianlent. f a statutory requirent of a Malay Would Whimsical choice as
appointment of Mr. ament by President absence of a Malay 1944 elections. But of the National List şlight hope of repreill minority. This is step. It removes from means of rewarding almerit in the profesIsting any imbalance atları.
ther the principle of ld a place in all Sri S, except the Consti: 1978 COStitutio 2 of the National List means of entry into Course to elections. stitution being for Iluf the National List in certainly not conflict ciples of Constitution ast but Will positively With the ideals of a
}r a Parliament With HerS O , q tBerritOri:I d in the Devolution with an acceptable is nominated by the 2 largest number of OTS. TE Jitgid lude besides those -Tice in their ions, statutorily such Ermallë COTTITILITitjes
as to prO'Wide representation for these Thir l'Oritig5.
The importance of this device is self e Widerint. A government Would like to hawe a safe wote basa in Parliament. Besides, there Would be no other Way to hawe in parliament persons of such outstanding achie Wemeritas Professor G. L. Pieris and Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamarin the Government and Mr. N. K. Choksy, P. C. in the Opposition. And, to convert the semblance of a democracy into a genuine democracy, through this means the smaller minorities can be provided with TE POTESEerstati01.
In remedying the situation in regard to the Tamils, tha Gowernment Lust not SWeep the equally valid claims of the SITaller minorities under the carpet. The peaceful acceptance of Sinhala rule by the smaller minorities is no indication of their acquiescence in the rejection of their claims for representation in Parliament. For the record, it has to be stated that in 1921 a Public Meeting of Malays from all parts of the Island, chaired by Mr. M. K. Saldin, President of the All Ceylon Malay Association, demanded a separate seat for the Malays although at the time there Were three seats for Muslims in the Legislative Council. The der and for a seat for the Malays has been consistently made down the years and as consistently rejected by various governments.
The Constitution Under consideration is a climactic one: on it will depend the happiness and Welfare not only of the larger Communities but also the Well being of the smaller minorities whom an enlightened majority should certainly consider a Vital and necessary component of the body politic.
Enver C. Ahilip Formar Principal, T. B. Jayah M. W.

Page 23
Why there's sc in this rustics
There islaughter and light banter angst these rural damsels who are busy sorting out tobacco leaf in a barn. It is one of the hundreds of such
bris spread out in the Tid and upcountry intermediate zone where the arable land remains fallow during the off season.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows as a lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold, to the value of Over Rs. 250 million or Thore annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter tobacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest number of people. And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco gr.Vers and thicse Who Work for the Ti, or the land and in the barris.
For thefn, the teobacco leaf Inggris Teamingful work,
confortable life and a 52CuTe2, futu TE, A good erwough Teason for la Lughter.
CeylonTobacco Co., Ltd.
Sharing and caring for Oபr and and her people

Page 24
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