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LANKA
GUA
Vol. 19 No. 7 August 1, 1996
P.A.'s TTVO).
THE UAF
RAJV TRIAL: A
RAO's GURU AND
MANIPULAT
PEACE: THE IMPORT
WAR AGA
WILL DA
SRI LANKA: T
 
 
 
 

E DAN
Price RS. 10.00 Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka
FRONT VAR
- MERVYN DE SILVA
FNASCENE
-- AMMAL JA YASINGHE
SUD DEN SETBACK
-- NIRUPAMA SUBRAMANIAN
CONGRESS CULTURE
- MARK NICHOLSON
NG THE POOR WORLD
– PARSH NOOR
ANCE OF ACTIVE LISTENING
- ANANDA WELIHENA
INST WOMEN
- IMMALINI KARKAL
YTON ACCORD WORK?
— DILIP SAMARASINGHE
TRAVELLERS TALES
- JEANNE THWAITES

Page 2
Now A
Second Ena
“ “SRI LANKA :: THE DE
Articles:
ICES, 199
Introduction by Regi Si Towards Effective Devo Some Thoughts om the Lakshman Marasinghe Devolutionı ald Power ; Development, by Bertra Devolution of Power, Th Neelan Tiruchelwa II Towards A Compromise Breakthrough in Sri La Control of State Land - Sunil Bastian The Structure and Con Choices and Problens Context of Devolution
Appendices:
President Chandrika Kl August 3, 1995 Text of Gower Ihrinent's D, Text of Goverrı IIlent's Di January 16, 1996 A Commentary on the Government January 1 The Bandaranaiko-Che The Senanayake - Chelw: AnneXulie C Text of the IIndo-Sri La: The Interim Report of t Parliamentary Select C Excerpts from Garnini Century' Thirteenth Amendment
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tent of Education: Policy of Implementation in the Proposals, by Sasanka Perera
umara tunga's Address to the Nation,
evolution Proposals of August 3, 1995 )evolution Proposals of
Devolution Proposals of the 6, 1996, by G. L. Peiris lvanayakan Pact anayakaIll Pact
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NEWS BACKGROUND
THE MULLATIVU D
Mervyn de Silva
he Defence Ministry wants
another 10 billion rupees. Of course. It is not just to replace the weapons that the "Tigers" carried away as a just reWard for their cleverly planned and boldly conducted raid on the heavily fortified Mullaitivu garrison. This year's defence vote is 38 billion rupees, nearly 700 million US dollars. But defence spending will rise by another ten billion rupees when Parliament passes a suppler sentary estimate. So the "war" or if you prefer the thirteen year ethnic conflict Will cost the country at least 880 million dollars on the defence establishment and the War effort.
One important aim of P.A. strategy, and correctly so, was a steady reduction of the defence vote once a negotiated Settle Tent of the separatist conflict was resolved. In the jargon of the day, "the peace dividend", - a = steady / drop in defence spending. And now, farewell to the peace dividend. We shall have a new General to fight, General Inflation. The first casualty will be the middle class and most certainly the ill-equipped lowermiddle class family.
The trade unions will be mobilised. Most of the Union leaders are P. A. sympathisers, if not active supporters, The L. S. S. P. and C.P. are members of the eight-party'grand alliance', and party stalwarts hold office, picked by President Chandrika Kumaratunga as ministers and deputy ministers. The defiant speeches of Mr. Wasudava Nanayakkara is the most glaring example of how this can disrupt an ideologically ill-defined coalition. More serious is trade union unrest, the C. E. B. "strike" the first flare in the sky.
WORSE, NOT BETTER
President Jayawardene's brilliant Finance Minister, Mr. Ronnie de Mel said in a Sunday Island interview that "the economy is in a complete free fall. It will virtually hit rock bottom soon. I admit that there has been a drought which is an act of God...but this drought was foreseen by the World Metereological Organisation and other World Organisa: tions forecasting Weather as long ago as Sept-Oct. last year. The C. E. B. engineers also warned the government.
The President who holds the Finance
portfolio had made StaterTants". Tho. red US for a budge of G.D.P. But will be double th Growth Will be 4 spoke of 6% inf CollOT1b0 ; Cor Sun always realistic, st double the P.A.
possibility. Hotel g Maldives is a fawr cultivation has mo" FORTUNE 500 si Will be blessed
companies. On the all contract and CE bm | TetTerched.
500,000 tonnes of ming feature" is th rubber from Russia Turkey and some
PROFIT DROP
The first quart: profits: The Mer Seylan Bank (185% Spence (70%) Hayleys (19%).
But the Worst tourist hotel busing Corporation, the 232%, Riverina H Intercontinental, F belong to the Asiar The second quar поге феpressing, spokesman on ect
WAR AND PEAC
In Other circum difficult to know Wi Om in the Orth-eas the press must "passed" by the CE C0Luld be quite tou given the circunst where Velupillai Pl T. E. Commandante 500 bodies, a clew
Iqbal Athas and 777-es had. CENS CENSORED : 0 til Rani's, critique on Ower a 1,000 tr. stations, newsager C.N.N. make cens “la Verot Come

)EBACLE
"two Economic Policy Se statements prepat deficit between 5-6%
this year the deficit at -10% of Ore. or less. The P.A. lation. But even the Ter Price Index, not hows 13%, oncernore Calculation. 15% is a roups are re-locating. urite Choice. Gherkin Ved to India, "Far from Tms coming here, we by "the Misfortune" a southern tourist belt, Lsual employees hawe We will be importing rice. The Only"redeeelderland for tea and l, the C.I.S. countries,
Arab Countries.
эг drop In company chant Bank (172%) %) Wanik (84%) Aitken John Keells (22%)
ist seems to be the 2SS, with Asian hotels largest, a massive lotels by 66%. (The Ramada and Obero Hotels Corporation). er figures Would be said the UNP's chief
Ormic affairs.
E
star CBS, it Would be lat precisely is going , the main front since have all the copy 2nsor. And the censor gh.... understandably, ances post-Mullaitivu abhakaran, the L. T.
, offered to hard over.
er psy-War gesture.
Taraki of the Sunday ORED, CENSORED. heir copy 30 times
Mullaitivu had well pops, Foreign radio |cies, INTERNETänd Gorship meani TEHETO
a camp or of losing a battle. I am asking this House to focus om the reality, thë collapse of our strategy in the north and the east". By speaking of its as "our strategy" the Opposition Leader chose NOT to make it another UNP-PA battle. In an extraordinarily well prepared speech, plainly a combined operation that included some military experts, the Opposition leader asked that censorship belifted, that the lessons of the Mullaitivu be carefully studied, the present "comTland-Structure":re-exartined, re-thinking On the question of a Joint Ops. Command. DON'T POLITICIZE THE WAR.
is We have put it differently. The P. A.
Cannot fight two enemies On two fronts - the L. T. T. E. in the north, the U. N.P. i the Sout.
GüARDIAN
Wol. 19 No. 7 August 1, 1996
Price Rs. 10.00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co.
Ltd. No. 246, Unior Place 2 - סםחחסlםC)
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: .447.584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Sarawanamuttu Mawatha, Colombo 13. E.
Telephone: 435975 is
|
CONTENTS
Jaffna's Long Road to Rebirth Rajiv Gandhi Assassination is 3 Adventurous Life of Rao's
"GodMan' Force: The Norm in North-south
Fictions 岳 Do Elections Really Mean
Dornocracy? B
Education for Peace and Unity sig PopJLlaikom Coiro = = = = Decentralisation of Power E. Conflict Resolution
The Gardenlı - pfl:Edgar

Page 4
Jaffna's Long Road t
under their control in May.
dhe era told-reporters here. "This is not
Amal Jayasinghe
he only thriving
business
i
Jaffna is run by elderly men filling out compensation claims for War damage. Three mensit outside the bombed hospital in the town helping the less literate Write petitions to qualify for government rehabilitation aid. With nearly 80 per cent of homes damaged by years of war, there is no shortage of CUSOTES.
Goverrillent forces
CirOV8: OLut the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) after a series of military operations begun in October last year and brought the entire Jaffna peninsula
The international Red Cross estimates about 400,000 Tarnil. The Women and children forming about half the peninsula's population have crossed rebel lines and returned home, exceeding the expectations of the authorities.
Mr So Thapala - Guadheera, Jaffna's top rehabilitation official, said the priority was to restore food supplies to the refugees who returned to Jaffna and ensure their homes are repaired.
"Food and shelter are the most important things at the moment," Mr Guma
a normal situation but we are trying to get things back to normalcy at the
Bardiest." -
Supplies are show to reach Jaffna because the main land roLites are still
under Tiger control hawe only a handf food and othere capital, Colombo,4
Mr Gunadheera struction Work in ith was excepted to cd and the governmer the money to Corne
The British gove to refurbs i diġS generating station already sent two el preliminary study, M
President Chani has said she plan: former capital of Tal Country, as a "pea for internationa ad government has co policy of accelerate the seriously dama the area," she said
Mr Mangala Sart munication minister, Jaffna telecommu alone Was esti That: ֆ200m and he hopt for the Work.
The government the Jaffna rehabilitat economy. The regio to the country's econ under rebel control.
ܕ ܥ ܒܕ
Nirupama Subramanian
har Sessions
Judge
RAJIV GANDHI ASSASSINATION
P.
Lakhshmana Reddy of the designated TADA Court in Wisakhapatnam ruled last fortnight that the Indian Navy and the Coast guard had unlawfully intercepted and boarded MW. Ahat - a suspected LTTE ship - three years ago, it came as slap in the face of the Special Investigation Team (SIT) probing Rajiv Gandhi's assassination. The order, by Implication, also rebuked the Indian
Embarrassing Acquitt
Government for intel affairs of another cc
The Governmenti Supreme Court ag: Cording to a senior We are yet to stud Sheet the SThad E Onboard the Ahat of carrying arms and terror, preventing Inc

O Rebi
and the authorities ul of ships to ferry issentials front the OOkm to the south.
said | Lurgent rec0nle Jaffna peninsula,
rth
Mr G. L. Peiris, justice minister, who is also deputy finance minister, told the Foreign Correspondents' Association in Colombo that the budget deficit, which was 8.4 per cent of GDP last year, Wil| be much higher this year because of stepped up military action against the
st Rs 1.8bn (£208m) Tamil Tigers.
it expected most of from foreign donors.
rtment had offered l-powered electricity in Jaffna and had ngineers to make a r. Gunadhera said.
drika Kumāratunge s to rebuild Jaffna, Til separatismim the Ce city" and Caled for the project. "The Timited itself to the deconstruction of ged infrastructure in
lara Weera, teleCOTsays rebuilding the inications network 3d to Cost at least 2d to get foreign i ai
s clearly banking on ion to lift the flagging has not Contributed orny in the five years
fering in the intermal luntry.
is likely to move the ainst the ruling, acSIT official, "Though y st“. In its chargeLccused the persons criminal conspiracy, explosives, causing dian Nawy personnell
"The main reason for the escalating expenditure is, of course, the War. For the year 1996 We had budgeted for a sum of Rs.38bn for military expenditure," he said.
"Now the indicationi are that will be nowhere near sufficient and We Will have to substantially increase the amount to be Spent on the War... Never in Our Country has so much been allocated for military purposes."
He said O. artount of fiscal incentives Was enough to attract foreign investors while the Tamil Tigers were able to carry out terrorist attacks that destabilised the country. i
The minister said it was extremely difficult to prepare next year's budget and expected economic growth this year t0-be Substantially lower tham, the 5.5
per cent of last year,
Almost all private companies have reported disappointing results in the first quater, compounding the problems of the tiny Colombo stock exchange, which has been On a steady bear run for nearly two years.
|-
from boarding the vessels, dumping explosives into the sea and setting the ship on fire to destroy evidence.
The thrust Of defence COUnsel-K.W. Ramamurthy was that the coastguard and navy had been instructed to intercept Ahat by Indian intelligence agencies which suspected Sadasivam Krishnakumar alias Kittu, a top leader of the LTTE, was on board. According to him,

Page 5
the Indian Government, fearing its exclusion from Sri Lankan affairs, Wanted to catch Kittu before he delivered peace proposal made by some European countries to end the ethnic strife in the island. But, he argued, Kittu was not on board the ship (non of the three bodies recovered for the Sea Was identified conclusively as his) and the Wessels and its creW had links. With the LTTE. "We Wanted to delink Kittu from the ship because We apprehended that the Government Would justify its actions om the pretex that, as Kittu was a part of the top hierarchy of the LTTE, he had to be examined in Collection with SOE case in India," said Ramamurthy. The other important LTTE member aboard the Ahat was Kuttisr, the right-hand man of LT TE arms procurer Kumararı Padmanabha, alias KP. Surprisingly, it was never the prosecution's case that any of the persons on the Ahaf Was Wanted by authorities in India.
What actually happened to the Ahat (or Yahala, it's real name) is not clear. On January 13, 1993, the vessel, sporting the name Ahat, was intercepted by CGS Vive 440 nautica TBSOff the Indian coast, it was joined by INS Kirpan the next day, and the Indian ships escorted it to a point eight nautical miles off. Enrore, orth of Madras. There. On January 16, the Indian Navy sent in reinforcements: INS Sawffhr (NSMithur, two helicopters and a special assault boat, SDBT56. But before the connalds in the SDET 56 could board the Ahal, it exploded and went down. Ten persons on board died and, according to the SIT, Kittu and Kuttisri were among them. The navy rescued nine survivors, including the ship's master, W. JayaChandrar.
Reddy's order, which acquits all nine, plivots on the argument that CGS Vivek intercepted the Alaf 220 rautical miles Outside its Surveillance zone. There was no evidence to show that the ship had any intention of entering Indian waters. Nor Was it engaged in hostile acts against the Country, the order said. Consequenty, the Coast guard and the nawy had no right to forcibly escort it into Indian Waters. The judge also concluded it was the naval ships that had fired at Ahaf first. When it was archored off Madras, and that it was doubtful Whether the occupants had set off the explosion that sank it. Further, he said, the prosecution failed to establish conclusi
vely whether the ship but even assuming it an offence in itself. was being taken to for a "political Tower was an offence only law, he said.
However, Reddy's Several questionSur ther, Whether the GC knowledge of the sh
You ask IIle Lul I LLUÍSi f L LJUČILS.
But February h Severteen belo Aldflf Eric Plus fue Colleg Keeps this cold It's dis Tirill Clark WFlgrl (It Fl'OITle . The daLUTS cre
Sпош, пау Бе,
No respite foru WlarlsroLL Hol N Ook SOf The Ted BLť gaue it bac All in a day's L OLLI roons- ir-rie
It gets dark qui Lasf eLening LX Rescuing sheep Aп ешe had glш. We gled FlgT
And brought he Only these ITLot Wuert Le Tik i It freezes in the And Le have to
Mo WeT Eck BLIt OLIT OLLyrl Co. Are the asses Through mud a Barefoot, Litho To bring the col. And the Turik. Fu We see only of In airli elegant C

was carrying arms, the composition of its crew and passent Was, this Was mot gers, as alleged by the defence COLThe consignment insel. The LTTE too had accused RAW northern Sri Lanka of masterminding the operation in order Tent" and, at best, to kill Kittu. As for Jayachandran and under Sri Lankan the eight members of the Ahat crew currently in Visakhapatnam Central Jail awaiting deportation to Honduras, where judgement has left the ship is registered, the ruling couldn't addressed, among have been more Welcome, Says Jayavernment had prior chandran: "The Indian legal system and lip's movements or the judges are not biased".
Waiting - 26 Letter From USK
Lether it's Spring
Ee - S -- Sifil SL Wirteet υ. Τεe2ίπg гt I brough!Јтопл һопле e Eplukeť:S OLerů
from seeping into sleep , in the mor Tings
sure goldflecked and Larm.
5 girls ls COTle
LTC SFIDËS k as good
ork աintrց տալ.
te early and LLe Cure Still Cut Luxork e trudged a lountain side across uastes of snoLL
fror rL sroLUdriif2s Méer birf. іл Іалfелn light r back safe Luwith child ters can keep their Tilk from freezing
ťFLIS CO
"...C.
} breaktif Lup.
athоппе Intry cousins who trudge our mountain sides Για μείfίπg Γαίη it these coats and capes to braue the Leather JUS back-HuroTTle ey coax Lith anxious fingers
Lirla b0Lil

Page 6
Adventurous Life of F
Mark Nicholso
he rags-to-holy a robes and riches story of Chandraswami, self-styled Indian guru to movie stars,
tycoons, kings and Sultans and, as of this week, co-accused in a Delhi swindling trial with Mr P. W. Narasimha Rao, former prime minister, has for two decades read as fantastically as fiction.
But today, as Chandraswami traipses dejectedly between Delhi's Tihar jail and a court where he faces charges of defrauding a London-based businessman of S100,000, his tale is one of decline i änd fall — al de Cline Indian COThrmentat0TS: Sele as inextricably bound with that of the Congress party. Mr Rao led into an historically poor electoral defeat in May.
"His fall is emblematic of the decline of Congress, because men like him have always thrived in what you could call "Congress culture'." says Mr Sumil Sethi, a neWSpaper columnistand journalist who has long charted the murky career of India's
most flamboyant "god man".
His career began 47 years ago
in an obscure north Indian village, from where the young and ambitious Mr. Nemi Chand Jain plotted himself a course in his early teens. Which took him into Congress party politics in Andhra Pradesh, where Mr Rao was a state political leader.
His path reputedly took him. Wan
dering through the lowland Himalayan forests in search of spiritual enlightenment before Mr Jain reemerged saffron-robed in the 1970s as Chandraswami, soothsaying mystic andincreasingly Well plugged-in poli
tical power broker.
The 1970S i fou crisscrossing the be the "spiritual Gandhi, then – pri associating with Elizabeth Taylor, Adnan Kashoggi, dealer, Orthe Su
Sir Cg th9-1980 began linking the Whose base is a Tharble a Shira Tim of political and fir
But few media
to ChandrasWarT arrested in 198: defrauding Mr Lak London-based fo{ then alleged the
him into paying 3 newsprint and pa ever, ChandraSW a Week later i dragged on until swami and an as arrested on the
it was during Case this Week allegation of Mr prompted Mr. Pre ding judge, to Si prime minister. men face jailter though lawyers si Mr Rao many pr
But their joint Delhi Court Would and Congress, a! to opposition part involvement in No ses, and strength party pressing it year-old leader.
The flurry of c

Rao’s “God Man”
nd ChandraSWari globe, claiming to brother” of Indira. me minister, and the likes of MS the fill Star Mr the Saudi arms itan of Brunei.
s the Indian media bearded SWarTni, three-storey, pink Delhi, with a series amicial "Scams".
allegations stuck ii. He was initially Boncharges of hubohai Pathak, the ods executive, Who "god man" duped 100,000 to Secure DET COtraCitS. HOW|ami Was released and investigations this May, when the sistant Were finally charges in Madras.
the hearing of the
that Mr Pathak's Ro"Sir WOWBeT12ht TKumar, the presiummon the former found guilty, both ms of seven years, ay the case against OVe thin.
appearance in a embarrass Mr Rao nd give ammunition
ies which allege his .
ther corruption caenthose within the o depose the 75
:ases stems in part
from the increasing activism of the Supreme Court, which in January was the driving force behind bringing to prosecution a political bribes affair Which had lain in the files of the Central Bureau of Investigation for five years. Twenty-five i senior politicians, including seven ex-Congress
ministers, have been charged in the
affair. Three more politicians were charged very recently.
In April, the Supreme Court demanded the CBI tarry no further in investigations against Chandras Wami, and in March a 50-page public interest petition was field at the Court alleging his complicity in a series of scandals and currency violations. Citing evidence from the "godman's" testimony to another commission examining the background to Rajiv Gandhi'S aSsa SSiration in 1990, the petition also stated Chandraswami had privileged and frequent access to Mr Rao - a "special relationship" Mr. Rao denies.
Mr Rao, meanwhile, is also under
investigation by the CBI in a case alleging that four MPs from a minority party received bribes in 1993 to vote for Congress in a tight confidence
motion.
エ二
Whether the CBI's greater freedom and the Supreme Court's added zeal amount to a lasting cleansing of Indian politics - Which resumed recently in combative style with the opening of parliament - or merely a licence to proceed against those now out of power, remains to be
SEE.
What is most unlikely to be seen, though, are ChandraSwami's greying locks and flowing robes on Mr Kashoggi's yacht any time soon.

Page 7
Force : The Norm in II
Farish A. Noor
t is almost impossible these
days to Watch the reWS on television or read the newspapers and not be barraged by the incessant stream of drivel that passes itself as serious political commentary on the state of World affairs. This is particularly true of the media in the Western part of the world, which has of late been totally hijacked by that breed of intellectual mandarins whom Edward Said refers to as the "Cult of the Experts'.
These 'experts' (and the term will henceforth be used advisedly) have Warned all of us that the World has, is, and forever Will be, rendered Vulnerable to a host of imagined terrors and cataclysms that are forever lurking around the corner, just beyond our horizons of imagination. We have been wated that the Western World Will be swallowed up by an influx of non-Western refugees whose hordes are massing together om the borders of Europe, arld of Coursé, Wë are TOW familiar With that classic myth of "Islamic fundamentalism' which has spawned countless TOWies, novels and campaigns of popular hysteria WhereWer the West lets doYWr its guard.
To counter the deception and inaccuracies of these pundits of doom and gloom there were those who continued to seek the truth and identify the real, by going beyond stereotypes and ambiguities. Today the work of the information Project for Africa based in the United States of America stands as one of the few credible examples of honest and persevering scholarship against a nearoverwhelming tide of propaganda against the South and non-Wester World.
Excessive Force: Power Politics and Population Control is an example of such Serious academic research that ought to be the north in an ideal World. The Work is subtitled 'An Essay on the Benevolent Superpower, Sustainable Development and Other Contemporary Myths and it delivers exactly what it POTOTISES.
Farish Moor is Deputy Covernor, JUST Chapter 芷Bü
The Work itself is effort by a numb researchers, its air and accessible info the labyrinth of the Under World, but als into the Tentality policies as the S Programs promote World Bank as Well Population Control, ction, Refugee and - || Of Which Eff in particular.
The book is divic ters and has at appendices which country by Country index of Policy Di carried out allowert the direction of p bodies such as the etc. Ulder the di "experts' and tech 'bosses with visas'.
What the book, ef Whole is give US a hemsiwe OWerwie.W pratices of interve carried out today. Exchange and Aid regarding birth con development, the unearthed a Turnbe and presupposition these programs whic out in research laboratories in the W out on living spec Westen World.
Proceeding on a the researchers h; mamy Subtle arld fa make up the "seaml and has allowed developed World to their grip on the pos by one some of the hawe guided the t elites in their quest hold of four-fifths of tion are laldare.
Foreign aid, for to be what it truly is intended to create

the result of a joint er of authors and is to provide quick mation not only into Western technocrat's o to give an insight that produces such tructural Adjustment | by the IMF and the as policies regarding Er Wir On Thental ProteMigrant policies, etc. ect the Third World
ed into twelve chap: its conclusion two Owers the OPTIONS report as Well as an evelopment Projects ne. Third World under OWerful international JN, UNESCO, UNDP rection of Western rocrats dubbed as
fectively does on the general and coппpreof the politics and ntion as they are
From Educational Programs to Policies trol and sustainable
researchers have r of hidden agendas Sthat have directed Chi hawe been Worked centres and social West and then carried :irrerns li theġ nor
step-by-step basis, awe UCOWered the r reaching-links that ess Web of influence
the elites of the CortinuetOnTraintair t-Colonial World. One biggest myths that hinking of Westem to retain a dominant
the World's popula
instance, is shown
: 'a system explicitly an ideological atmo
a particular set of beliefs or alignments, and to maintain ||nes of acces" (Chapter 1). Rather than actually try to help the recipient countries themselves, 'development schemes were newer intended to produce self-sufficiently in recipient economies at all, but rather to serve as instruments of bureaucratic surveillance and economic control". This the authors have demonstrated by providing the necessary figures and statistics which point to the number of students and technocrats being exchanged between universities and research Centres in the developed World and the developing world. The pattern of intellectual dependency and intellectual straight-jacketing is further developed in other parts of the book which considers the mechanics of Creating client states, proxy leaders and encouraging intellectual handicaps amongst the elites in the South thanks to the lopsided relation of power and knowledge between the richer and pooer section of the globe.
. --
Population control and the myth of "population explosion' that threatens to engulf the World are also exposed as the tools of intervention and control that they really are. In the chapter on the politics of Population Control Programs (Chapter 4), for instance, the researchers have argued that the real reasons behind the fears of the population explosion'. lies not in the fear of depleted resources or damage to the global environment (all of which could be better managed if it were not for the unequal distribution of power and resources between the richer and poorer halves of the World), but rather the fear on the part of Western elites that the global domination of the West over the rest will come to an end if and when the powerful elites of the North can no longer disguise or sustain such an unequal balance of power between an increasingly small select minority of elites and an ever-growing global community which are becoming increasingly aware of the unjust and corrupt nature of this skeWered. New World Order.
Even_more enlightening - are the portraits and vignettes of the Western technocrats and politicians that litter the book; from Maurice Stars, the budget
¬.- ܒ .

Page 8
director of US President Eisenhower's under the guise of cabinet who thought that "many Africans is also the internal still belonged in the trees' (Chapter 3) institutions themsel to Alan Dulles, head of US Central red that the new Intelligence who argued that Islam is post-Cold War ord a backward religion which has a natural Wely from a staple appeal to black Africans' (Chapter 3) technocrats and 6 by virtue of their own "backward' and unswerving belief 'superstitious' character and culture. The of racial difference racist preconceptions and biases that ty, of the North o' contaminate the understanding which have shown that underlies the policies that these techno-ill-conceived progral crats from the metropolitan centres of powerful interest.gr the West comes to the surface as the Will remain forever"W researchers carefully document and altruism' (Chapter record their testimonies and interviews In records that have long been kept away. The authorsh from public scrutiny. introduction With til This book was pr All in all, the evidence drawn together investigators believe by the Project's group of researchers the Southern hemi: have revealed that underlying the poli- to information that h cies and programs of the dominant and held mostly in sect powerful states and international bodies and that they also such as the UN, World Bank, IMF, what is being cont UNESCO and others is a set of assu-And, above all, it is mptions and beliefs that fall far short to all persons the bac of their universal credentials. By laying they urgently need bare not only the politics of international role in the debate superpower intervention that makes itself humanity.
s Really M
Do Electio
In many parts of the World, says the Write for dictators and military regimes seeking to democracies. And in many formal democrac are so ineffectual that national politics app
lections are considered insepa decades. of indep
rable from democracy. There is that elections are a simply no other way. We can have a put it, the 'noise C democratic government. The relevance specific examples of elections to democratic regimes is the Latin America thus taken for granted. However, it may a period of at least be Worthwhile to ask; how much or the 1960s to the 1 how little do elections reveal about the mesput to an unce nature and content of a democratic practice of elections regime? Bill could be described
In this essay, we look at elections The one point w across continents, going beyond India the outset is that th where elections have been a regular for elections whe
feature of national politics in the five voice" or noise"
necessarily be hel The writer is Assistant Professor, Centre for cracy. Elections le Latin American Studies, Goa University, India, rule, even if there
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

"beewolent aid" but olitics. Within those ES that haWe , enSumandarins of the fare dra Wm exclusistock of like-minded tes who share an outdated theories ld Cultural superiorier the Soulh they the misguided and sproposed by such Jups from the North orse than misguided 2).
sig COCluded their le following words: apared because its that the peoples of phere have a right as up until now been et by governments, ave a right to know emplated for them. intended to provide ckground information to play their rightful about the future of
indence, to argue lso, as a cartoonist f democracy'. The We take are from
region where fог two decades, from 980s, military regiTetonious end the at least those that as free and fair.
must Concede at are is no substitute ther they represent -- and they must to uphold demoitimise democratic be only a formal
While one would be hard pressed
relections have proved a handy Weapon legitimise "limited', 'controlled' or "protected ies, checks and balances on elected leaders ears more authoritarian than democratic.
indeed to disagree with the sentiments being expressed, a Word of caution reeds to be introduced nomethele SS. The cliche that "knowledge is power' has been proven to be patently untrue by now. Those living in the developing World have always been able to get to the truth and to develop their knowledge for themselves somehow, but without a Corresponding increase in their powers to govern themselves and direct their OWilliwes.
Sadly, knowledge is not power, nor does knowledge make one powerful for its own i sake. Thereimilies the Crux. Of the problem, for knowledge without political Will and struggle does not lead to emancipation and development. The research work by the Information for Africa Project has done nuch to inform and educate those Who hawe read thİS book, but the task of political struggle remains an urgent one. Perhaps in this regard, the most poignantlesson to be learnt from the book is that there is still so much Work to be done in the political arena to counter the Excessive Force of the elites of the West.
democracy or one that in the Latin American context has been labelled 'electoral democracy" or 'electoralism'.
In several democracies of the socalled 'developing World', India included, the voter rules only at the time that elections are held. Once he has done the needful, that is, Cast his Wote, the elected leader goes about his business unmindful of those who elected him in the first place, Not surprisingly, a recent opinion poll found respondents describing the Work done by their respective Members of Parliament as amounting to "nothing (53%) or 'very little' (17%). The ability of the elected leader to do "nothing'

Page 9
or "little' for his people is not new but on his part, the politician argues that voters are too demanding they expect miracles, which he is incapable of.
If Woters in 'old' and "Consolidated democracies like India expect nothing short of "Tiracles from their elected representatives, just as those in 'new' democracieS in Latim ATTerica like Chile, Argentina and Brazil do, the reason lies in the growing impowershrTent of the masses. In all these countries, a shift from import substituting industrialisation policies of the past to the tenets of free market ideology has imposed an enormous burden on the bottom half of society. Further, a freer flow of information has made people more aware (and less tolerant) of the misdeeds of their rulers.
Brazilians were quick to punish the erring Fernando Color de Mello on charges of corruption (he was forced to resign), Argentines did not take kindly to President Carlos Menem's pardon of military officers involved in human rights violations during the 1976-83 period when they were in power, and in Chile, where the nilitary still evokes fear, justice is being Sought for those who suffered at the hands of over-zealous anti-Marxists.
Democratic rule, Whetherin'Consolidated' or 'new' democracies, throws up the issue of justice in its many facets to the political leadership. In Latin America, calls for justice are directed against lack of jobs, increasing socio-economic inequality, deteriorating social services (especially health and education), and in those countries which were previously under military Ule, at the Ten irl UniforIT Who in the name of the father (Tother) land, legitimised death and torture. In India, corruption of the political class has emerged as the single most important issue for "justice-seekers' along with deерепlпg Socio-есопогтіс тіпеqшality and equality before the laws of the
In this Context, elections retain the
single most important means by which
people can Seek ju growing awareness t legitimise formal de Voter must also ext flesh. Formal, sinc political leaders ofte ning in a most unde
Ayesha Jalalha: that there is only a su in th3 | Tang in Wii - a democracy si for the two years duri - and Pakistanalternated between military rule umptee same period - is makes a strong Ca iSn ir lidiar der though her term 'del rian' is inappropriat is little doubt that for ty of elections, ewe say much about the Cracy,
In many parts oft Һave pгоved a h: dictators and Tilitar to legitimise limite "protected' democra tests where oppo groups are often bal tion, provide only as cy but the fact als fortal detocracies nces con elected lea ctual that national more authoritarian
One may, therefo of looking at ele providing a showca In the so-called 'd of the 1980s, whe allower Latin Ame representative gove Were taken as a pointing to a return course, exaggerate analysts suggeste meant that a Wa America, the first st cracy Would auto steps two and thr the military in Arg importantly, in Wen
 

|Still:C9. There is hat since Elections mocratic rule, the ract his pound of ce once elected, go about functioemocratic Tlalner.
S. recently argued perficial difference ich politics in India ince 1947 except ing the Emergency a country that has
democracy апсi n times during the
COrducted. Jalal Se of authoritarianocracy and even mocratic authoritae for India, there example, regularin if free and fair, : 'quality of demo
he world, elections andy Weapon for y regimes seeking -d', 'controlled' or Cies. True, no-COnsing parties i and Ted from participashadow of legitimao is that in many checks and baladers are S0 İneffepolitics appears han democratic.
re, argue in favour ctions as merely se of democracy. emocratic decade' n military regimes rica gawe Way to rnments, elections Crucial indicator to democracy. Of di WeWS is by Some d that elections S. Well. With Latin ep"back to demomatically lead to ee. Rumblings by
entina, chile and a voting booth every few years!
ezuela (two-failed
霹
a coups in 1992), a democracy for over
three decades, called for caution.
Regular, free and fair elections would mot only consolidate "electoral democracy", everyone agreed, and also something more; but there is still no agreement on what this something more must meam -- greater economic equality, political freedom, etc - before such 'new' democracies could be considered democracies in the sense of Western ones.
Mexico provides a. good example of the limits of regular elections and formal democracy. For seven decades, the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) pretended that the country was a democracy, Elections were held at regular six-year intervals (what the Mexicans call sexenio) and each time the PRI candidate returned a 90-plus % of the popular vote (until the 1988
massive debt problem, the PRI resisted political liberalisation and almost lost.
Though the party remains in power
菲 elections, that is). Reeling under a
after the troubled 1994 Presidential
elections - the costs are painfully Wisible.
India has had fewer problems with its democracy. While regular elections are a characteristic of political life, discontent with the quality of governance has the potential to spill out of
'electoral options' to naked opposition
to the Curious variant of democracy that the country practises.
down" has already come in the form of calls for presidential rule, rule by a "national government' - and in the extreme case, military rule. The logic is simple: if the present form of democracy that has so well-served the interests of the elite class is under strain, devise another form of government that preserwes the status quo.
The response to this possible break
Peace, stability and progress are the Concerts of those in power, howewer
limited and defined, not those for whom democracy merely means heading for
-Third World Network Features/Mainstream.

Page 10
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Page 11
Education for Peace Active Listening
Ananda Welihena
ducation for peace and unity
is a felt-need in our country. It is a requisite for the successful realization of the first peace (devolution) proposal that the Peoples Alliance (PA) government presented in August 1995.
Gill Fell (See, 1988, "Peace". In David Hicks, ed., Education for Peace, London: Routledge) a British peace educator has underlined the significance of skills that сап be employed during peace пеpotiation and dialogue. She identifies ACTWELISTENING as a single most impor. tant skill that can be cultivated and applied to promote peace. As she writes:
SLLLLYLLLLLLLLLLLLLHCHLLLLLLL LLL LL teaching the arts of writter and spoken communication, but in peace reducation the emphasis is on Islaning, and ConTrTurcation is ān active fWO-Way process" (Fell, G., 1988, 78).
There are passive and active types of listening. The passive listening allows : the listener to play the role of a spectator, often referred to by educationists as the Jug and the mug exercise or what Paulo Freire calls the banking concept of education: here the person observes and listens to the speaker and takes into the mind as if some liquid is poured into a receptacle, and that is it. This type of listening does not possess the capacity for constructive, critical or creatiWe thinking.
Active listening leads to creativity and originality. It is a SKILL that can be practised and applied. One can cultivate this skill constantly in day to day life to gain success. A person who has acquired the power of Tindfulness and aWardress Car secure this skill Without much difficulty. It is important to note Gill Fell's two characteristic features of active listening.
She indicates the capacity to remain listening carefully and mindfully to a person or disputant Without interrupting for SOTE tiTE. AS She WritÉS:
Fell, Gill, (1988)"Peace' in Hicks, David, Educa
kom for Peaca, Lomdom: Routledge.
"..... so pay full оїһегрегsoп is s questions, passin) advice" (ibid. 79
Interruptions or occur haphazardly, speaker has finish if it is really neacE listening is difficult, dBSErwES COT1Stäril task is to Construct which the dispo Lutari and thoughts. Th them eagerly into hésitation.
The SECOrd aspi is, Tore Sigrificant. reflect On What ha: understood. It is a
"esserie has said, both ? and the feasing (Ibid.).
What is importa ability to compreh mension Conceale symbols of the spe lt leads to empat the person's inner from extending sy
These two cardir listening must be interiorise the T1, e them to day-to-day Overcome or resol at diverse levels. the persoп to resol between two disp gain this competer always and everyw at three fundarner is that one car lea and promote pea people. The three practise the WO listening are:
1) At the level c 2) society, and 3) environment

and Unity:
Iffsrfsor fo Wha B aying, without asking gcomments orgiving ).
interventior S - do not but only when the led and if and only assary. This type of
and it is an art that practice. Its principal
amental space into ts can send in ideas a listener Welcorties
this space without
ect of active listeming It is the capacity to
s been received and
s Gill Fell says:
Jf what the speaker Te gist of the cortent fhaf lies Eräfff"
ints is to acquire the end the emotive, cdi bene at the Werthal aker or the disputart. hic i understanding of feelings. It is different npathy to the other.
al principles of active practised in order to specially by applying -activities. It helps to we conflicts that arise This practice Brables We conflicts that occur uting parties. But to Ice one Tust practise where. It can be done ital lewels. The result In to resolve conflicts се апсi unity among
levels that one can
principles of active
bf the persoп,
or the ecology.
1) At Personal Lewel
Conflict is the reality, and it exists in each and everyone. It is clearly evident at the lewel of a) thoughts, b) sensations and c) breath.
a) - Thoughts:
Thoughts can be of two varieties. They can beeither pleasant of painful The capacity to name and identify them is not easy. Much training and practice are required and patience, diligence and persistences are indispensable. How should one try and approach a painful or a pleasant thought? The following Theasures II WOLuld be fruitful:
First, one must gain the skill and capacity to receive a pleasant or painful thought. It is important to be positive or to have an open-mind. It is to create a mental space in order to allow the thoughts to gain free entry. There should be hardly any pleasant or painful reactions towards these thoughts. One must observe these in-coming thoughts with awareness and mindfulness.
Secondly, the art and skills Tust be acquired to comprehend not only the nature but also the functions of these thoughts, it is important to identify their antecedents or causes of the arising The understanding of the nature of thoughts would reveal their inconstancy or impermanency (similar to that of a water bubble): they arise in order to pass aWay.
b) Sensations:
The approach to sensations is similar to thoughts: sensations are predominantly bodily feelings of pain or hatred and pleasantness or Crawing. Mental space has to be provided for them so that they may gain entry. Resistance or reactions to Wards them should not be allowed. When sensations are distasteful or painful, one is inclined to hate them. When they are pleasant one begins to cling to then tenaciously. If one Wants
Työ Warfëri iš Lecturari ir Forsical ScgrCE, Liniwarsity of Paradaniya.

Page 12
to encounter these sensations, then one must reflect on the behavioral pattern of these sensations and their impacts with awareness and mindfulness. The result is that one learns to be cordial and friendly with unpleasant feelings and careful or mindful with the pleasant feelings because they are certain to pass away. The person can conclude that both types of sensations are really impermament or passing phenomena.
c) Breath:
三、
One can learn to observe. One's mechanical or habitual breathing habit pattern with awareness and mindfulness. The two above perspectives must be kept in mind: he/she must be able to Create a mental space for the breath to take place at its own sweet Willi and then to reflection their nature and functions. With awareness: how it enters and touches the nostrils and causing sensations of diverse types. All this must be mentally noted. The person then will feel peaceful, calm and still. With mental space provided for the entry breath and the departure breath, it is possible to be aware of the nature and function of the breathing: whether it is soft or hard, slow or fast, constant or ceasing A restless mind enables fast breathing and a calm mind produces soft, slow breathing. Awareness of the nature and function of breath becomes useful to slow down the speedy breathing process. It can help overcome hasty decision making leading to conflicts, despair and disappointment in life because when
breathing is slow the intensity of emotions are less.
2) Social Level:
It is possible to overcome conflicts that arise at the level of social relations by applying the above two principles of active listening. The word 'social' refers to the relationship between two or many human beings or groups. When hostile relations caused by anger, hatred or jealousy between two or more persons exist, he or she must be aware of the nature and functions of this negativity. The options available now are either to become involved in this negativity and make it exacerbate or try and resolve it without becoming victimised by it. If the intention is to resolve the conflict then the first task is to provide a mental space for those emotions that are produced by the conflict to enter freely and secondly reflection what would really happen thereafter. It is to Welcome with
リー
O
an open mind. With
пегvous - апything it hateful. A person W on another, out of a encounters conflict could be resolved b the existing pain ar fulness and awaren апy necessity for ar to emerge. All that is a mental space for and Welcome the E tions. It is to be in
next strategy is tog On its nature and emotion arise? How it difficult or easy would generate an
ding of the conflict inflicted. The result that the imagined er ted to a generous fri (Orhewi|| mot react T Without Tindfulness
to the enemy's thou All this shows that or to that which happ the person's inners is impacted by extern
3) The Ecological
Every - person ha; ecological environm mam. He Or Shé è and difficulties while and reconciliation ar. capacity to deal with nious Tanner. Nols turt the healthy, p. The first human rea is to resist Or hate a pleasant Wind or in clinging or cravi Come to grips with establishing a right two principles of act useful for this ex correctly applied. T of the mind will - dete! it be possible to enc ard OwerCOT19 its ne is peace possible in Can a perSOn rêTE he/she experiences It is the ability to a it without reacting much easfer to liste and Watch the eaw, the Wind rather thal with something unplt What is to be done is space for this exp it without reaction E
 
 
 

but being afraid or at is conflictual or IO has inflicted pain ger, ill will or hatred all relations which the art of observing hatred with mindss. There is hardly negative reactions required is to create the arising conflict Ccompanying emoit but not of it. The adually reflect back npact; how did the long it lasted? Was These neasures in-depth understanInd the person Who of this exercise is emy will be converand or a companion. !chanically; it means or a second thought ght, word and deed. he can listen actively ens at the lewel of elf. When he or she |ally induced factors.
Level:
5 ° tÖ liWe - Within - ar1 ent constructed by counters problems | living in it. Peace a determined by the the in a har T10a and pollution disaceful life of man. ction against noise |t. The reactio to the sound. Consists ng for it. One can these realities by relationship. These we listening can be rcise if they are he habitual pattern it noise. How Would Dunter this menace Jative impact? How this situation? How in balanced when he impact of noise. :cept and live with astily. It Would be to a bird's singing is being tossed by to accept and be asantor distasteful. to provide a mental fiance and accept ld resistance. The
next step is to reflect deeply on its nature and functions by looking inwards: it is to take a mental note of the impact and to think of the possibility of being free from it. It can be done by being accommodative and friendly.
Peace Can be gained by active listening at all these three levels. It provides a person with the capacity to relax and rest With the forces that are inimical to him. To live in peace is to relax with oneself, the fellow beings and ecological context around by practising the two principles of active listening.
Guru-Sishya Relationship
The principles of active listening are practised when the Guru and the sishya meet each other. The integral development of the sishya is caused by the interaction of these two principles of active listening. Oriental education and culture are imparted through this process of learning. This is how the student acquires a calm mind. The education for peace originates from the relationship established by the oriental guru-sishya tradition of learning. Active listening propels the sishya to be obedient to his/her Guru. The sishya practices the principles of active listening by being with his/her guru which is Responsive Listening. The guru reveals his/her love and invites the sishya to share in it. The sishya responds to the guru's love by offering his/her lowingness, The guru offers the sishya the truth and the sishya offers the guru in return the understanding of that truth inparted to him/her, Active listening is converted into responsive listening. There exist a profound sharing between the-two persons. Alienation disappears and it is replaced by a feeling of fulfilment.
Buddhist and Hindu cultures have maintained active and responsive liste
ning to gain new knowledge. The Hindus
tradition contains - three inter-related dimensions of learning to gain peace. They
TE
1. Sravanan, 2. Малапапп, 3. Niddhysanan,
Sravanam means that the sishya listens carefully and actively to what is spoken; mananam neans that he/she grasps the meaning of what was listened to and begins to reflect intelligently. Niddhyasanam means that he/she resропds creatively to What was listened

Page 13
to and understood. It is here that active listening is converted into responsive listening. Active listening is now translaled into a social Comittent: it is to tra 1SThit What haSbeenleare d'Or experienced on a personal level to a Wider community.
The Buddhist tradition HS TEt0d of learning which is equally it pressive. It has three inter-related phases:
Tasmahli biho kichcha maijappahaya SLālā dārglā Carafia där rT3.
trileans: "Leave aside, the devoted one, all-your assignments in order to listen, understand and reflect and finally act with a changed pattern of life based on the Dahamma".
The three phases of learning include:
1. Տաnatha, E Dharetha, 3. Charafia,
Suratha relates to active listening to what was told and Dharetha means to LInderslärld and reflect in Silgree Orl what was listened to and Charatha means to apply or practise what was interiorised after silent reflection. Active listening to the guru finally ends with responsive listening.
This tradition of learning was practised by many saintly persons of the East especially in India. The best example is the Buddha who learned this techniques from his contemporary Hindu gurLIS, but he acted Creatively and responded by adding new ideas to the existing knowledge.
When these two principles have been cultivated at all levels in life it can assist in the resolution of conflicts between two disputing parties. This task can be executed if one is conversant with the three preceding levels of conflict resolution Which hawe been discussed above.
There is another benefit that arises from the practice of these two principles of active listening. In other words, the significant contribution that this practice could offer is the avoidance of two distinct strategies of Conflict resolutions. They are:
1) the judicial process
2) the mediatory process
By avoiding these two strategies one can adopt another strategy of conflict resolution: direct negotiation which can be more successful than the previous
two strategies to resi se there are two grc ting and interacting arriving at a conser
1) Judicial proce
The judicial proce guished personality ledge and expertise the rules and regu thB - COfflict, But hE the conflict. He is th: tes the Werdict afta the judicial process. judge plays the rolє for his is the final is not useful for the and political issues demand Creative actions of the dispu
2) Mediatory pro
The mediatory ap [ISE:[]]m thE CCTItExt between the disput Conflict are incapa another face to face the walls built up a ched that a third pa to be sought to cor arrive at a viables
The involverTent party in the ethnic ( has not brought mut of the: Ildian Peac a clear example. is likely to take adv. cting situation for t latiÖrhal interest. Th], mediator is only a c Cation between the Conveys the persp ments of the Cont SOT1etimes Tediato. just and they do advantages out o advisable and prefs ding parties come ar Own issues throug without depending intervention.
3) The negotiator
The Other Contri derived from the pr ples of active listenim
of conflict resolutior
negotiation on af Con Tunication bet way process (nota. and the : Tnug that tu gue). This strategy the two principles ol
 

Dolwe, Conflicts. becauIupos talking, negotiaJ with the hope of "SuS. :
SS
ISS involves a distinwho has the know. He is familiar With lations pertaining to ! is rh0t in WOIWëd in a judge who for Tulair the completion of In this strategy the of "One man show" Word. This process resolution of Social for more often they апdрагіicipatory tants.
EGG
proach is often exer
of a deep cleavage :ants: the parties in ble of Seeing orie I. The aloofness and "eso deepy entrenrty's assistance has Timence talking and olution,
of India as a thirdConflict of Sri Lanka, ch SUCCESS. The role e Keeping. Force is he mediating party antage of the conflihe enhancement of ereconciliator or the hannel of Communi
disputants. He/she lectives and stateending is parties. But rs are impartial and riots intend to elicit fia Conflict It S erable if the ContenOund to resolve their h direct negotiation
on a third party
y process is Jution that can be actice of two princig is the third strategy through inter-party aceto face i baSiS. Weer 1 the T1 is a tW0 s in the case of jug T15 to be a TIOT10lotakes into account active listening that
was discussed at length in the preceding рагаgraphs
The first requirement is to create a mental space for the other's thought, Word and deed without reacting against thern at first sight. The second is to reflect upon thoughts, Words and deeds of the other and understand their meaning and inner essence: the gist, content and feeling that lies beneath it (Hicks, 1988,79).
it is fruitful to apply these two principles of active listening to the on-going peace process between the government and all other peace lowing democratic groups and parties in the Country. The practice and application of these two principles
can determine the success of the nego
tiatory process and dialogue. The government is making every effort to rally round the opposition United National Party (UNP), the Tamil parliamentary demOCratic parties, the remaining Small but radical Sinhalaparties, the pressure groups of trade unions, religious bodies particularly the Buddhist Tonks and their institutions. All of them have listened to the inner meaning of 1995 devolution proposals of the PA Gowermert. - AI parties and groups must be praised for their courage and Willingness to enter into a dialogue and negotiation process with the government. It is the first time that the government had volunteered to Send its negotiating team of Sudu Neur Movement to every part of the island to Convey the need for peace and unity through devolution of power. It manifests the good will of the government to resolve the issue of war, and establish peace, stability and unity in the country by stalling War, threat to sovereignty and SÉCESSİOr.
The strategy of negotiatory process Would be successful only if these two principles are understood or interiorized at the level of the Tasses. It cannot be guaranteed unless a steady gradual program of peace education launched Om ar island-Wide basis. The role of SLJadu Nelum (white Lotus). Movement can be of assistance in this endeavour. There is a reason to be optimistic: the voters hawe given i a mandate to the EPA government at the August parliamentary and presidential elections of 1994 to establish peace and not war, unity and not secessionism, and stability and not the violation of the sovereign power. In the Words of French political philosopher Jacques Rousseau, the Tandate of the

Page 14
MMOMEN
Population Control: W.
Malini Karka
Contrary to popular perceptions, said the write effect on the health of women and the surviva
of their children.
xcept for China, India is the most populous country in the World. In 1952 it became the first
Country to introduce national family
planning. At that point, T= the pro
gramme was instigated to improve maternal and infant health, but the objectives altered when the US Congress made population control mandatory for countries seeking assistance of any kind in the 1960s.
India is also one of the exceptional Countries (along with Bangladesh, Bhutan Nepal and Pakistan) that FlaWE = fEWET, WCITlar1_tham merl, Im large part this is due to the shorter life expectancy of younger females; from birth to five years, 111 girls die for every 100 = boys; from age five to 14, 122 girls die per 100 boys; and from age 15 to 35,130 females die per 100 males. Only females who live through the hazards of these 35 years can anticipate that their death rate will be less than that of age-matched men.
India's maternal mortality rate is amongst the highest in the world and, like its infanta mortality, is Comparable with the abject rates in some African countries.
Populationists claim that reduced fertility rates would simultaneously reduce population and maternal and infant mortality. They have popularised notions of contraceptive population control in India and the majority
The writer is from the Fourn for Woman's Health In Mumbai, Bombay, India.
2
of other Countries region, Centralian and Africa.
More recently, it ding agency of
lobby, USAID (Uni
International Devel billion conducting Health Survey ( Bangladesh, the Indonesia.
The Survey cla 99% of the India because of the e) Tet and Vast nLT accumulated data to be the most reli as the following population control humanity, most is WOThen, but als children and partn
Sterilisation
In India, where and universal, mar 13 to 49. Were in Survey and reveal WOTE Or their LS SOThe for of cont Wer Sterilisatior WÉ Ton method, and more prevalent in men (27.3% comp
In contrast with
other Countries v contraceptive meth prior to settlingforp ception wia sterilisa:

in the Asia-Pacific Id South America
he do Tirant fullthe populationist ted States Aid for орпment), spent $9 a National Family NFHS) in India,
Philippines and
ims to represent population, and, ctravagant investibers involved, the is further clairTed able to date. Yet, figures illustrate, is a crime against Decifically against of against their ES.
marriage is early ried Women aged terWiaWedir for the Eed that 46.9% of bands were using raception. HoweS the Tost Com
was eight times
WIDTher thall in ared with 3.5%).
the experience in where temporary iods are adopted EerTarlent CÖntr3tion, the data also
revealed that Indian couples genera
lly had no experience with temporary barrier or hormonal contraceptives before they were sterilised, which in itself implies that sterilisation was a coercive rather, than : personal decision.
The survey also found that 36.2% of Women were under 25 years at the time of their sterilisation, and another 36.4% were between the ages of 25 and 29. Translating to three of every four wives being sterilised before age 30, this indicates that the medical and social problems associated with sterilisation procedures such as tuballigation and tubectomy are the almost exclusive burden of younger Women.
The median age, or the age by which at least 50% were sterilised, has fallen from 28 to 26 years during the past 10 years. This probably indicates that the population control programme has become increasingly oppressive over that time.
In the initial years of family plan
ning in India, men had somewhat equally shared reproductive responsibilities with Women. However, the survey showed that the burder of population control has increasingly been shouldered by Women; aside from the smaller proportion of vasectomised men compared with tubectomised women, only 7.1% of men Were using condoms. In effect, population control has reinforced patriarchy and disproportionately exposes. Women to the hazards of

Page 15
temporary contraceptives such as intra-uterine devices and a variety of hormonal contraceptives.
The survey noted that an equal frequency, one in five, of WasectomSed men and Women using temporary contraceptives complained of one Or Torg Side effects.
However, the survey excluded Women who had discontinued using IUDs, depo-Provera and Norplant, and it is reasonable to Conclude that the incidence of complaints in this group Would match the one-four complaint rate of sterilised Women. By actively promoting problematic permanent and temporary contraception, the population control lobby has exposed its War against people which, reinforced by patriarchy, amounts to a war against Women.
Over decadeS indEEd CEntLIries, reports consistently indicate that Women want fewer children than they actually bear. The NFHS survey also found that Womenaged 13 to 29 Wanted no more than two children, and those over 30 Wanted only two to three children. importantly, neither group desired a large family.
Interpreted by populationists as WonTen's un met need for Contraception this idea has been applied to legitimise long-acting, hormonal contraceptives, such as depo-Provera, Net-En, Norplant and anti-fertility WaCCineS.
All are provider-controlled and serve to further disempower women who have already admitted their powerlessness to bear the exact number of children that meets their personal aspirations. In this context too, population control plays a major role in bolstering cultural patriarchy to deny Women control over both their body and their sexuality.
Child Mortality
Contraceptive acceptance rates Were 5% in Women with no children,
20% in those Wii in those With two in tOSE - With to average, -- Worтеп children, but after taken into accour to 2.6 per wormer
The survey fail that child mortal high fertility. Infa mortality Wass. tWeen Woment three, Or more ԵՒ
The Survey als nutritional status under five years 53.4% of tec standard Weight Were belloW Stand and 17.5% Were shed. The survey levels of undern the highest in the
Importantly, thE child. Thade very his or her growth Confirmed that fa failed to Solve the rishment. Within th
In India, where breastfeld, the Su proportion of malr sed with age; one Thalnourished. Wit birth, but between this figure roset clearly reflected the other.
India also re incidence of low the proportion, c increased Withag Was Tlalnourished of birth, but bet months, this figu two, and clearly health of the to
India also rel incidence of low the proportion b

th. One child, 46%
children and 60% : ree children. Om
According to World Health Organisation guidelimes, low birth weight babies, or babies weighing less than
gawe birth to 3.1 2500 grams at i birth, hawe poor
Infant mortality was it, the number fell
.
edito demonstrate ty was caused by int and Childhood readequally belearing one, two, lildren.
SO established the
of Ethe children:
, and found that ildrer Were belloW
or Wasted, 52% ard heightstunted severely malnouriconcluded, "these utrition are among
World.
birth Order. Ofte little difference to lag, which clearly Limily planning had problem of smalnouhe population.
95% of infants are wey found that the OurishmentinCreain five babies Was hin six months of six and 12 months, o Orne intWO, and the poor health of
ports the highest birth Weight babies, 3f malmourishment e; one in five babies di Within Six months Ween Six Fland 12
re rose to One in: reflected the poor ther.
prospects for both survival and normal growth. Low birth weight babies also hawe dismal educational and employment futures because of their school drop-out rates and sub-optimal performance in labour activities.
Contray to popular perceptions, this amounts to population control
having a detrimental effect on the
intellectual and physical potential of the population.
Marriage Age
Obviously, the issue of child/girl brides lies at the heart of maternal and infant mortality, and as the survey noted, though marriage of girls under 18 years is unlawful in India, 20% of the inter WieWed Women were married at age 13, 37% at age 15, and 68% by 18.
Over recent years, the marriage age of girls has increased marginally, but only to the extent that 50% of the Women now aged 20 to 24 were
married when aged 17.4 years,
Whereas those now aged 40 to 49
were married at age 15.5 years.
in the climate of premature marriage, child bearing begins at a young age. The survey noted that approximately 28% of the Women were nothers by 17, and another 23%
by the age of 19. At the same time, due largely to the impact of sterilisa
tion, childbearing ends by age 30. In the face of this data, and contray to populationist gospel, Women afe L
In spite of this, however, the populations control that has supplanted family planning has assured them
of neither their own good health, nor
ports the highest birth weight babies, eing one in three.
their children's survival.
- Her MWorld WEWrk Features/Green Laff.
13
菲
of large numbers of
children and are perfectly capable of regulating their fertility accordingly.

Page 16


Page 17
DECENTRALISATION OF POWER
Germany, European Uni Third World Cases
Hartmut = EESenham S
Federalism and devolution promote Cor SenSuS, but Tequire it also
Federalism is a System of sharing competences betweөп аз сепtral goveTITEt ador Talliw territorialIw COmstricted governments. In a federal system, the different levels of government are defined in a constitutional act where both levels draw their rights from the sovereign power which makes the constitution, in a democratic system people and/or a special constitutional body. Both le Wels, the : federation and the States which constitute the federation, therefore consider to draw their power from the allegiance of the people, its totality or part of it. Wheneverthere is homogeneity of citizenship, the necessity of a clear binding power of rules makes federalism possible only on a territorial basis. The move of a member of the federation from one territory to another makes him or her immediately Ternber of the state het Orished TOWBS int0. Where there are divisions in the citizenry Which are legally recognised a federal system can be based also on different parts of citizens according to their specialcharacteristics. In imperial Germany (1871-1914) there Was a citizenship of each state which, at least in principle, WOuld hawe allowed Some citizens of the federation enjoying in their state special rights, for example With respect to vote or to the access to the Civili SerWiCell Of that i Stätig. multi-ethnic states, such as Cyprus, the ideal of personal federalism has been discussed, Where matters relevant to Only SOrme of them Would hawe beer attributed only to the competences of their bodies, for example marriage or |TheritäCe la WS. Such T10 dels hawe been discussed with respect to the reform of the Austrian-Hungarian mona. rchy at the beginning of this century also by Marxist parties. Even in countries With a clearly unifornicitizenship such as India, elements of personal federalism can be present as the right of different religious communities of that nation to administer their own personal laws.
Federalism is a system which depends оп all component parts accepting multiple allegiances and avoiding to constantly try to change the fundamental distribution of Competences, it this is not
accepted, the different levels can easily
block decision-making processes or proVOkЕ ОрpОПents to USE Extra-СОПstitutional or emergency dispositions inscribed in the constitution which destroy the basic consensus which such a system needs in support. Especially no level
should attempt or to destroy the previc and tO abolish '' its attributions.
Obviously, such stable if the COTDO the federation. federal systems. Su United States, Br: Australia, Germany characterised by the rent partSexİStEdb which they founded basis of their OW power. The excep states existed before federation, but Whe sting states are ther of boundaires confir in two aspects. In re the Indian states a by the practice of pre Which the Center government of any inhibitions. They dra Wer. from their being (outside the Hindi: linguistic criteria: WF adherence of the po to its institutional pri
DeCentralisation: the devolution of ic legislative or the e: the Central State to TE bodieS On the basi the Center, Devoluti pragmatical assessm nise the legislative processes whereo Sentatives of local populations may bec the bodies created levels draw attributi the Center which is not completely at according to the ass conditions through Center level. A guar rEVOCation does 10 a federal systems normally provided by Constitution against; rules not only int majorities requiredi Thent, but alSO in the || of Consent by a qua StatBS Ör BWer the The process of "t Canadian constitutic parliament to a Can necessity to achiew the consent of the

threaten to atter Tipt usly agreed setting the other or empty
a balance is Tore
ent states preexist
WÉl|ë Ståbolished ch as Canada, the azil, South Africa, and Switzerland are fact that its compoefore the federation themselves on the constitution-making tion, India, where : the founding of the re the actually exiesult of a redrawing This this obserwaltior -lation to the center, e Weak, as shown Side t5 fulle Can talkE OW'er the state. With Weak Witheir force, howeoased in TOSt Cases speaking core) on ich guaranteethe pulation of the state erogaliwes.
scharacterised by ompetences of the xecutive: powers of agional or even local Sofia decision of ion is based on a lent on how to orgaand administrative lviously also reprebodies or minority consulted, but Where at regional or local Ons: from an act of revocable, perhaps Will, but at least essment of existing а пnajority at the antee against such exist. Whereas: in Jch guarantees are "high barriers in the any change in Such he form of special the Central parlia: orm of the necessity lified majority of the right of secession. pringing back" the Jr. front the British adian body and the e for this purpose rowince of Quebec
on and Rele
vance to
Thay be quoted. In Germany, the institutions at the federal level may interfere in the distribution of powers between the federation and the states with Constitutional majorities in both houses, a house of directly elected representatives and a house of states, but the substance of federalismisprotected by the constitution, so that no majority can abolish the states and their right of substantially participating in the political process.
Neither federalism nor devolution car Exist as long as parties to the constituent people claim the right to divorce. Federalism and devolution are projects and arrangements which depend on their members abiding to coordination, com promise and solidarity. Federalism and also devolution are based on the idea of a single body politic: Whatever distinctions within this body politic.
incipient forms of federalism can how
ewerb am "instru Tert to alloWhLJTiam groups Which hawe - not yet developed such a feeling of unity to develop it through the experience that the outcoTheS a Chiewed at the lewel of a federation are more satisfactory than the ones ossible within the framework of their imited resources. Here, the experiment of European Union can be mentioned as an interesting and quite contradictory example. In order to bring about such a result, other unifying forces are showever required because the power of a statist organisation to increase the available resources is normally quite restricted so that Zero-sum games dawelop at this level. Federal principles of political organisation can enable a unific cation of anotherwise seriously divided body politic, but they cannot create the Will to liwing together. They hawe to be built on a consensus that living together should be made possible by putting together resources which should be managed together and keeping separate What does not need being put together. They are therefore based on the principle of subsidiarity, according to which any
roblem should be deat With: at the OWest possible level of the hierarchy of the institutions and be taken up by higher levels only if the lower levels are manifestly unable to reach satisfactory outcomes, either according to their own views or according to the views of that party on the body politic from which they draw their legitimacy, normally the territorial unit to which autonomous powers are attributed or delegated.
(тo be continueа)

Page 18
Dayton Agreement: Nc
Dilip S. Samarasinghe
he three year long conflict which had been raging in Bosnia was possibly the bloodiest conflict to take place in Europe since the Second World War. In November 1995, the gove
rnments of Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia
signed an agreement at Dayton, Ohio in which they agreed to cease hostilities and play a role in rebuilding Bosnia, But the most important aspect of the Dayton Agreement was that US government put the full weight of its diplomatic and military might to restore peace in Bosnia. For three years, the world had Witnessed. Some of the Worst atrocities committed in any post-war conflict but no action had been taken to stop the blOOdshed.
Because of this belated response, there has been a lot of criticism of Dayton being too late, and cynics even attributed its timing to President Clinton's bid for re-election at the corning US Presidential elections.
While most Bosnians are happy to See and end to the fighting they consider the action as long overdue. The Bosnian Minister of Education summed up this view. When he deplored that fact that "When sоппеone kills a - пап, he is put to prison. When he kills twenty, he is declared Fentally ill. When he kills 20,000 he is invited to Geneva for Peace Negotiations. "It can therefore be said that the distrust generated by three years of War still remains and that American
military power, in the form of the 60,000
strong Implementation. Force (I-FOR) Tlay not provide a long-term solution.
The SerbGabit
To understand the rationale behind Dayton, one has to look at the unfolding of events in Bosnia-prior to the Agreement. Buoyed by a string of victories, the Bosnian Serbs chose to test the UN's resolve by detaining 200 UN troops as hostages. They had earlier onseized 3artillвгурleces and-onв heavy mortaг
ܒ+1
The writer is senior international Relations Execute, Ari Lanka Ltd, Wisfying Lecture,
which had been im helmets. They hop nullify an earlier ag forced them to give LISE dito = Shiel|| || Sar Capital.
In réSpOTSE, the rtative for Bosnia, Wed NATOto carty the Bosnian Serbs. ammunition dumps Serb stronghold of by 15 NATO jets Karadzic governme Solw8.
The Conflict exca began shelling the Zoes" Which II TESLU 76 vē5. NATO rgt a second air strike
It was at this sta Serts took the radi 200 UN peacekee Television Screens showed UN troops instalations to deti UNPROFOR'S Wā this Sert action.
The intertational feared further losin stage Seriously i COr of Bosnia. Britai contributed troops to that they were to President Clinton sending 25,000 US Withdrawal of the U But to pull out. WOL pressure tactics of CBaded, so the NA different options.
The altemate app tion of a Rapid R. WaS a force of NATI protect UNPROFO attacks. They would which are not painte of the UN, andha ппепt. IпіJuп8:1995 Legionnaires werel
Валdагапаike Centre for International nearMountlgman, o 8||8, British and Dutch for
6
 
 
 

) Peace
Jounded by the blue ad by this action to reement. Which had
up heavy Weapons ajewo, the Bosnian
JN Special RepreseYaSushi Akashi alloout air raids against An air strike against
rear the Bosnia Pale was carried out s to convince the int of the UN'S TE3
ated when the Serbs SO-Called N "Safe led in the loss of aliated by launching against Pale.
ge that the Bosnian Cal decision to hold pers ash-OStages.
around the world
chaired to Warious er NATO iTriS. ress was shown by
Community, which gface was at this sidering pulling out and France, which UNPROFOR Stated pul Cut-of Bosnia.
even suggested troops to cover a N forCE5 in Bosnia. ld indicate that the the Serbs had sucTO allies examined
Ioach Was the creaBaclion FOCE. This O troops who would R troops from any go about in Vehicles d in White, like those We offensive equip
60 French Foreign anded by helicopter werlooking Sarajevo. ces joined the Rapid
Reaction Force. They had in their arsenal armoured vehicles and artillery, which boosted the UN I a firepower but since their mandate was only to respond in case of a provocation, it was little different to that of UNPROFOR and had the same problem of being only able to respond to the cat-and-mouse gameplayed so effectively by the Serbs.
Belgrade's Policy Change
An important factor which paved the Way for the Dayton Peace was the shift in policy of Serbia. At this stage, the Serbian president, Slobodan i Milosevic offered to use his good offices to bring the Bosnian Serbs to the negotiating table. He promised US officials that within six months he could help bring peace to Bosnia. While the US had long considered Milosevic in a bad light and blarned him for the bloodshed the Serbian leader’s behind-the-scenes assistance in the rescue of a USAF pilot shot down in Bosnia helped improve relations with Washington. Furthermore, Milosevic was also annoyed that the reckless policies of Radovan Karadzic, the Bosnian Serb leader and his military commander Gen. Ratko Mladic, could draw. Serbia into at unwanted confrontation with NATO. Milosewic also believed that the taking of hostages by his Bosnian brethren was casting all Serbs in a negative light. Milosewic wanted Serbia to be integrated in post-ColdWar Europe. However, even though Serbia had broken with the Pale regime and closed their border for trade, military links between the Jugoslaw -- National Army (JNA) апа their Bosnian Serb counterpart remained strong. Many Bosnian Serb officers were seconded from the JNA.
| Milosevic therefore had strong leverage on the Bosnian Serbs and could easily deliver their compliance to any peace agreement.
But Milosevic's actions were not totally altruistic but more determined by self preservation. Serbia had suffered severely under UN sanctions but was enjoy. ing at the time a 75 day suspension of the sanctions. Milosewicz was keen to see the suspension extended to

Page 19
relieve the debilitating economic condtions in the country, Prior to the signing of the Dayton AgreerTent, it was estinated that million Serbs were unemployed out of a Work force of 2.3 Tillion. The country's GNP per capita had dropped from S2,330 in 1991 to S 1225 in 1993. It was also estimated that 2 million Serbs out of a population of 10 million live below the poverty line. This Was the heavy economic price Serbia paid to support its Bosnian Serb brethren.
MilOSEWIC WS Atherefore keer tO SEE serbia re-integrated into Europe as well as becoming economically stronger. He thus decided to support peace in Bosnia, which offered him a passport to respectability and recognition by the International Community.
The Dayton Agreement
The willingness of Serbia to participate in US - Sponsored peace talks om Bosnia was also shared by Croatia's President Franjo Tudjman and Bosnia's President Alijah Izetbegovic. Talks were held at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio.
From the wery. beginning the US LuthoritiĝS Wre keer that O eXterral influence should jeopardize the talks, so the parties were isolated and the media was specifically kept out. In order to prevent any controversy, all three Presidents were provided with identical housing om the base. The US Wanted to show that they were all to be treated Equally.
The parties namely Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia could either Communicate directly with each other or could do so through the US Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke. If mot, they could communicate by using the good offices of Warren Christopher, the US Secretary of State,
The most significant factor was that the most important actors in the Bosnian Tragedy, the Pale Serbs, were kept out, The excuse given was that their leaders Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladiti were indicted as War criminals by the Hague Tribunal and therefore they would be represented by Serbia. This convenientarrangementi encouraged Bosnia to participate without being slighted by the presence of the Karadzic regime.
The discussion aired to create a new Bosnia. It was decided that the country would be constituted by two entities, the Muslinn-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska (Bosnian Serbs). Each
entitywould be permi tOfTT linkS with.SE
Critics of Daytons for partition since it Would be automatica de and the Bosnian But others say that circumstances, BOSr. cally expect to haw gowemment. At bes be a loose federation government.
The question of borders of the WO be a contentious is Croat FederatiO WOL of Bosnia's territory, entity will get 49%. that this legitimize: since many territorie were acquired by fo
Dayton also proY Sarajevo, while th Wanted a diwided CC was. They fear tha persecuted when th
ment reasserts its
As soon as Day 60 day ceasefire cal was followed by the Treaty in Paris.
Implementing the - I
The US WS keer tion of the Dayton, hindered in any War system, the Corp WhileľE UN ET NA CorSullt seach Other against a troubleSO the Serbs. Il Tost i WäStö0 late. After fred of the UN. W force without having
The implementati Agreement was als fact that the bala radically shifted agai The Bosnia Gover to inflict SOE defe3 territory from the to More significantly, C defeat and distant entity which held country's territory, TF tion therefore esco examine a negotia' problem.
SilČe EČSid S aroulted to 49% 7O3 SOITE TOthS E

tted extensive rights bia Or With Croatia.
see this as a recipe he Bosnian Serts |ly drawm to BelgraCroats to Zagreb, under the present ia could not realistie a strong central tit WOLuld haWe , tO With a Weak Central
demarcation of the entities could also SSUE. TEIMLJSliTJuld be Warded 51%
While the Serbian It has been argued si ethnic cleansing s held by the Serbs TCE
ides for a united e Bosnian Serbs ity like Berlin once at Serts. Would be e Muslim led golweControl over the city.
to Was signed, 日
Teito effect Which
signature of a Peace
7ܨܒ݂.
Dayton Agreement that the implementaAgreement was not y by the "dual key" licated mechanism TO officials had to before using force me party, unusally cases the response Dayton, NATO was to and could use
to consult anyone.
ion of the Dayton o facilitated by the ince of power had StthE Serbian Side. Irent had been able its and regain some WErstretchEd SErbs. Croatia was able to
le the Krajina Serb
One third of the ne fluid military situauraged all sides to ed Solutio tote
erb haldard TOW fBosnia instead of arlier, Karadzic Was
Willing instead to consider peace talks.
But in spite of all these points, Dayton is a last chance agree TientirTiposed by force on exhausted but still unwilling parties. It relies heavily on US diplomatic and military pressure for success. It is therefore questionable whether the peaCe Will hold Or]CE|-FOR 'WithdraW5.
This use of coercion was apparent when the US forced President Tudjman not to raise the question of East Slavonia, since this could create tension. With Serbia. So Croatia had to put aside its wish to see that break-away territory returned in order that the Dayton process continued without problems,
Similarly, Izetbegovic was warned not to contact the media because Bosnia could make political capital as a wictim of aggression. For Dayton to succeed no party could claim moral superiority ÖVer the Other, at least=While the talk:S West Of.
Milosavic too was lectured by US officials for not having done anything about the atrocities Committed in Bosnia. This was belated, but still mattered. 크
it Was therefore clear that Dayton Was not just an American-brokered peace
agreement, it was an American-imposed
peace backed by the diplomatic influence and military right of the USA.
-FOR and the creation of a new Bosnia
The lengthy treaty gave details of the institutions which would exist in the new Bosnian State. There would be a Presidency, a Parliament and a Judiciary, Thanks to the Croats and Serbs, these institutions. Would be extremely Weak, Both Croats and Serbs want to have privilegedlinks with Serbia and Croatia, Which le3We:S the Muslims in Wek position, all by themselves. Si
But to make this possible, the 60,000 strong NATO-led Implementation. Force (I-FOR) was sent. The largest component is the heavily-armed 20,000 strong US contingent. The role of 1-FOR is to keep opposing armies apart. These Would anyway be in zones of separation two kilometres apart for Teach other. Heavy artillery and tanks would be placed in "Heavy Weapons exclusion zones".
bj =============
On November 15, 1995 the first of these NATO troops were deployed in Bosnia. They have began demarcating
7.

Page 20
the land in the two constituent entities, huge, the problems : the Muslim Croat Federation With 51% considerable, even of the land and Republika Srpska with size. 49%. Each entity will have its own is President and legislature. The mai concer
Would be to help At the same time 1-FOR has to create E. E.
confidence in the new Bosnia and in
this respect has not always been suc- ဒွိို :* Cessful. Many Serbs have left Sarajevo side which confirms after setting fire to their homes, fearing an arrangement bet a Muslim backlash in the reunited capital. and hastic
Similarly the Muslim side also resent problems. the fact that Karadzic and Mladic, Cons- conclusions dered War criminals, should go unpurshed. Dayton does not endorse the The fact that the Hague Tribunals indictment of the Bo France, Spain, Italy
snian Serb leaders. all committed troop:
Dayton Agreement
The danger of a resumption of fighting the Western World is in Bosnia cannot be ruled out or the to end a conflict whi danger of a Croatian attempt to recapture Zing effect on a cont East Slavonia. There is also the risk peace had been E that the Bosnian Serbs may seek to century, occupy the Posovina Corridor which Would link the Serb-held territories. While -FOR undoubtedly -FOR's 60,000 strength may seen a long time in Bos
The Garden of Ede
Jeanne Thwaites
h9 - *Gardan - Of = Eder" is Mr. and Mrs, Rog
USedover and over again as a with two friends, c metaphor for Ceylon. The Island with Phoebe Hearst, mol its slow pace, gentle population and per magnate Willian exotic tropical vegetation must have whose eldest son w appeared idyllic, but the travelers talk most famous Hears of an Adam and Eve who lounged who built Hearst C on Verandahs eating mangoes while - literally hauling served coconut drinks served by obse- European castlest quious black servants. Naval Surgeon there with his Lolit William Ruschenberger (1835) quotes Davies, who was a friend Who "declared he had never became his mistres seen anything so Eden-like, and felt himself nearer paradise than he had. These affluent Al ever done before," and his next words riously dependento are, "We alighted at the mansion" (64). high-handed with In this Eden you didn't even sit under as trouble dressin
the trees eating mangoes - you sat hired two servants in a mansion. they had not arrived.
they hired two mor
Wealthy. Clara Rogers (1903) had
problems with the Eden-concept: "I
yy yyyyy yy ylyeyeyyy S SyyykyekkYSZ think it must be heaven," but when David's confirmatio the temperature rises: "goodbye hear is not available. Ph ven, says. "I must have made a two of the men ar mistake as to the locality" (247). dismissed as "usel
18
 

and disputes remain for a force of that
T-faced by 1-FOR 3 million displaced iny cases hawe no
their honnes hawe Jayton to the other that the treaty is Ween governments :et for individuals
2 US, UK, Britain, ard Russia hawe s to implement the shows that at last Taking an attempt ich häd à dBTOralinent where relative 2njoyed for half a
Will have to spend Tia but gwen When
Jars were traveling Isle of Whort Was her of the newspan Randolph Hearst was to become the zt of alI. It was հE a Ste il California home parts of Odo so. He lived a, actress Marian hirtem i Wher She
S.
mericans are hila1 their servants yet hem. Mr. Rogers g himself. He had from Madras but : So he could dress a only to have the as also show up. OWBWelled. He Dawid who already his father" (249). of the statement Ioebe Hearst took hd the fourth was less." The Wages
it finally leaves, the country is unlikely
to be transformed into a happy Balkan
version of Switzerland. It remains to see
Whether. Once force is removed, the Warring factions would stick to the Dayton Agreement or whether they would decide to resume the fighting which for 3 years Was screened on the World's television sets and resulted in the Worst destruction suffered by Europe since the Second World War.
Bibliography
(1) Djilas Aleksa - The Contested Country. Yugoslav Unity and the Cornmunist RevolutiOn 1919-53.
(2) Silbert L. and Little, A - The Death of
Yugoslawia (Penquim 1995).
Wulliany, E-Seasons in Hell (Simon and Schuster, London 1994).
West, R - Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia, (New York: Carrol and Graft 1995),
Several Articles in the "International Herald Tribung", "Le Monde"Newswggk": "Time" "The ECOOTist.
(3)
(4)
(5)
they paid Were fifty cents ($0.15) a day which did not include board and lodging so their servants slept outside the door or under a table in the corridor. Their employers found this very "queer" (253) but did not think to find them a better place. Rogers merely Comments that no Japanese servant Would have acted so subservient. Their memoirs give the feeling that the Servants were as expendable as cigarette stubs. Playing with people this Way, is of course stereotypical of the colonizers whom Memmi says "refuse to consider personal, private occurrences in their servant's life; that life in a specific sense does not interest them, and their servant does not exist as an individual" (85).
The only Ceylonese the Rogers show respect for is a crow who comes in through their open Galle Face Hotel window and flies away with Mrs. Roger's jewelry case in its beak. She gets it back and is forced into a handsome tip by the Sinhalese boy Who found it Öm tha Green.

Page 21
The more open-minded American travelers sought intellectual exchanges With EduCated SiralESE TOT DLutC Burghers. Conversations with Buddhist monks left particular impact. Lucian Swift Kirtland (1926) describes his encounter: "a priest of the temple came up to see me, and immediately - with a strange absence of any barriers: Whatsoever - We fell into an absorbing conversation" (335). In a witty extended Ceylon/Garden of Eden metaphor Kirtland continues "it is quite true that almost never does one hear of a European being bitten (by a serpent), but you must not understand that this comes about through any discrimination On the part of the reptiles" (338). Other remarks which snip at the English and other Europeans abound.
Color Prejudices at Home
When the Americans do mot speak of the colonized Ceylonese as equals, one must remember that their country had a system of democracy which, for some of its citizens, was as Socially restrictive as that imposed by Britain on their Colonies. The Sinhalese and Tamils could be expected to be seen as lesser by all but the most free-thinking white-skinned Americans just because of their skin color. But, when confronted with an Asian Who Was as Well-educated and opinionated as themselves most Americans Were delighted. An exception is Phillips Brooks (1883), inappropriately dubbed a "divine," who sends home a sniggering poепп:
Unlike the English the Dutch colonizers had settled in the country - that is did not retire LLLLSLLLLCLGLLLLL LLLLLLLLS LLLaLLLL mariad Sinhalese and Tarms. War Hillard lent Ceylon to England to protect it from a French take-over (Holland had been invaded by France) most Dutch stayed on in the professions and i gCMYETTEert administrative posts. They adopted English as their language. Thesad pred SOCrativet Briti however, that it was never given back. Because by now most Dutch families were of mixed blood, the English did not the entire cos IIIT Linity as equals.
And the people a And dress in a c
Astride on the h Are black as a ge
When HB ruS int teaching a class in diving remains na "do you know an and I was obliged had newer heard OUr lliweS . . . helge away" (184).
نتیجہ:""=E Thus, each AT1 indiwidual and the as to What Causes prejudices and an An early visitor h red, Mark Twain 1896), is skillful at: of the change. He disappointed in his bing the cuteness their bright-colorec thing, describes se Se girls Wearing" thing and suddenly Cobra to strike. TOUrrils at the Sub beauty. It is the Wearers, he rages, girls suddenly tug his own party: "It folk's clothes, an be seen in the is
Then looked and Was ashare street with myself Ends With Twain hypocrisy regardir
They = are " Oni uS advertise that сопсеal. Theya insincerity; as Wanity; a preten gorgeous colors harmony and foi step into Ceylor have noteWerde do lowe brilliant costumes;" (224
Novelist, France arriWĠdir - 1926 | entertained by th

re cheerful and dirty :omical Way
E.
ips of their mothers ntleman's hat“ (182).
o an old high-priest
a tertiple, the nasty sty: "heasked me thing about me?...
t'Otelli hir att WE of ihirm before irn - all tdoW and toddled
erican reacts a San e are O real clues one to cling to his other to drop them. awe already mentio(Samuel Clemens, showing the process a sets you up to be reaction by descriof the natives and i body-revealing cloveral little SinghaleWe9Sté9rr1 Schbol: clbWrises like an angry Het about-turns and sequent loss of their garments not the that Takes the little ly and he turns to ooked at my Women di Was asharmed to tret With therm . . at my own clothes, d to be Sel ir the ' (224). The account biting at Western Ig clothing:
tO expIOSE PLIS -- to We Wear the to re a sign; a sign of ign of suppressed Ise that we despise i and the graces of "T1 ... and When I WED We realize that We ceived ourselves. We
colors and graceful
as Parkinson Keyes
nd is amused. When he Govertor's Wife
Lady Clifford who, "wore a long white
- weilflowing from her hat" (323), then,
like Twain, coolly nails her points
One of the most amazing and regretta
ble facts of modern history is the
#Barrogance and semi-contempt with which the people of Europe and America hawe long looked down upon AsianS, ES if her people Were inferior, as if her place in the world's civiliza tion and the World's achievement Were Insignificant. (329)
The United States W. The United Kingdom
The time span covered by Images of Sri Lanka was one in which the U.S. was undergoing powerful positive changes. The slaves were freed in 1865, Although they were still discriminated against, new efforts were made to protect the Blacks, England Was, however, going in the opposite direction. Between 1757 and 1830 Ashis Nandy from India tells us, "Most BritOrS irnl lridiailiwed-like ridiari-S - at home and in the office, wore Indian dreSS, and obserWedi Indiam CuStOms and religious practices...but there followed the flowering of the middleclass British evangelical spirit which began to aScribe cultural meanings to British domination" (Nandy 5/6). An uglier side of colonization had begun. William Maxwell Wood (1856), surgeon of the Fleet to the U.S. East Indian Squadron, Was the only early Writer to sense such an attitude was dangerous and demoralizing to the colonials themselves - particularly to the children. Wood was repelled by hotels and homes in which "whole men, physical, moral and intellectual," (115) had nothing to do but to make him comfortable. He rented a bungalow Where he could make his own rules (117). So While the United States was trying to shake free of racial prejudices, Britain was taking them up. The two Were never headed in exactly the same direction. Images shows Americans racing to embrace change.
One such traveler is Rev. Moncure Daniel Conway (1883), an ardent abolitionist and a feminist in the mo

Page 22
ܢ ܢܝ .
dern tradition. He chances on a fellow student from Cambridge - Judge Arunachalam - and is invited to dinner. The judge's seventeen-year old wife speaks no English but through an interpreter pumps Conway for information on the freedom accorded lo Wastern Women in contrast With herself. As Conway tells her of Women lawyers and doctors. He says, "her Colour Went and came as she listened" (188). When a Buddhist tells him that Maia, the mother of Buddha, is often represented by a male figure as an honor, Conway responds, "I hope the time might come when it will be believed that a man, by extraordinary Virtues, might be rewarded by becoming a woman, "(191). He meets a famous Pall scholar of whom he later says: "the elevation and sweetness of his spirit excited my veneration. He Was the Buddhist I had dreamed of (191)...What matters any dogma, theology, philosophy, uttered thousands of years ago, compared with the life that is quickening hearts today (195).
One of the most important Americans to visit Ceylon, Was Victor Heiser (1915) a physician who worked for the U.S. Public Health Service and who had neither religious scruples or colonial rationalization. He is pure Scientist
and wanted only:
To open "the golden Window of the East' to the gospel of health, to let in knowledge, so that the teeming millions who had no voice in demainding what we consider inalienable rights should also benefit by the discoveries of science (276).
He came to protect the Sinhalese and Tamils workers who were dying by the thousand from smallpox and hookworm. Heiser was extremely antagonistic both to the fearful natives who resist his help and to the English who put money before their workers' health. He took them both on so ferociously
that he eventually brought them to heel: immunization became compulsory on
the English-owned tea and rubber estates, and the life-expectancy of the Tamil, in particular, soared-but only after he had convinced the English
20
that it was cheape laborers alive thar Bygg Cutting the i planters would b
labor at very little
and at last they b
Writer Paul B. Carreto Ceylon lo to Write about - in which to write - up the cause of the Thany years late COTrents are Ot but in Days publ COTS
Everyопе kпоws not emigrate to initiative, Why d then thera? Bec: Impowerished, he Cultural Workers t0 Work for mirin
The Americans Volume Tages St however throught a people who ares rot al aS free of Bowles. They have They have a sens USLally a Consumi about other races, a pattern - event of the U.S. Gowel forward an "Ameri It appваrs thвre is of view and that's
The Ceylonese
grounds come acre book: intelligent, til ken, kind. The B much leSS so: p narroW-Visioned an it is important to rei an American not a Til Luch-quoted lined "where only mani American Christiar popular.
Their countryma Conway had this hyrin and deserves
Figures in paranthesis the year of the visit sic
 
 
 
 

to keep the existing bring in new ones. nfant mortality the B. breeding healthy Cost, he explained, ought it.
)wles (1951) who king not for a place but a quiet place - Was also to take South Indian Tamils Bowles' political included in the book, ished in 1991 he
that the Tamils did Ceylon on their own id the British Wart ause they needed an pless group of agriwho could be forced nalwages (Days. 17).
in this remarkable i Lanka are shown heir own words as itrongly patriotic but acial prejudices as - a restless energy. Se of purpose and ng desire to learn
They refuse to fit hose in the employ "inment do mot put can" point of view.
no Americar point good.
of all ethnic backISS Very Well in the TOLJghtful, Out-Sporitish appear very 0mpOUS, indolent, a bit useless. But Thember that it was Brit Who Wrote the escribing a Ceylon S Wille," and it was S who made it
n ReW. Monicure to say about that
the last Word:
I after a пале, папра I Caylor.
Poor Columbust You who saw a could
that turned into America, and were welcomed by gentle natives - unarmed Buddhists in their peacefulness-how pitiable you appear. They knew not the use of weapons, and cut their hands in handling our swords; they know no evil'...So Wrote the discoverer who be thought - hlm of transforming the gentle natives into gold and into Christians. Four centuries have passed and Christendom is singing of the wileness of the Sinhale se, the most Innocent people On the face of the earth" (18B).
Works Citad
Bowles, Paul, Days. Hopewell, N.J: Ecco Press Books, 1991,
Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkeness. Harmo
nds Worth, England: Penguim Books, 1985,
Ellington, Duke. Music is my Mistress. New York: Doubleday, 1973.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. London: Pluto Press, 1986,
Goonetileke, H. A. I., Images of Sri Lanka through American Eyes. (No publisher given). Circa 1972,
Memmi, Albert. The colonizer and The colorZed Boston: Beacon Press, 1965.
Merton, Thomas. The Hidden Ground of Lowe - afters, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1985.
Nandy, Ashis. The Intimate Enemy. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Obeyesekвге, Ranjini, and Chitra Farnando, Editors, An Anthology of Modern Writing from Sri Lanka. Tucson, Ariz.: The Univ. of Arizona Pr53,
Said, Edward W. Orientalism, New York: Winlage Books, 1978.
Samaraweera, Wijaya. Compiler. Sri Lanka. Denver,
World Bibliographical Series, Vol.20. Clio Press, 19B.

Page 23
Will privatization mean the end of the Union represent EW W|e es of my members be protected
-Trade Unionist.
 

Privatization will in no way dilute or reduce the
powers and rights of your union, British Airways was
privatized in 1987, and the unions remain to protect worker
interests just as before. Some of the World's largest, most powerful and vocal unions exist in the private sector. For example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) represent over
100,000 workers at the three biggest American car
companies, none of which are state owned. In fact, there is
every likelihood that working conditions will actually improve in privatized companies, since there will be substantial
investments made to upgrade facilities and training You can
look forward to representing a considerably more
prosperous Union,
It is important to realize privatization is a means to an end. It is a means to improve our living standards, foster
technological progress, create employment and take our
nation into a more prosperous tomorrow. In order to
achieve these aims, privatization has to be executed in the
appropriate manner,
That is the task of the Public Enterprise Reform
Commission (PERC). Its mandate is to make privatization
work for Sri Lankans today, and for generations to come.
Every privatization is a carefully considered decision
that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society,
the general public, the state employees, the consumers, the
suppliers, as well as the country's overall economic vision,
PERC's Tission is to see that privatization Works. In doing so, your interests are always being well looked
after.
With privatization everybody has a stake,
P E R c WATCH FUL IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE REFORM COMMISSION,
Bank of Ceylon. Oth Floor, No. 1.F.O. Box 2001, Bank of Ceylon Mawathi,
clicTablo I, Šri Lanka.

Page 24
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