கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Lanka Guardian 1996.09.15

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“ “SRI LANKA :: THE DE
Articles:
ICES, 199
Introduction by Regi Si Towards Effective Devol Some Thoughts on the Lakshman Marasinghe Devolution and Powel S Developinent, by Bertra Devolution of Power, T. Neela Il Tiruchelvan Towards A Compromise Breakthrough in Sri La Control of State Land - Sl1 I lil Bastian The Structure and Con Choices and Problells ( Context of DeWolution F
Appendices:
PresideInt (Chandrika Ku AL 1 gust 3, 1995 Text of Govel III ent's D Text of G Cove III e Int's D January 16, 1996 A COIllinentally on the Government January l The Ballda Itamaike-Chel The Senanayake-Chelw Anillexure C Text of the Indo-Sri Lal The Interin Report of t Parliamentary Select C. Excerpts from Gamini Century' Tirteelt AleldIllel
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here was a ticker of light at the end of the tunnellast Week. When Colombo's posher clubs were swept by "reliable reports" (and rumours) of a Chandrika - LLLLLL aLLLHHHSS aLLa LLLS LLLLa LLLLL0LLLL H Negombo and the disruption of tha Church Service Wrecked all hopes of a serious P.A.- U.N.P. effort to agree On a negotiated political settlement of Sri Lanka's harroWing thirteen-year separatist insurgency. It happened at St. Mary's Negombo. A United National Party Celebrating its 50th anniversary saw its supporters assaulted and the Church service at St. Mary's rudely disrupted by a gang of thugs described as supporters of a Wellknown local politician. The Vicar-General of the Colombo diocese has condemned the thuggery, the Sunday Times reported. He had evidently identified the ring-leader as "a petty P.A. politician", while Prime Minister Sirima YLLLLLLaLLLLLL S S LL S Laa S LL0L0 S LLLLLLaLLS When she addressed a meeting of ministers, "Faced With mounting difficultiës On Every front and ||Osing its popularity every passing Week, the P.A. was resorting to violence" observed the Opposition leader Mr. Rani Wickremasinghe at a meeting of the U.N.P.'s partianTieni tary grO Lup),
Two years in office, the "grand coalition" that won the parliamentary polls just two years ago, has lost its grip.
The P.A. Which had struggled hard to pass the 50% mark at the mid-August polls in 1994, relies of the Smaller parties - Tamil, Muslim, D.U.N.L.F., the Leftist L.S.S.P.-C.P., and the C.W.C. (plantation labour) and other assorted groups - for a stable Tajority in Parliament. In the absence of a common ideological outlook and firm leadership, the P.A., leadership cannot cope With the problems that keep piling up each passing month. "Governance", one of its major polis pledges, is gone with the Wind. In desperation, some P.A. politicians are lashing out Wildly, adding to poor President Kumaratungasmountingpile of problems. The immediate beneficiary is thë L.T.T.E., Which after its massive blow at the heavily fortified Mullaitivu camp, has also re-opened the "eastern front", militarily a Tore formidable challenge to
the armed forces, State, tham thE TlCrt an ethnic conflict, II, nearly 100% Tami explosively so in W composition - the group but not a m; only 25%, and the tՒյլrt]-
"Our Bosnia" is at Color Tito's L. describes the Ch: province represents
TIMEFACTOR
The prophet of t C. Clarke has propo the clock back by With the new CF BIECTOTİC COITIITLU Fili, Card rika KLII Tia Tat That reeds Tigre urg running out for the (P.A.) Things fall leader-Writer and CC Yeats. Yes, strong Work i Our Coffict the governing coali itself apart, And it public - on the fror пеwspapers particl,
The reason Is ple diverse interests parties, and on sc ideological differer dual Marxist-Lenir Comrade Was U of t and Tore Crucially, t from the organisati groups that helped U.N.P. in August helped Candidate tunga to Win a rec Weeks later, thank W.P.H. factor Vaas "be smart voter, jo Thus the swing. Th riuch a negative : a por C-PA, wote. BLI attractive personalit factor Thade tha ng S runa Way victory. W by exaggerating the the Winner, whenini quite tired of the U change, a new face
 
 

ODE OR EXPLODE
the regime and the lern provinca. This is rimarily. The north is the East is fixed, W Of thill E COITIITLJIlla|| : Tamils the largest ijority, the Sinhalese Muslims just Over a
JW Tanya participant Sy sertlinar circuit lenge the Eastern
ld space age, Arthur sed that Sri Lanka put Talf am hur to cope allenges of global :ations. But President шпga has a problem |ent attention. Tirine is a "Peoples Alliance" apart says every lumnist quoting W.B. di Wisiwe for Ces are at -torn society but it is tion which is tearing Sists om doing so in it page of the national larly on Sundays.
in enough, First, the of the constituent TE OCCasions, their Ces e:g, the resism (TrotskyisIT1?) of ha L.S.S. P. SECOTCH, le mounting pressure ons and the interest he P.A., to defeat the 39A, WC tur Chārīdrika KurtaraDrd 62% vote sOrne Tost of a II, to the pathshafa hof-wa) of in the Winning side." : P.A. victory was as nti-U.N.P.) swing as a fresh face and an helped by the W.P.H., it look a magnificent
dECeived Ours.Elves victory and glorifying Ct the Electorate Was N.P. and looked for
Mervyn de Silva
Once the U.N. P. Was defeated, two groups looked forward to change: (i) the nationali minorities, the Tarmils irn, partiCular (ii) the Wage-earner and the
|OWET=Tiddle-class sālā ried. The Tai Tiis
prayed for the resolution of the ethnic conflict. A desperate President J.R., having failed to resolve the problem militarily, trapped the well-intentioned, if naive, Rajiv Gandhi into sending the IPKF. (J.R. was ready to fight the L.T.T.E. to the last Indian). Obsessed with "sovereignty" President Premadasahelped the L.T.T.E. to get the I.P.K.F. out.
Wol. 19 No. 10 September 15, 1995
Price , R5, 15.OO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place CollOfTbO - 2.
Editor in Chief Mervyn de Silva Editor: Dayan Jaya tilleka Telephorie: 447584
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CONTENTS
Mervyn de Silva TiSara Ile e Guna Seka Ta 3.
H. L. SeneviTBatlle 5
Kumar Rupesinghe 7 H. M. de Silva
Pulsara Liyanlage 15 Dilip S. Samara singhe 19
ReV. TOT, S. J. ELLELI 1 LI el

Page 4
But PreITadasa is dead and the P.A. is two years old. The Willy J. R. Jayawardeare's "bread-and-Circuses' trick des't Work any mõre. Not after tNO years, and certainly not With an S.L.F.P. so total y and visibly dependent on SO Tary other partis for a stable parliamentary majority. The P. A.'s Only a dwa ntage is that the U.N.P. Cērtainly under Rani Wickremasinghe, much younger than any of his predecessors, is no great hurry to defeat the P.A. in Parliam Erit. Let tie P.A. greak-Up on its own. Implode not explode, Besides, the Situation Is Litel differen. Im J.F.'s time, goods were available freely, jobs were going a-begging, and inflation Was not SQ oppressive as now. That of Course is Prof. Pieris's nightmare, though the final decisior 01 BICOTOTİC Tatters is ir till E hands of the President (Minister) and her top adviser, the Central Bank governor, Prof. Pieris gives axcellant lectures in Parliament While Governor A.S. Jayawardene, in consultation. With the LKLKKLLL KLLSL aa S LLL SSLLLLLLaLLLLSSSLLLLS SLLLLLLL the decisions. Of course it is the familiar LL LLLLLLLLS LLLH Ha LL0L LLLLL LLLL S S steady climb as against the S.L. rupee.
Ald that leaves Prof. Pieris, Wild has to face Parliament, Crying abOLJI SOa ring defence spending and Supplementary Estimates. As living costs rise, the trade uniors get restive, and most of the unions (the C.W. C. Cof Mr. Thanda mam is an Exception) are run by the Leftist parties, allies in the Peoples Alliance. The Speethes Tade by Comrade Vasudeva Nanayakkara, prompt SOTe diplomatsto ask whether He is an Copposition Cor P.A. M.P.
DEFENCE SPENDING
After Mullaityu (loosely termed the P. A.'s Diam Blen Phu} the army Calls the shots. Ald the first demand is more Tel and material; Once again, Toney. The P.A.'s great hope of a negotiated settlement and a steady reduction in Tilitary spending has been abandoned, Its new posture has alienated the Tamil parties that gawe ita Safe majority in the House. After two years, these parties, including the respectably parliamentarist T.U.L.F., dermand settler TErnt .... Til Earming DEVOLUTION, a package of proposals. And Prof. Piers is ready. But President Cialdrika arid her Defence Minister, Gelära || Rat Watte, the Fier of OPERATION RIWRESA, is nervous to take any step that would provoke the Mahanayakes. For the Mahamayakes SLLaLaLLaLHS LaLLLLLL SKLLaLS LCCL
nightmare of History and Tamil kingdoms PrВЕНСЕП ВТЕ ОО П Devolution, Only Prt and probably the For Sensitive LO the O. Community, the ECOTOTİCS.
The Torieti. it requires P.A. - UN the don Ors. Carri OtDE help produce a bi. package. That is only Kumaratunga closes against the U.N.F governing party in to conduct a two-front papers suggested th: "mini-suit" Was
Tedia tOTS WETE at Wii fail if it persists in W. an Opposition that Crush, . Ir fā Confident, Ihank5 la TistakeSald "r"NOT1=
ASHRAFFFACTOF
The "unit" is the Muslims, certainly of and their demand fo Lhe CrLICial question, Muslim community a Wakening of its me impact of the glo revival. The eTierge is the outcome. N
 
 

- separate Sinhala The P.A. and the WOUS to TOWE. O. f. Pieri S IS KEË — eign Minister Whois поп се трпе djel
do nors, Again,
al dolors kW, that P. Cooperation. But FStade the U.M.PLC) partisan devolution possible if President Die front – hêr War and its leader. No day's Sri Larka Carl War. SoTB Sunday at a Clarifikā-Rid rii|| in the agenda and IJF... EL LIFE PA Wi| ar-War, jaw-jaw with is too strong to be ct is getting more irgely to the P.A.'s OW THICE}}".
SSue. And here, the the eastern province ir a separate шnit, is THE CONCE2 di TTT TIL has seen a political W generation - the Dal-regional Islamic ICE Of the S.L.M.C. Ir. Ashraf IS ITETE!
important than Tost Tinisters in the KLJT1arat Lurige Cabir het Orië SLIre sign of the impact of the Islamic revival is the S.L.M.C's current politics, in the Eastern province most of all. A more striking sign Deputy Media Minister Alawi Moulana's HLCaLL aLLaaLLL a LLLLLaaaaLLLLLLLaL a La SLS0SS Ernbassy to protest against th= U.S. missile attacks against Iraq. "The P.A. headed by President Kumara tunga Will mewer approwe this da stardly act. As lorg as there are leaders like Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Iraq's Saddam Hussein, no terrorising force can bring the Muslims to
Eir Kr-ES."
How do the Tar Tilpaties respond to the Muslinin der T1 and for a separat E unit in the eastern province?"The unit of devolution LL L LLLLL LLLL L LL LLLCLLL L a LLL LLLLLL if an enduring political solution is to be found", Dr. Neelan Tiruchelva T1 (TULF MP) tald the Larka GLarda. "The P. A. in its August proposals Outlined an approach to the question which envisages the re-demarcation of existing provincial ECDL darie:S".
The debate goes on While the Crisis deepers, to reveal a PA, leadership that is fast losing its grip on national politics.
Political dynasties have become a South Asian phenomenon. A legal battle between Anura Bandaranaike (UNP), the only Son of Mr. and Mrs. Bandaranalke, both" SLFPPris The Ministers, and General Ratwalte is the Thost striking symbol of a society and political system indeep Crisis,

Page 5
AVERTING THE PRI
A
CENTRIS
t is important to bear in mind that the PA regime does not havia a popular TT1ärldate2 LC3 - implement its ÇUFTEIlit privatisation programme. This fact cannot be ignored because there is clear ewid Brice that a Tajirity of Sri Lankans are opp CSE id to the privatisation of State asse S. ACCOrding 10 ari opinion poli Conducted jointly by the Mitofsky LLLLLaLLLL S a S LLLaLLLLLL S S LLLLLLLLS LL L S SLHa Research International (Pvt) Ltd., 73% of the populace disapprove of the privatisation of state institutions While QIlly 21% SuppOrl Such a privalisation programme. The breakdown is given in լիE ՃիBirt DE LյW:
3.
:::
Another interesting բՃint is that "disapproval of privatisation se entis to increase With education Sir CE 79% of the AL educated people disapprove of privatisation of State institutions"While among those with no schooling, the disapproval rate is a slightly low 51%.
Ms. Gunasekara, of the Ecuritic R. i Director of the Prei
Terefore the PA affort is a ni FittenTipol an extremely unpo which the governm Tldate2. || Coth Er Undemocratic. Any ahead with the prly disregarding these W||| Only Servië 10 tex di EC 101i: Crisi:
iS to TE-Strict Lur programme in SL Capable of neutrali a majority of the p. be done through the advertising Campai Public Enterprises
Approve Disapprove נttוו5titutitון| be privatised
State Barks 142 80.0)
ITSUTaПСЕ 16.9 7.7
Ports 3. 80.0
Sri LKF TECT 18.9 73.
CEE 13.5 BOS
Railway 14.5 73-2
Air LHs lkå 174 745
Corporations 1ፈ1.8 77.9
Plaritatigris 16.5 74.5
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

VATSATIONWAR
T COMPROMISE
FORMULA
TiSarahee GL na Sekara
formerly the Editor
:'
currently a radisa Centri
regime's privatisation to forcibly implement po Lular progrå (Tirmie for TIL HIS TO ECLOTI
Words, it is highly
attempt to bulldoze |alisation programme
popular sentiments acerbate the political 5. The only solution 2 the privatisation ch a way that it is sing Or Winning CVer opulace. This cannot = kind of manipulatiwe gn launched by the REs TT CITT 55
Not enough
knowledge
5.8
5.4
5.7
7.7
5.9
Ճ.3
8.1
7.3
9.
(PERC). (Incidentaly, it should not be forgotten that the PERC is far from being S LLLLLLaLLLLL LLLLaLL SS LLLLLL LLLLLL
LL0L00aLLaLLLLL LLa LaL S LSLLLLLLLa LLaL LK Suporer TI E Court ruled that sorting of its provisions are unconstitutional). What is necessary is a privatisation progra TnThe with a difference — which Wi|| directly, immediately and visibly benefit the majority of the citizenry, by helping to eradicate powerty, hunger, illiteracy, homelessness, malnutrition and ther Social ills through contributing to the Creation of astrong Social Welfare met
What should be the basic policy matrix of such a programme?
1. Identifying the state enterprises which can be privatised without causing a negative impact on the interests of the nation, the development process and the Welfare of the citizens.
a) No profit making state enterprises
should be privatised.
b) State Enterprises of Strategic riational i Tiportance and/or natural monopolies should not be privatised. This Would include the polaritations, the state Barks electricity and Water services, railways, pOrls & Air Lanka. Instead, effonis must be made tO irriprOWE) their efficiency, (This aspect Will be dealt With later).
2. Ensure that the conditions of sale maximises the benefits to the country and the citizenry in general and the employees of those enterprises in particular,
a) a Sale price which accurately reflects
the Value of the enterprise

Page 6
b) a limit on upward price revisions of products at least for a certain time period
c) aban on the creation of monopolies
d) a ban on Employee retrench ment
e) a Written commitment to safeguard the rights currently enjoyed by BrTployee.S.
3. Appoint a Committee co-chaired by a representative of the Ministry of Finance Or PERC 3 rld the Mirlister of Labour & Vocational Training (or his nominee) to oversee the privatisation process. This committee should be accountable to the citizens via the Parliam Britand should Contain a llêâSt. One member representing the Parliamentary opposition.
... All government enterprises which are being privatised should be converted into public limited liability Corpanies.
. A certain percentage of shares (5%-10%) should be distributed among all the employees of the enterprise free of charge, thereby turning the employees into shareholders Withful voting rights.
. Make provisions for the appointment of a Worker Director to the BW Board
of Directors. This director Will be chosen by the employee shareholders from among their
number, through a secret ballot, for a period of one year, With the right of reca, Any decision concerning the employees (such as Wages, Working conditions, etc.) should hawe to be approved by this Worker director. This Tethod Carl miniTise industrial disputes and go a long Way towards achlewing Industrial peace Based On genuine Consensus and increasing Worker productivity and efficiency. This is necessary because profitability and providing the Consumer a better service should be two of the most important objectives of privatisation,
The realisation that keeping one's Workforce happy is necessary both for profitability and increasing the quality of products is greater than ever today - which is Why Employee Surveys are
beComing the W0 CourtnīES. "..... AE Tore er Tiphasis 0 products and Sel cheap ones - the սոhappy Workars chun duit shoddy linkage that has satisfacţion readi Where many Comp as arl G|B-TTGT11
performance of all up to the chief exe — IпІеглаӀіопа!
is a - Therefore, it c:
any panaceas. economic neo
still less
become doming
I Wood twins ha ⇐့်ရှိခဲ့ဂ်ဇံရွှဲရှိန် the
: 媛、 mic inquisitor all recalcitrant nations who di 'correct line' w As a result man (often because for financia su they require
least resistan implement t structural ad | grariannes in tot privatisation to | sidies. The rece
Jordan should
resistance to e pressures can of most resis 兹、釜※
and therefore 霹
3.33. .33333. economically.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

gue in developed companies place n providing quality rvices - not just y hawe realised that are more likely to goods. It is that elewated e Tipol) y E39 ngs to the point aliēs noW Luse thjesT in reviewing the their manager, right cutive". (Erik Epses Herald TribLine).
not a religion, monotheism. annot offer us The fact that liberalism has ant to day does it is infallible that it has a the truth and s but one path, which different adhered to at of time, with iuccesses and er the Bretton we taken upon
role of econos, threatening Third World aviate from the ith auto-da-fes. y policy makers of the direneed pport for which i clean bili of Fils) takewhat be the path of te, striving to e neo-liberal
justment pro
serve as a sharp
his path of least xterna — F — also be the path
tance internally
This practice was initiated by the ISS International Services System, the World's largest clearing Company. "The Copenhagen based ISS which started SurveyingitserTiployeesin Scandinavia two years ago and Credits the practice with helping to raise productivity, plans to expand its monthly polls Worldwide". (Ibid). In fact, Some analysts see this as a Tethod of increasing employee Coritment and produtivity in a context of "shrinking Willingness by employers to ofter regular raises Of even job stability". (Ibid), US Secretary of Labour, the Well known economist Robert Reich, has been hammaring hor The these points lately,
7. A parliamentary subcommittee headed by the Minister of Labour 8. Wocational Training should be appointed to oversee the functioning of all privatised state enterpriSES TOT a period not less than 5 years. This committee Will act as a Watch dog in the public and employee interests and will ensure that the rights of tle consumercitizens and Griployees are safeguarded. In the event of a dispute between the EmployEEs ård the Few Orl Er Dr. ary Consumercitizen complaints, the Committee will play the role of the a fiter.
8. At least 50% of the revenue generated by the privatisation should be spent in a way that ITTediately, directly and visibly benefits the citizens - particularly on education (including vocational training), health and powerly alleviation. The details Concerning these allo Cations shiħ u Luld be ma dB available to the public through FB Parid Theer L.. SLJ Ch 'socia | transparency" and Social accoultability Willcreate a solid Tlass Support base for privatisation.
And What About State Enterprises?
The other axis of this effort at reforming and restructuring Public Enterprises should be a programme to improve the efficiency of the strategic enterprises Which Wil||r:Tair in the Irlands of the State, International Experience from Bis Tark's Germany to the East Asian NICS Clearly prove that if properly guided/directed and managed, public enterprises can spur
(Солld on page. T4)

Page 7
thought the best thing |COLuld do Within the fig Wr Tir Llt BS allocated to me is to talk about development in a very general Way but having in mind the problems and prospects of Sri Lanka.
Develop frient is generally understood as something in the sphere of economics, and flere is no doubt that There is sorT15 truth in that. But Economic development is only one aspect, I Would say an important aspect, of the total development Of a Society. Wher Sociologists talk about development it is that total concept that they hava limi mind. In fact, while no One In his Sense Would Call a pOVerty stricken society a developed society, it is possible to imagine a developed Society Whose economic assets are relatively modest. The index of development, I Would like to suggest, is not a matter of quantity but a matter of process. By that I mean the process known as Self-generation,
What do We mean by self-generation? By that We mean the capacity or the ability a society has to launch itself into a certain trajectory and keep moving on a Tore or less un ēnding Voyaga. If in the Words | use, you notice the imagery of an object propelled into the atmosphere, like a satellite or a space ship, you have guessed rightly What have in mind. I at Comparing the development process to that of an object taking off from the ground and speeding forwardendlessly by means of an unrelenting momentum. This is not So far fetched, or new, or exotican image as it may appear. Beca LJUSE, ECOnomists hawe for quite sorTe time used the ter|T
Prof. Safi.
Text of a talk this year at the the Diploma c. Sociology at of Sociology, Colombo.
takeoff to describe that Sparks the engi
Some theorists economic Self-gene the general proc: Self-generation, but to think SC, ECOO macje possible ull process by which produ CēTI)re Wealt that there is always of Wealt that Can average economist There recognition ( re-investible Weath the index of self ger
|n a lolal сопсер that is not enough. question as to why able to produce Int ConSUIThe, a rld SOT
The mere prest Capital, labor ander епоugh toproducei examples, like Arg Classical factors Existad but the dWE Tailed to tak of development ultim: factors of product strong motivation a
 
 
 

fÁND H
VELO-N/ENT"
H. L. Senevirat ne
Wraine is With the Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia,
i.elivered earlier inauguration of li tirriser iii Appliedi he Department University of
the dynamic process Ile of an economy.
Fa We Corisidered ration to be central to ass of total social We HaWe I10 rea SOn nic self-generaticorn is tir Thately through a a society learns to 11lärt CGTSLTBS SO an adequate surplus be re-in Wested. The is satisfied by the if the availability of as both the Cause and Brati C1,
tion of development, We ha We to ask the some Societies are re Wealth than they e fail to do so.
nce Of factOrs like trepreneurship is not lat Surplus. We hawe antina, Where these if production have opment process has
The catalyst of tely lies not in the On theiselves but ld a culture of hard
Work These twÕärg related. A Liturg Ot hard Work is the Institutionalization of Totivation, That is to say motivation is historically prior to a culture of hard work, and Once a Culture of hard Work COIThes into ExistēICE, it bēCOTTES a na LutOfıOTIOLJS phenomenon. When that happens, a society has launched itself into the self-generative process of development.
What is a Culture of hard Work? An ideal Culture of hard Work Tileans the internalisation, by all nortnal members of a society, of the idea that work is very important, that it is almost a sacred duty, it is a COITII Tmitment, and it is mot to be takan lightly. Abowe all, indiwiduals in an ideal Culture of hard Work, have the unitshakable feeling deep inside them that the Wages they earn are deserved, and legitimate. Indeed, one could go a step further and say that what matters is the work and not the wage. You keep Working with absolute indifference to what you earn. That is, there is the notion of duty, either because you feel a sense of dedication to the work itself, or some other cause that is higher than yourself. The most important point is that the idea of gain for oneself is totally absent. When you work for a higher cause out of a sense of duty towards that cause, or because work itself is a duty, you ensure the coming into being of a certain kind of personality, without whom the process of development cannot take place. Of the cluster features that would characterize that personality, let me list four honesty, responsibility, efficiency, and discipline.
So far, we talked about the question of What a culture of hard Work is. Let us now

Page 8
ask the question of how a culture of hard Work is brought about. The answer to that is already there in the idea of the Sense of duty to Work for a high Er Cause, LEt Triegive you two examples to illustrate the idea of Work constituting a sense of duty to a higher cause.
The first is a very Well known example and is spelled out in one of the most famous BOOKS in the field of the Social ScieriCES, This is Max WEEEr's OCK, TE Professarif Eric and the Spiri Of Capitalism. In that book Weber relates the rise of the Capitalisti Spirit to the ESCEti CiST) that grew out of the Reformation. That is, people Worked endlessly. With total dedication for a spiritual purpose, With no enjoyment of the fruits of their labor,
My second example is the Culture of Work in Japan. Each Japanese Worker is totally dedicated to the business or institution for Which she or FE WOrkS. because all these CompanieS OF institutions ultimately function for the glory of Japan and its BrTiperior. There is a pervasive feeling of patriotism that Japan Til Lust Sriwe to be the best in the World. While Japanese industries compete with each other at Orne lewel they Co-operate at another EWE|, If an Industry 5 under threat, other industries try to support it and bring it back to economic health. Workers feel they are part of the industry and Workers' suggestions for iri proving the industry are accepted by the пanagement. Thеге аге по deseпіопs. People Work for the Sarme C0ľTipany foľ generations. Leaving one's Company for better prospects in another is froWred upon by Society and there are informal sanctions against it. There are no strikes. LLLLaL LLLLLLLHHLLLLLLLS L LLa aL LLLL LaaLLLLLLLS LLLLLCLLL morning my co-resident at the Lodge, a visiting Japanese professor, was reading the newspaper and suddenly started laughing. He was laughing Uncontrollably. I asked him why. His laughter Was such that he couldn't put his Words together to tell me why. Finally he managed to tell me, still laughing, "Doctors are on Strike!' and returned to laughing again. It suddenly dawned upon The how ridiculous it would be for a person froTaSociety where there is a Culture of Work, to hear that doctors, of all people, are on Strike.
| hawe given Enough Of a sketch Om development to understand what its oppositeiske, We don't have to look far. Underdevelopment, or more correctly non-development is all around us. We
have, as a general II diwidual|| WH152 CF are the ՃբբOSite of tf in a Society with
Instead of honesty irresponsibility inste inefficiency instead indiscipline instead c.
So far, I talke responsibility, efficie relation to Work. But development WE TL. not limited to Og generalized to all ac meant by interna values and nor TIS to TEITEETS Of a CL differently, developit to the irdiwidi Luali: it li attitude. When We F this type With these hawe development. that Constitute this less thana religion. W religion. It is only if secular religion t development.
Such a society is social reforers, W. leaders moved b Sadder Ed by the rni majority of their fello in the absence of g. force S, Such me bei and a rg Fabolo I tO a W people to realise t something about |EdETS Exhijft tilĒ cultivate precisely ti listad: oriesty, res and discipline. In O great Visionary of t potential, through h gifts and exemplar, up and inspire the CLII|tiwa te sole of tr ma'wa that to Te Woli of blod, DLut : Lihamiselwes. This Wis Dharma pala. A p Dharmapala's Work from the point of Wi it is possible to Dharmapala Lurnforti of his thinking Lur imaginationard CrE of his thinking. To be of a utopia of hone: but unfortunately it exclusively բմբ ethno-religious g
 

ule: in couT SCciety, ar äräCleri Slic fĒälLFS se of the indiwidual
a CultILITE COf Work We have dishonesty; ad of responsibility, of afficiency; and if discipline,
id about HC) Esty, ncy and discipline in in a total Corri cept of St COI sider thes E, as 's Work pola CE, but TiwitiëS. This is What lization of these as be held by a || norr Tial Ilture. To put this 1975 att EritETTE I Sa Tatter of mental a VE a dividual of Tērtal attit LICES, WE
The Complex of ideas .
Testa atti lUdeiSO We Carl Calita Secular We can practice that al WWE Carl Hawa
; often dreamt of by Isioma ries and great y Compassion and iserable plight of the w Citizer S. ESPECially "eat Totivating Social carTë bëa CCTISOflight "āk tĒ Tā5535 f heir plight, and to do it. Typically, such ir falloW, CitİZEITS LO he qualities We hawe ponsibility, efficiency, Lur County We had a is type who had the is own extraordinary
dedicatior, t0 Waikė sleeping Tasses to ese qualities, and to utio, Tot a rewoluti COT i rewoluti Om Withim igrary Was Amaga rika roper evaluation of is yet to be made, but eW our present topic,
say the following: uriately had one sidë doing the richness, ativity of the other side aspecific, he dreamed zt, clisciplined CitizEns, Was d'Orina B d, if 10 LälËd ју TE roup, the Sinhala
Buddhists. And unfortunately also, it was this bad side of Dharmapala that finally triumphed, and the good side has been forgotten. I hope a program like the one we are inaugurating today will help re-discover the good side of this great patriot, which is not far to seek. It is no more than striving to be honest, disciplined, efficient and responsible, not Only in our jobs, but in all our day to day Eema Wor.
A special responsibility lies on the elites if We are to successfully launch Ourselves into development. By virtue of their talents and training, the elites, which include all of us here, have the kino Wledige and perception to understand the problem: and by Virtue of their eminent positions thEy have the Capability Ef Influencing Colleagues and Subordinates to Cultivate LLaLLLL L LLLLL LaL LLLL LL SLLLLLLL ab OVË AS ir diSper Sable TDT a de WellOpinig society. A very special responsibility lies on the political elite. In fact in LLLLa0LLSLLLLL LLLL LLLL L K u u S L dominant, and local and Voluntary organizations are weak, the problem of development becomes in very significant Ways, the problem of political leadership. It is one of the biggest drawbacks in Sri Lanka that our political leadership is lacking in the dedication and the patriotism necessary to do anything beyond conting up with gimmicks to win the next election. Rational action towards developments easiest for the political leadership to take, but that leadership istoobUSygamt gforpower. LLGLaLLLLLLLS LLLC CGLLLLLL S aL anxiety drives them, not to seek rational answers, but to seek supernatural aid in the form of WCWS, astrology, pitchantings апd Bodhipujas. Our politicans are sa ridden With anxiety that partar TENIt is opened and closed, projects started, Wars Wag Ed, all a CCOfding to 3 LUSCOU S timES. The Wenerable Walpola Rahula wrote a book thirty years ago CondeTining these primitive beliefs. That lock, titled SatyOdaya, Orthe Dan Of Truth, SnOW available in a recentreprint its a brilliant book that should be read by everyone interested in development Since mentioned the obsess of politicians With astrology and auspiciousness, lettle conclude by quoting in English translation C LSaL LLLLLLCLCLL LaCHL S LL LL LLma Bhikkhu Rahula quotes intinat book.
The fool Who Worships astrology neglects his Work, Auspiciousness for doing the Work is daling the Work. What have the stars got to do with it?"

Page 9
TOWARDS
AN EXK59 ANDE
FOR CON
OW Carl a state-based *: Organisatirill playa Taaningful role in the internal conflicts of its member states? The UN is criticised as an unwieldy and increasingly flaWed instru'r Tient for Solwing these: issues. The agenda has been further altered by NGOs who are now taking over a large number of roles that Were previousy the preserve of the UN, particularly in the field of humanitarian action, development programmes and the monitoring of hurian rights, Ewer the areas of peacemaking, preventive diplomacy and Conflict resolution, which Were the prerogatives and domain of the Security Council and the political office of the UN Secretariat, hawe begri Copened up Wi ĒW ātrs Sun a5 STā stāts, eminent persons and NGOs - developing and Creating mechanisms to address these ISSUES.
3.
The irinternational systern today is Tuch more that a system of states. With a variety of transnational actors from business Corporations, academia, nongovernmental agencies, civic groups and religious organisations, it is an Ever-expanding network which cuts across the state system. The communications revolution has enabled greater COTTI riiiiL J Flicatioj riħ world-wilda, and WitFi regard to peace building and future Security, there is a growing network of citizen based groups which are willing to shoulder much of the responsibility.
However the extended involvement of the non-governmental sector should not undermine the importance of the Toral a Luthority of the UN as a global organisation, and its wide technical Capa City and expertise. The factis that the problems which face the World today,
require solutions WF the UN O'r 18 The often provide the stri preventive diplomat a battar form of p: at every level be governments, NG Qrganisations. Drug
tirā (ST Willingress of gwer of the World CC3|| aE in preventive action Chilesidūri to miCWEā of COCEIT,
A structured resp. f]B ClEWE]|[[]Ed, Wh labOLIr, based On the CoTipetencies of Corg The laim is to gis COF EFECE II, the i Each Orgarisatior. forum to advocate Indeed it is well p B || LJPTiber Of initiati Tentary strategies CST Lild II: Trolle Wide trange of othe persons, NGOs, regi interWerle in the CaL
Early Warning
The early Warning IS SEE as a rii Conflict prevention,
Tanagement ir rec dua in part to the tal employed. Protract have a determinal phase of the opportunity for a interventio. Il irnt CITWC II tiori CO-mess C the conflict has esca
 
 

D FRAMEVA/ORK |FLICT RESOLUTION
Kumar Rupesinghe
LaL LLLLLLLT uu LLLLLLLLmmLuuCCSLLtHGaL LL YMLLLLLLLLSS LLLLLLLLYS
ich cannot be met by United Nations căr atagi: fra TSWOrks for :y. At the very least, artnership is needed tWEET UN CodigS, iOS and regional trafficking and interdem Stratë thië nments in every part Dräte With Bach gllEf The held is for this into additional areas
Se to Crises STOUd ereby a division of diferent comparative Blisätil Sisilitiated. SLIE SIT CESEC activities initiated by THE UN is a Suitable USt Such Challenges. laced to Co-ordinate WES SO that corTiplecan be developed. It BWork under which a +T CtCDFS — ETTİlet ional organisationsse of peace.
of Conflict situations Cessary element in The failure of Conflict cent years has been diness of the actions cd social conflicts ble cycle and each ::Offili Ct Officer 5, a
particular kind of Ost Cases however, luring the stage when lated and the parties
have entered a phase of attrition, When the Spiral of Wiolence arid COLIntër-violence has already begun.
An early Warning system is one instrument to prevent the conflict from reaching this Critical stage. When tensions and Crises develop, the information which is available is fragrTented, sometimes inaccurate, and this highlights the Central problem of early Warning. Warnings may be given by a number of organisations but they do not possess the ability to force the World's attention on these Countries at risk. In April 1994 for example, when many of the World's journalists were Congregating in South Africa for the elections, the Warnings which Were Coming from Rwanda Were effectively Ignored.
Early MarпIп9 сепгеs
The establishment of One or two official Centres for early Warning and preventive diplomacy which Would produce regular and authoritative reports, Warnings and recorTrendations would be of great value. These Centres Would be able receive reports from NGOs and other agencies. Specific public and private reCTElitis could āt|tē different actors of the International community including the UN, particular national gQvernments and NGOs. In Europe, the initiative at the European Parliament to establish an early Warning obserwatory Flas received Support. However, few practical steps have been taken, as recent study shows, in examining the early Warning and preventive actions of a number of inter-governmental organisations, the lack of effectiveness and cohesion in their operations was revealed, No Well-developed early Warning systems

Page 10
have yef been developed, although Tiary organisations such as the OSCE, ASEAN, ECOWAS, and OJA are aware of the need for such a system'.
The Eck Of effectVB 93 ly War Ing In the past has, in part, bEEn duo to the inefficiencies of Centralised governmental systems, whose response to an impending EITergency is title=Consuming and Will often be delayed until the Crisis Flas StrLJI:k. BL real Cracies in the dari T countries are not geared to the needs of the recipients, and as decision makers are only indirectly linked to the victims, there
is little accountability regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of the responsa".
Amongst members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopLLaLSLL LaaLaLL YSLKLaaLa aLa aaaaaaaLL aLLLL co-operation between donors and Tibassigs Within the region of Conflict as part of an early Warning system is increasingly acknowledged. It is argued that with regular Communication between these parties, the conflict situation could be diagnosed, and a "Common base of inforfrasor Could be agre Ed LPOn Which Would Far EE LISEd TO formulate a Coordinated strategy which Would be recognised by outside goverrirrents, While being sensitive to the reeds of the waris LJS Tactions in Wolved in the di Spute,
The JN Flas also beCOfThe Tigre active in the area of early Warning and rapid response. Under the direction of the UN Départment of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) the Relief Web' project has been launched, the purpose of which is to provide updated, on-line global information for Conflict prevention, preparedness and rapid response for the humanitaria II COITTI Lunity, so that relevant actors, particularly in regions of conflict or LLLLLLLL0LLLLLLL LLaLLL LLLLLL LHHLLaaLL aLLaLLLLL LLL LL information in developing complementary strategies for prevention and relief activities. Subject to following Certain procedures regarding the collection and exchange of information, all organisations are WellCOTTE LO Qiri,
Since sovereign governments do not take kindly to being informed that their country is on the brink of disaster,
inter-governmental
SOITEWFlatli TitEd II t early Warning SO, th Complemented by th NGO systers, but practical (SSLJES TI Considerations. First ir terra LIOTā| CharitiĒ landates. For exam OWr information ga Cannot share this ope ПОГ СНП II att Dr. Fili Secondly, every Org priorities. So Amnes at a particular tirTip F JG H I rele Wafficië tD | which may be focu Stirlit time. It is tՒլք de velop a Tears l organisations Workir Carl CO-Crdirlag tilt to Wards a CCITITIO1
The Crgation of Clearing FlQLlse Whl. disserminate regular a met Work of early possibility today. irfor TTati Onli databas range of Web sites clearing h0USë CC information gatherea { standardisedreport CC turi trīES al War, minorities at risk, Such as armis prolif house Could also ac pointing to recog information brokers more in-depth analy
The search for a Warning system is r highly efficient early be LSESS it is reSL
| TLUST 2 til multi-Sector Ed TES early Warning is no Work Tid te di Sil but also the empo WE the regions of Confli
The early action comprise human humanitarian age agencies, goversin global inter-gover Such as the CAL
 

systems alone, are Duilding a Capacity for Birr Effi) FTE FIELD EL D - a citizen based, and
Herg, a II LUTTEET Of ust be taken into ly, many NGOs and S are limited by their ple, the ICRC has its thering system, but any With other NGOs, a provided by Others. alisation has its OWI ty's focus on Nigeria or ExarTypole, Tlay Tot Oxfam's programme SG Dr. Irldia it Flat refore necessary to irough which all the 1giп a specific regioп gir E.Tf Orts and WUrk aganda.
an early Warning F COLld Collect and early Warning datato action agen CieS is a With a CCESS to as World Wide and a of the Internet, the uld synthesise the I and offer a range af son subjects SLIch as potential Conflicts, ald Eilatic SSLIES eration. The clearing tas a raferral Systemi, rised Experts and who could provide
glig.
Very effective early it ared itself. A Warning system Will Its in effective action.
| tC B StLJCtLUr"E3 JOn52, Further TOrg, I just the function of rib-Luti Cim Cf mandateSi, TITTEt of CtOTS Withi
C.
TE WOK, STOLld all:SO rights organisations, ricies, development lents, Tegional and rrental Organisations EU, and UN, the
Corporate sector and the academic Community amongst others. The air LLHHLLLLLLL aa a LLLLLL LLaa K L LLLLK LLLLLL LL Organisations have access to regular and reliable information about ongoing and potential conflicts, upon which they could determine a co-ordinated plan of early preventive action“.
MLuli-track Sol LutiOS to Conflict
Multi-track diplomacy, defined as the application of peace Taking from different Wantage points Within a multi-Centred network, reflects the different levels and variety of factors which need to be addressed, it highlights the combination of elements which can Work together successfully to bring together a Conjuncture of forces, thereby creating the irl grÉtients fOr a 5 LCCessiful Deace process. It has recently been described as a "web of Interconnected parts (HCίίνίτες, Widuals, inst LIS, солтігтшnities). That oрагаfe together, Wheffier à WKWardy or gracefully for a Corrinor goal a World af Deace."
The design of the Tulti-track approach aS LLLLL LL L LLa LaLaa aa LLLaLLL LaLLL be camplementary to each other and part of a larger framework of initiatives. The involvement of a variety of actors at different levels of a conflict is intended to bring greater accountability and adherence to hur Tian rights and humanitarian laws by all sides. For example, while NGOs may monitor human rights abuses at the grassroots levels, economic institutions such as the IMF or World Bank could press for a peaceful Settlement, and national civi: groups could for in peace Coalitions to bring pressure on the government and rebels to negotiate. Multi-track initiatives En Wisage a CGTip Teher Siwa, mutually reinforcing network with diverse actors intervening at different levels of the problem. It is clear that the World of Conflict is multi-layered and different types of CLaHHHH S SLLLLSS Saa S LLLL S HL S KaLLa00LLS these different dimensions. Different organisations and groups, intervening at appropriate levels can be used so that LLLLLLL L LLLLLLLHH LLLL LLLLL LCLLLL LHHL La Comparative advantages of each group,
It is argued that official di Eol. Tlacy a Fid Unofficial 'second track approaches should be complemented by a range of

Page 11
Tulti-track solutions. Official diplomatic manoeuvres are often circumscribed by
political interests, a lack of trust Concerning the intentions of the mediator, SC-term domestic Considerations, and an unwillingness to address the depth and complexity of social and economic problems that are caused by internal conflicts. Second track approaches, such the Norwegian involvement in the Middle East, may stand greater chance of Success, if it is intended to complement official negotiations, but cannot focus on
a || the other a reas of COINCE IT Which ha WE.
affected the Causes and duration of the conflict. Non-governmental or unofficial diplomacy may be effective in creating dialogue, but does not have the necessary resources Or political le Verage to bring about change. Yet the combined force of these approaches can address the fundamental issues, and still bring the necessary political momentum.
1. Tools and Approaches
Within preventive diplomacy, multi-track diplomacy is gradually being developed through a series of parallel stages. On one level the development and analysis of theoretical approaches to peace building and preventive action are still taking place. Studies are also being undertaken in building partnerships with international and local groups so that information about conflict prevention is shared and extended. The next phase incorporates the development of regional Working groups in the analysis of Conflict scenarios by responding with practical initiatives". The final stage is the establishment of a response mechanism that can respond during the early stages of the conflict situation, containing violence and Taking use of new opportunities to create peace initiatives With the help of NGOs, other institutions and local citizens.
A distinction can be made between the tools used in the various stages of conflict, particularly during the prenegotiation and negotiation phase, when the challenge is to firstly bring the Warring parties to the table, and introduce accountability. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch conduct intensive monitoring of human rights abuses, and
have been actively Ol-State actors citizen groups CE fra TSVOrk G - amongst Warring pa peace zones and p Philippines did affe fighters, as Commu to ban fighting in objective should bet for dialogue.
Most of the Cl Conflict resolution d: and how to achieve: on win-Win Sol. megoliations porÕICES Conflicts, WE WEär, til how to bring the pa argued earlier, as FläWB a life of their parties may Want top there is a need fr sharing and the di instruments through be persuaded to CO for a hurting stalama and may prolong the
Listead belloW is on of the lethods and useful in the expa diplomacy. Some a approaches, how organisation Will on For multi-track diplo it is important that "multi-tool" apргоасї WCJrds a meru Of developed providing Which Could be alg each situation.
o Peaca MI55ionsto Conflict area and better define the pro
- Special Envoy: experienced and cre to Spēlāk to a || pā exploring negotiatios respected internatio attention is given to and more people, to interational |EVEl
participatingin the si
Peace Monitors.
 

involved in holding
ICCOLUM table. LOCäl also Create a ing accountability ties. The Creation of ace Corridors in the the actions of the ities joined together
the zones. The create opportunities
SsiCal literature On als with negotiations UCCEssful Outcomes tions during the si itself. In inte Traill he major problem is ties to the table. As WITTEtri Cal Conflicts QWT and Ofte tha rotong the War. Thus ir rmore experience avelopment of new which the parties can The forward, Waiting te rray be too Costly
WE「.
ya selection of some tools which can be ision of ulti-track retried and tested BWer. Often An y use One Tethod. Tacy to be effective a more integrative, | is Lused. In Cothar options could be a range of activities red to the needs of
act-finding finissions citizens' missions to
T5.
— a group of lible emisSaries Serit ties in the conflict, routes. By involving al emissa ries, TlOre the area Of Conflict that a local and an ShOW interest in Հolution process,
eace/human rights
圈圈
groups Tonitoring the saffey of civilians, and offering recommendations for improvements. The development of a Code of Conduct for the adherence to human rights and humanitarian law is one step towards introducing accountability. Special peace brigades' can be formed to monitor cea safires, se Cure the Safety of peace corridors, and accompany human rights lawyers, acting as a detterent against attacks.
e Problem-solving - informal discussions with and between disputants, or those close to thern, to encourage alt='TThällựg r[]UtBS lõ Cømfilữt TE:50lulion, These Workshops can be conducted over a period of time, giving each group a chance to express their emotions and Voice their fears in a non-adversarial setting, Furthermore, the methods used in problem solving Workshops should be integrated into a wider public and political sphere.
Training Workshops - the objective is transfer Thediation and reconciliation skills and to encourage disputants, and others affected by the conflict, to consider alterriative rOULESTO COrifict reSoluti Ori. Each workshop can be designed to fit the needs of the participants, starting from the pre-negotiation phase. Using these Workshops it would be possible to develop local, regional and national plantforms for Conflict prevention and resolution.
I Capacity-building - technical and logistical assistance for mediation efforts LO the rele Walt aClO T5 and COTIFTumities. This is linked to the above, but also refers to the provision of material goods such as Computers, books, and general office equipment. Training in the use of Computers and administrative matters is also ir Important.
s Peace Conferer7Ce Of Peace Task Force - citizen based peace groups or national peace Conferences, bringing together different sectors of society and encouraging thern to formulate a peace agenda. By establishing a forum for discussion, different Working groups get the opportunity to exchange ideas and develop a common agenda and agreed plan of action.

Page 12
ito a
in Peace frillatives-Coriimunity based initiatives such as "peace zones' and 'days of peace' which facilitate the provision of food supplies to certain areas and strengthen Confidence building individed Societies. These initiatives aim to galvanise local communities and Villages into taking a more active role. It is also a means of bolstering people's confidence in a time When most feel despair and no hope for change.
Linking Differences-informal setting where disputants can have a chance to Understand opposing wieWS. To avoid the EFTEā fra SST est of Official Confrontational informal gathering could be arranged through a neutral third party, Where disputants have the charice to speak openly Without fear of retaliation from their own supporters or the enemy. It is part of the "humanising' process, in which disputants are encouragad to dispel stereotypica||Tages of each other, so that they can once again talk as ordinary people relating to each other, not as soldiers and enemies.
« Leагпїпg frוחס СопрагаІive Experiences - experienced peace, Īāks ar visi cilic E d Sar their knowledge With local actors. By exploring the issues of Conflict in an objective Way, they can offer concrete Examples of Ways in Which particular problems have been resolved in past Conflicts.
LL SLeLLaLCHLYS YLLLLLLLLuuLLLLLLLaaa S SLLLS S S KLLLL Packages - economic incentives which draw attention to the advantages of economic co-operation between regions of conflict. By highlighting the advantages of TecOficiliation, Such as in WestITI Erit and aid into the country, opportunities for Work and development, disputants can be encoшгаged to enterinlopeace talks and discuss a more balanced political and economic power-sharing base.
HL.IIan Rights Standard-setting - campaigns the stressing the importance of adhering to international human rights standards, and the need for a framework for international Standards on issues relevant to Internal conflicts. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are amongst the largest Organisations Tionitoring huTan rights abuses World-wide. By publicising their findings they do put pressure on governments to change their treatment of political
prisoners and infor community of the e exists. So they car Impact on the publi particular statea, and foreign and econo those states.
Conflict Resolute - identifying and
national partners at build links With intern and networks. The Take COTiflict fES inherent aspect of
Additionally a n. resolution practition the practical and C Terts, as IEW idea and tested OI a Wor
is PGCE and M retraining the enforcement agenc and support peace || police and military as The purpose here distinctions betwee Tethods and the ro in peace time, an dā Tbilisti ārī. Soldiers into civil SOC
CorpLITēr NET Warпілg апd Peа computer netWork areas and a Wider in SO that infortation about the COdition potential of escala: Yugoslavia, an e-ITI by civilians to relay isola tad a reas and || that Was being
govern Tients involv
e Mobilising the
ngsolution - trainin events responsible journalists to focus initiatives and positi conflict process. By of on-going peace e focus Could be tdisaster and despa is possible and that
Erdable to TikE 3
Their impact Thay
persistent press. If beaf fruit.
 
 
 

1 fie international Erst Of äbLISS Islät
b8 an BTIOFITIOUS :'s perception of a thJS alSO infILJECe lic policy towards
7 Institution-bLIFlding Working local and d helping thern to tional organisations urpose would be to ution practice an other civic groups. twork of Conflict rs would strengthen onceptual developS COLuld be explored
-Wide basis.
Irsary Training - ilitary and law ES TO COITI plearTTET t rocesses. Often the e One and the same. Would be first make domestic policing le Of ar:TGd Soldiers d to assist in the reliabilitation of
-iety.
Working for Early ce – establishing ; boË EWE E COfflict Bernational audioen Cea, can be exchanged s of Conflict, and the tion. In the forITET all network Was used
messages between O dispel propaganda broadcast by the 3d.
Ed for COMIC g the media to report , and encouraging On the peacebuilding "EE|EST] Ets Within the
informing the media forts and projects, the ken away from just r, to show that peace ocal people are Willing difference. Images of
mot EE ir Tim CdiEILE, EL om the gCWBrimm Ent do Es
starving refugees or gun-toting militias Creates an imbalanced perception of many developing Countries.
Finally, it is important to recognise the bElefits artid dTaWBJacks Of TELUtfall outsiders in the mediation process. While the outsider-neutral model of third-party Tediation has proved in Valuable in resolving many conflict situations, it has als dEl ComStrated S Erious fia WS and clearly is not applicable in all circumstances. In a broader context, it is increasingly apparent that in dealing With specific conflicts or emerging conflicts it is necessary to incorporate the Isider-partial approach into the development of comprehensive peace processes, and often a combination of both is the most advantageous. Examples of prominent local individuals exerting a strong influence on peace processes include Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Guatemala's Archbishop Quezada Torulu and Senator Bobby Tariatia in the Philippines.
The neutral outsider cannot by necessity stay in the Country for along time, they must often come and go. The Committed insider, on the other hand, must live with the conflict, stay with the conflict and has day to day interventon with the conflict process. Such people Are ofter Wall-k Flow T TETiber5 af Con Turities Who, because Of Their roles as leaders, have a CCESS to the leadership of their particular country, as well as Within and outside their regions. Furthermore, these people are generally recognised by the grassroots as Well. Their positions are not based on political or military power, nor are they trying to secure it. Their position is unique also in the fact that they tend to have pre-existing bonds which cut across conflict lines. Drawing on the benefits of their unique position, along with the high degree of mobility they usually enjoy, middle-range leaders can harness all of these advantages to the benefit of the conflicting Communities.
2. Citizer-Based diplomacy
Citizen based peacemaking is the process of establishing peace constituencies Within conflict areas, to create a common middle ground for dialogue. It is a necessary and Vital ingredient of peace building efforts for it gives the people directly affected by, and involved in the conflict the opportunity to

Page 13
their
VÕCe Concerns, fears and grie VanCes. Peace processes Which impose solutions on the population, Without sufficient Consultation of their needs are likely to unravel at a later stage, Thus it is imperative that people are given the Chance tOrgConcile their différences and partake in the resolution process. Within each country there is a huge reserveofski||Sand experience Which Cam be tapped in pre- and post-conflict situations. Listen below are just some examples of citizen based diplomacy.
s. In Sornaliländ tribal Eldars häWé uSEd traditional kinship networks to resolve conflicts. In Israel the PEACE NOW group ha WebDGE:n al EffectiVEVOICE (Of Israeli and Palestinian people. Through the youth division they have made atterTipts at bridging the gaps between the two sides, making each aware of the others history and culture. During the 1980s in the Philippines, rural villages, schools and universities took a stand against the army and rebel forces. Different sectors of Society - the agrarian Community, the fisherfolk, the urban poor - participated in the National Pea Ce ConferenCE, presenting their concerns and calls for social and economic reform.
ECLITEnical diplomacy. Religious Organisations can be effective at all levels of society. While the Work of local church and religious leaders can complement the peace process at a grassroots level, international religious establish Tients SLC as the OLakers or the Catholic church can bring pressure and influence on a Wider spectrum. In Mozambique for example, the Italian-based Catholic lay COTImunity Of Sant'Egidioplayeda pivotal role in bringing the Warring parlies together. In Nicaragua in 1988 the Moravian Churchand Protestant leaders facilitated the negotiations. In South Africa too, the church played a key role in addressing people's fears and anxieties and encouraging them to take a peaceful route to Ward reconciliation.
a Social disorTracy. Women's movements have immense potential for establishing peace-building networks, in many parts of the World Women already play a key role in rehabilitating refugees and providing food and shelter. In India and parts of Africa although Women play a major role in the economy, their potential role in politics is still overlooked. In Burundi
բrografilmas are LI existing networks of to introduce the Tesolution and pri increasing the parti DeaCB making Or CC possible to reacha T base. Furthermor mQWETEnts Carl in international organi platform on which t expressed and addr
e A focus on WC important as often are the first Casualti WOuth groups focus preventive action, it Create an anti-vi amongst the young, a rebel army of Could then decreas establishing these r Wars Could be Tore
= Comл7шліїy diplt TOWe Tets Sari diploпасy describet the Cornmunity Rel: in Norther reland Caribodia Buddhist Tarches, in Sier de Clāfēd ar gä5 of IE isolated parts of Bı Muslim Women exch overnight as a mea are alsTall acts of of a deeper Sense despair about war. that Sectors of a SOK practice denouncing and acting for thems
s Creative diplom and personalities
entertain TEIt such "CGTLic Relief". Char personalities with ac is possible to highli Victims and räise f addition since ente audience appeal, the means of informing about Conflict issues preventive diplomac
|r shor, mL advocates the in DOSitive force With ClConflict a TaTa in the It is a Teans COITI munities and gi
 

derway to Inobilise Women's groups and oncepts of conflict wentive action, By ipation of Women in inflict prevention, it is uch Widergrassroots
3 local Women's K. With regional and āts tā Cfēātē ā | COCEITs Cabe BSS ed.
Luth groups is also I is young Ten who is of War. By forming ed on the God for may be possible to lence constituency Peer pressure to join to incita Viol EnCE i.e. Furthermore, by etWorks in OW, future effectively avoided.
racy through social digro foTT1 of the Citizen above. The Work of itions Council (CRC) has been noted. In monks started peace ra Leorie Villages Utral territory, and in snia, Christian and langed their children ns of protest. These protest but Syr Tubolic of frustration and They are effective in Biety in conflict are in
the political rhetoric elves.
acy, through artists from the World of as the British-based ty. Using high profile cess to the media, it ht the plight of War Jinds for projects. In rtainers häWe maSS y Carn Bearn effective
the general public and the principles of
ti-track dipolarnacy ɔlweTlent of EWE ry and Outside the
resolution process. of including local oups who ordinarily
feel excluded from the peace process. The objective is an attempt to address Conflict Willēni, it i5, 5t|| tat its for TTā tik) phase, and not stall until multi-billion dollar emergency relief operations are needed, These operations provide governments With an excuse to avoid discussing the opportunities that existed in the earlier Stages.
3. The Facilitating Role of NGOs
The UN charter has precipitated the development of human rights TBChanisms and NGOS Which Ha We become a feature of international affairs in the post-war period. Their development has progressed With a Creativity and Commitment to Social Causes, which has often proved to be more effective that their slower, official counterparts. In particular, development and humanitarian NGOs are in a Continuous process of re-thinking and revising their Tandates to address the affects of War.
NGOs and other agencies can build issue-specific coalitions and national and regional platforms to advance preventive action, Working in co-ordination with IGOs and governments, NGOs can also provide the time commitment and low profile needed to build relationships with the parties and encourage progress to negotiations. Since they can be Categorised as 'Lunofficial organisations" they have the advantage of building trust and Confidence Elétween the WO SideS and using their resources to Worktowards negotiation. In other Words, With no strategic or political motivations, NGOs can initiate dialogue With the conflicting parties at titles When there is a Complete breakdown of communication. Furthermore, with the ability to provide long term commitments to social programmes and development projects, NGOs can act as catalysts nurturing the institutions of the state such as the judiciary, police, and civil service, and also civilian populations,
Alternative forms of diplomacy undertaken by NGOs have been particularly Effective in South Africa, El Salvador and Northern Ireland but have rarely received public attention. South Africa's transition was a negotiated revolution where at every level of society, structures for the peaceful resolution of disputes were established. The National Peace Accord built local and national
(24 ageם חם ldחCa)

Page 14
andaramaike lained
Tħa IrEDECTE
always
i.e., independence and after-that the provincial Councils and the concept of regional autonomy these councils embodied were ideally suited to bring the island's various ethnic groups logether П a Carlstructive association for the COTITIOm god. CÒTICE hie became PriTia Minister he was at last able to introduce his provincial councils scheme. But he did so under unpropitious CirČLJITTstancēs, as an at tempt to placa te arī agrieved Federal Party in the Wake Of LFI E COTT tri WBrSigis on the Officia/ LargLage Act, and at a time when many amQng the Sinhalese Suspected arly reduction of the authority of the central glVeriñITIETit to be an Lur Warrarited Ciri CSS can tOlla Til por ESSLJre for a federal state TrESe Sirhales: Critics bolig ved that this was the first step on the path to establishing a separate Tamil state.
The draft bil published on 17 May 1957 was a confusing document Which en wisaged the establishment of regional councils based on the existing district boundaries rather than on the provinces. By 1955 the revenue district had replaced the province Eis the largast Lirit of administratigr. There WETE TWEMI ty TWO SUCI districts as against the nine provinces inherited from the days of British rule.
Much of the arbiguity in the Regional Councils Bill of May 1957 arose from its bթing the liriBal descendent Of a bill outlined but not actually formulated in detail by the Executive Committee of Local Administration in the days of the second State Council in 1940. As WE Hawg Seen the Totion approved by the State COUTICII Om Fat C2CCasior Ca||Ed thCT provincial Councils when inactual fact they Were confined to revenue districts. In the draft bill of July 1957, there was more precision in the terminology used but that Was partly because the term province was Carefully omitted. But section 2(1)(a) ETT PCJ Wereld the Minister to "declare the whole or any part of an Administrative district to be a Region". This concept of a "region' introduced a new element Of Confusion beca LuSe, in the draft bill, a "region" was sometimes larger and sometimes Smaller than a province. Indeed this concept of a "region" was introduced for the first time to the national debate or devolution of power through the draft bill of May 1957 thus not Orly Cai Lusing CC) rifLisicr but also rousing suspicions in the finds of critics that it was part of a deliberate attempt to under Ting the unitary structure of the country. The second feature of the draft bill, again
something that Flowed C State Council debate of de CISiOf That ITIETEDE IS
COLJIT Cills WO Luldboea BliBCtBI in each such region frc TBITEGIS, THE FC W.I. elections to These regioni
This draft bill provec turning point in th Bilda TaikE'S ad Served to alienat e hirTifror Wery articulate Sectior a Ctiwi SLS WHOSE SLJpop It election CarTipaign of 1 im Waluable if ni Olindisperis his Victory. Secondly, defeated UNP a COW Opposition to Bandafariai Ј НJayewагdene еager| C) ETTıbbia fTä55 HEITI With Hi Source of political Sl 'Sinhala-Only' enthusias Welt. La fa || LI TE LO disappointed the Tamils See, Were persuaded to S Todifications introduced their requests=asparto designad to bring about : between the two estrange Indeed the failure to irrip the Pri|TE Minister's Credi and GWēritually Contribo|| to undermining the S adfliflistfäliri.
Bandaranalke's resp. agitation of the Tamil lead flexible tail that of the E COā liti OrihÈ ||B WHCCC) Luld bLII Corfrontation afld Igle On them and riigid 'Sinhala-Only' as the gui any legislation con langua the terrils of the sett with the Federal Party na ika-ChalVaria yaka FT published on 26 July immediately evident tha TOdification of the Offic Would be required bec, language Was to be givi
 
 
 
 
 
 

firectly from the 1940, was thE of the regional by local bodies }m among their | De I10 direct
| COLUFICIIS,
to be a major e history of inistration. It Ta powerfulland | Öf EL:
for Film In the 956 had been sablein ensuring it offered the Brient point of k E, a Tidlig that y SēİZE'dir a bold STOS DOWerful IբբՃrt — the its. Thirdly, the iri trid LICE it Who, as We shaI| support it - With in response to fa package deal 3JTE Sgttliget del hiric groups. Ebrill Brititler Oded bility as a leader шівd powerTully trength of his
GSE to the ership Was more Xtreiss E hirik Cafittle Else 2ntless pressure adhe TE TIC3 tij ding principle of ge policy. When ETTİĞE Tä Ched the E da
Jact, WEE
195 F | WIS t a far-reaching al Language Act : USE the TarTi
in the status of
an official language for administratiwa POLITEOSES in the Northern and Easterni Provinces. Also the agreement Went Well beyond language policy. Indeed the proposal to amend the draft Regional LLLLLL LL LL L0L00LaLaHaHaLLLL LLLLL LLaa demands of the Federal Party became just ES COITETOWETSial, if mült TTOTE 50, tam the modifications in language policy envisaged in it. Thirdly, there Was the prČ POC)Sa litt place limits in the Settler Erit of Sinhalese peasant "colonists" in İrrigation Schemies in the Norther'ı and Eastern Provinces so that the indigenous Tamils could maintain their majority position in those areas, and fourthly, the question of Sri Lanka citizenship for EJB Opole of Indiari descent and the revision of the Citizenship Act of 1948 was to receive the early consideration of the government,
The moment the terrils Of the Settle Eart Were made public there was a storm of protests, chiefly from the language loyalists in Bandaranaike's own camp. The Crucial factor in the opposition from the "Sinhalla-Crilly" funda Tenta lists Within the SLFP Was Bandaranaike's readiness to recognize TarTill as an official language for administrative purposes in the Northia I) and Eastern PrOWinces. This ConCession, they argued, witiated the Sirhala-Cry" policy on which the Constituent parties of the governing Mahaja na Eksain ParanLina (MEP) Coalition and their allies had campaigned and Won what clearly was the overwhelming endorsement of the KLLLLLLLSS LLLaLL LLL LLLL L LLLLL LLL LLLLLaLLS the Sar The Views on this aspect of the pact that Bandaranaike negotiated with SJ W Chelwanayakam, the leader of the Federal Party, gawe the language funda Tentalists in the MEP no great satisfaction. Indeed it greatly embarrassed ther, The UNP also shared With them a strong opposition to the changes made in the Regional Councils Bill. The UNP's misgivings were really focussed On the Clausës relating to pleasant "colori ization," Especially the fact LaL LLLLLaLLLHHL LLL LLLLH SLLLLLLSLL La newly OpenEdirrigation schermes in the Eastern PrOVINCE WOLuld ha We to stop. In addition, Jilder the ter ITS COf this

Page 15
agreement - the Bandaranaike-Chevanayakam pact as it carrie to be calledthe draft Regional Councils Bill was to be amended so that, I eralia, the Northern Pro Wirice Was to for TT one regional area, While the EastET POWince Was to be divided into two or more regional areas. This provision compounded the confusion caused by introducing the concept of a "region," and by reviving the use of the province as the principal unit of a administration and this only two years after the revenue districts, twenty-two in all at that title, had been formally established as the largest units of regional ādslinistrati O1 ||If the di VİSİON OF THE Eastern Province into two or more regions Was a concession to demographic realities, and could have been justified on that basis, the clauses in the agreerTitant in which provision Was made to permit two Cor more "regions" to a Talgamate even beyond provincial boguridaries seemed LaKLHHL LaLLL LLaLLLLS aa aaa0LLL LLLLaa LLKLLL the agreement as an unprincipled sell-out to the pressure of the FP a "region' could divide itself into two or presumably more "regions," Subject to ratification of such decision by Parliament, and collaboration for specific programines of common interest EJEat WeertWO ČOr direct Elections lO these Councils Was Considered. As We hawe Seen the Original draft envisaged only indirect elections.
SLLLL LLaaLLL La LLLLLLaL LLLL aaL 0 aLLLLLLLaaLLL between Bandaranaike and the Federal Party Were Tlade public there was an Cutburst of protests frost the die-hard language loyalists in Bandaranaike's own camp, And the UNP looking for a means of staging a political Comeback Were provided With an ideal opportunity to embarrass the Prime Minister. On a politically Sensitive issue, as Well as to dem Cristrate their COITII Titirment to a 'Sinhala-Only' policy to an electorate skeptical of their motives. 'Sinhala-Only' ideologues argued that the concessions to recognise Tamil as an Official language Witiated the 'Sinhala-Only' Act. This opinion the UNP shared. Their concerns extended to other main points in the settlement, i.e., modifications of the Regional Councils Bill and the presumed LL0LKL L LaL SL LLLLaLKLLLLL LL LLLLL LaLLLLLLaLLLL and Eastern ProWinCES.
In retrospect it Earldārā laike-Chel door Ted from the Wera raw Baled. Corri opposition to it the F for time. A Tarch II led by J R Jayew October 1957, Impr( riada little i Tipressit TOT 59 at all Con the SLIC Ceeded ir St.
proceeded very far easily overcome
Led by a group performed a sa a Wrl of the F private residen on 9 April 1958 in his own party to abrogate the it up in a dram: full eight mo UNP's protes fizzled outo.
initiative, the gover pressure from Withir the Occasion. When first introduced in A. group of tikkhus Satyagraha on the Minister's private re on 9 April 1958, the party Compelled him — he tore it up im a a full eight months a Tarch had fizzled tensions generated Caj Lumler-pre SSLJľES, in May 1958, Later in - Banda faria Kas: approval for the Tari Provisions) Act No. Regional Councils along with the pact bē āSSOCİātē.d.
 
 
 

K. M. de Silva
"ould seem that the "anayakartl pact was TOTEL ES CIELS ronted with mounting rime Ministerplayed Kandy by the UNP ardee. On 2 drid 3 test against the pact, In on the Country and
government which pping it before it **. However, hawing the UNP's political
of hikkhus who |tyagraha on the rie Milister's Ce in Colombo , the extremists compelled him pact – hetore atic gesture – a ths after the it arch had
IT ent SICCLITE to its OWI ranks, as On 1ts langLuage bil| Was pril 1956°. Led by a who performed a |EW OT E PITE Siderica il Colombo 3xtremists in his Own to abrogate the pact dramatic gesture - ter the UNP's protest t". Once again the the pressures and rupted in "race" riots the year-in August CLU ried parlamentary | Language (Special 28 of 1958. The Bill Was abandoned, With which it CETE to
In 1928, the Donoughmore Commission had recommended the creation of a second tier of govern Tent between the Central authoriti Els and the l'O'Call government bodies. That it took 52 years before such a system could beintroduced - in the form of the District Development Councils of 1980-1 - is explained in part by inertia. This was especially true in the 1940S. Eljut later On ther WaS a Cai Lution induced by a suspicion that any relaxation of Centralization Could Culinate in the disir Tamberment of the Sri Lankam polity. The devolution of power to regional units had been accepted in principle by the State Council. In 1940, Without disserit if not unanimously. But legislation required for this purpose was not introduced in the 1940s. By the mid-1950s the consensus that had existed in regard to this had evaporated, and instead the creation of regional bodies had become one of the T10St COmtrOW ETSI al ISS Les in Sri Lankar politi CS because of it's association with the dema rnds of the Federal Party and Its SUCCESSOr the Tamil United Liberation Front. Two attempts to establish such Councils failed hopelessly, the first time in 1957-8, and on the Second Occasion in 1968. The Creat On Of a SECO E C government succeeded only in 1980. EWE S0 tilgre has TEWET EE er a Consensus between the two principal national political parties on the establishment of SLC a SECOnd tier of gavernment and over BSS a national Consensus reaching out beyond and ab Owe the party leaderships. Bandaranaike's failure to establish his Provincial Councils is an excellent case study on why it has been so difficult to Teach SLICh a CGT1Sg TSUS.
Notes
22, CO5498.015, minutes by GE J Gent and others On the prCpxiosal to di SrTiliss
Bandaranaike, 5–7 April 1941. Also in the same file are the minutes by Sir Sidney Abrahiarms and Sir Georg H BLISHE2 Ciri THE trianTia oT "Powers to disinnis 5 a Minister," 1H-22 April 1951,
23. James Manor, TFFE Expediant L'Opian: Вялдагалаikе алд Сауfor), орсії, p 153, ciling Goverror Sir Andrew CaldECOtt's "Things Ceylonese," 1 May and 23 April 1941 in CO51.
24. K M de Silva and Howard Wriggins. J. R. Jayawarder of Sri Larika, A Political Biography Vol II, London and Honolulu, pp. 35-43, forth fiasco of the UNP's Tarch to Kandy, The march ers mariaged to Corwer just 15 of the 72 miles of their journey.
25, Eid, pp. 4-50, 25, E7id, p. 50.

Page 16
(Ciar ild frorri page II,
economic growth industrialisation as Tuch as private enterprises. For example, it was public enterprises which provided the initial spur for South Korea's highly Successful automobile industry and steel industry. South Korea's state owned steel producing enterprise POSCO began to provide technical assistance to steel plants in the USA in 1987 and the World Bank, Which In the early '705 turTlEld Wri aloar request for POSICC) Onth E. gTOLJ nds that South Korea had no comparative advantage in steel, barely two decade later described this state OWI ed enterprise as "arguably the World's most efficient producer of steel". (Korea. Managing e Industrial Trarsilion Vol. 1-1937-World Bank, Washington DC).
According to in-depth studies of a number of state owned enterprises in Asia "though the overal performance of the public enterprises sector as a whole is not that good, there are some enterprises in almost all the countries, developed and developing, that have been Very effective ad Efficit in the attā ir TiĒTit Of their Cobjectives.....
A) Public enterprises can be quite SLCCssful and SOITEties their perfor Tance can be more or less similar to that of the private enterprises functioning in a similar Context.
B) They can be innovative in technology
as Well as product improvident,
C). With regard to price and quality, they can be competitive in international Tarkets.
These studies show that there is no inherent reason why the performance of public enterprises in attaining their major goals hastable poor, pro Wided Certa ir Key LLLLLLa LLLLLLLLL0 S aa LaLaLLaS lised". (Beyond Adjustrifierit: TPE; Asiam Experience —edїїed by РашISIгеetsл — a publica for of the IMF a 7d 7e i'r Tadlar S LaLHHHSL LLLL SYLLLCLCLuH LGH tCLttHCCMD
{HBlafibris טווזrסEr:gri
Several suggestions have been put forward (based on the above Tientioned studies) to improve the performance of public enterprises.
(1) Improving the management
(a) "InstitutionalizE process (of th S0 that PLI НLJTEашCrälic
TiiriiTizEd the depoliticized CratizEd.
(b) the existing
teamshould d Successors and stability functioning.
(2) Pro Wide mechar dialogue betWe and enterprise top Пападе Пer (Ibid).
THIS SITULJICј пCl a "central body and competenc enterprise Syste Cortext of tha: || Objectives an. example) the
eStablished irii 1: FIVE5;LEd Est LE Committtle, thE PTITE MIS EET Planning Boa Management E,
(3) The Public s
institutionalised identification a as for project and SglgClios so the failure of ITTE to perfor TT will i pour formulatio projects". (Eid).
ECOCIC MOt the New Inquisito
Economics is not monotheism. Therë any panaceas. The 1-liberalist as today does not meal Criscient, that it
ut ad COrrett flOne strategy, Whic
 

3 E 5E|ECllöf a top management) rely political and
iTTILIETCES TE process n Bedst0 tie ad deburea Lu=
top management eliberately groomils ensure Continuity of enterprises
15T15 for i Creative en the government management on the it tasks they share"
de the setting up of hat hästh= ExperliSE e to view the public ES I Will Cole il the ational develop Tent strategy..... (for Republic of Korea 383, tile GOVEITTIErit Erprises Evaluation ired by the Deputy
al LFE ECC mic ri and also a aluation Task Force.
Eactor Should hawe Tachinery for project ] forTTTLlati.J1 a5 WEel| appraisal, evaluation financing beca USB) Lny public Enterpris ES S due largely to (the) and Evaluatio of
Hel ST ad
r"S
a religion, still less a fore, it Cal TTOt Offer LIS fact that economic DeCOITE dominant in that it is infallible and
as a monopoly On the ss. It is but One path, | diferent Countrig5
hawe adhered to at differ Erit points cijftir TNE, LLLLaa LLL LLLLumLLCL aL LaaLaLLLLLLLaaLa aLLL LLaLLLLSSS However, the Bretton Wood twins have
taken upon themselves the role of economic Inquisitors, threatening all recalcitral Third World nations Who davala from the "Correct line" with auto-da-fes, As a result Tiany policy makers (often because of the dire need for financial support for which they require a clear bill of health from the IF's take what they believe to be the path of least resistance, striving to implement the neo-liberal structural adjustment programmes in tota), from rampant privatisation to slashing subsidies. The LLLLaLLLL aLLL0LLLLLLaL LS LaLLLLLLL LLaLLL LaLLLLLLLK as a sharp reminder that this path of least resistance to external - FI-preSSLITES can also be the path of most resistance internally and therefore the most costly one - politically, Socially and economically.
L LLLLaa LaLL aLL L SLLLLL LaaLLa LaL LauL S LLLLLL regime is going in this same direction. Recent converts to the dogma of economic neo-liberalism, the PA top leadership is conducting itself like a bunch of zealots determined to press ahead. With their rail pant privatisation Cum Slash the subsidies programme, deaf and blind to reslstance, oppositioпапd dапger.
aKSLLL aSLLLK HLKLL La LLL aaLLLLLLLaaa a the battles which are looming, if the PA persists in implementing its neo-liberal agenda - battles which will cost the country, the economy and the citizens dearly. A privatisation programme which S S SLLLLLLLL LLLL S S LLLa S S LLLHHLLLaLLaaaL Would only servē to alierna le thĖ majority of the citizens. The resulting exacerbation of the political crisis will effectively discourage not just foreign in Westors but local in Westors as Well, thereby further Worsening the economic crisis. Therefore, if the government disregards the danger signal symbolised by the CEB strike and presses ahli Eāti With its CLurrent privatisatior offensive, it will create a wicio Llys (arnda Wiolent) Cycle Which Will threat Erl rol jLIST ecolorTric develop Tent and the Well being of Citizens, but the democrátic System äs Well.

Page 17
Te rebels ETT ÖT Tādē? the Case of WWIET TE Goonewardene, environment * and circumstances only helped to bring out those qualities that Were HLLLLLLL LLL LLLS S LLLL HaLLaaLLLL LL LLLLLLaL uuuLLa perceived as Wrong or unjust.
Vivia's first playmate Was Roslyn, Close to her in age, Roslyn was the daughter of the domestic help of the Golometil||eka household. One day the two toddlers, both dressed in white, set out for a Walk in the Wastgarden which surrounded the hOUSE. A grazing COW, recently Calved, mistaking the two little girls for her calf, attempted to Luzzle the IT. SE eing this artid fËā ring possible harm to the children, Roslyn's motherranto their Tescue, Shehad to fight the beast to free the children, in the struggle with the cow, Roslyn's mother
British Empire, the Se awakening of the tFiler]]5elWeS İnı diyi religious grՃաբS,
COTITLU Tities a Tld BV, TowerTeifi til WWE's father, Don Jac Goone Wardene, El Boraugoda Ralaha the Buddhist revival (JP1B (of thOSE3 in Ca TCE of thig a Li=Mugili T rii family Vivie was b September of the foll TOT Wā5 I TISSET but historical village DIT GJOT 3 tille kE Wä that time. Even now, proudly proclaims Col Caived in Tiss; born in Colombo, A
e
died. Roslyn made her home with the GCOnetillekes. At the age of five (or there abouts) Vivie heard her mother reprimand Roslyn, who retorted that if she was punished she'd jLITp into the Well. Wvie promptly Wrote to Roslyn's father asking him to take his daughter home immediately because her life was in danger. ACCompanied by relatives, Roslyn's father arrived at the Goonetilleke's in Gampaha in haste. Wive recalls this as the only occasion her father Caned her, Roslyn remained With the Gogmetilekes" till SHE Tarried.
This spirited little girl Was the eldest of the five children born to Dr. Don Allenson Goonetilleke and his wife Emily Angeline Goonawardene, Dr. Gooratillake named his first born, Wiolet Vivienne, after the French nurse who helped to bring the little girl into the World. With these initials she became "Vivie" to all, for all time.
1916 Was a gÖOd year to bB born in. The first decade of the 20th century in Ceylon Wasa period of political, socialand economic turmoil, Still a colony of the
September 18 80th birthday Goonewardene best known Her biograp : written by Pull; Senior Lectur Classics åt til of Kelaniya . political prisor here, the first
-- - - - ப்
SĒTWICE of til E CITOWI Was then known), C transferable and ser of the island. There ThÉir CF ildre a SC ParentS dBcided tio pli; school. Wiwijerine, amic WE TE Larded Fl
Colombo Where th Education up to Matriculation Exarlin brief period. When stationed at Gampa and holidays Wei
 
 

years Witnessed the people to assert rse formS - ES nationalists, ethnic er to fOTT, a labJOLUT maternal grandplyne Rupesinghe Etter kT CW a S my, was involved in if the period and Was #BlECJ || 1 thE C0fllEX! յls of 1915, Into this T. On the 18th. Of lowing year. Her first Tahararna (a refTote n the dry zone) since 5 Stati Oned thef B al in her 80th year, Vivie that she Was armaharama, though is a physician in the
置エリエ
國國를
.
N
R
א
8.
R
Early Years
Pulsara Liyanagé
tћ маrks the of Vivienne , Sri Lanka's : FOITiārī: leftist: ly is being sara Liyanage : er iI 1 Westerix : he University ind a former her. We feature. chapter.
, (as public service |r. GOOnetilleke was Wedim diverse parts Ore in order to give Lund education, the ace them in boarding later her sister Tulin, Musaeus College ey also had their the Cambridge ation. Except for the the father was a school Vacations *e spamt at thE
maternal grandparents' at Boratugoda. Dr. GOOrati|leke ha din Structed the School to permit their grandmother or their uncle Robert Gunawardene to restove thern from the boarding school. (Vivienne Was later to put this arrangement to very good USel) The close association. With the grandmother was important and influential in the lives of both Vivierne and Tulin. Their grandmother, known as Gumasakara Hamine of Siyane Korale was a much loved and respected Woman of Boraugoda, Of the landed gentry and of great Wealth, she however did not confine herself to the Walau WWa; but personally sa Wto the Welfare of the Village and the Well-being of the villagers. With the lack of hospitals and midwives, Gumasakara Hamine filed the lacuna and assisted at the birth of every single child in the area and provided post-natal care
and Edvica to the Tothers. WIVie acknowledges this example of her grandmother's - along With the
orientation of their school-With imbibing in Tulin and herself a strong sense of

Page 18
service to the people. While Vivie devoted her |ife to Lafit politics Tullir joined thE co-operative movement, Astrong believer in the movement, the latter remains a commited and active, and perhaps also One of its longest serving, Tembers.
At Gar†lpaha the physicians residence was quite close to the hospital. In fact the hospital's mortuary was just up the road. LLLLaLaLLLLL LS S aSLLLaaLLLL LLLL KLLL a LLLL LL hospital, the sick, the relatives of the departed and the pain of others. Between Baratugoda and Gampaha a little child's LLaLaLLaL0 0 0LLgLLLaaLaL LLC KKCCCCaaaL of the living conditions and the suffering of ordinary people, the poor, the less fortumatig; those Who Ware different Trom her irrimediate family and its environment. Her father's dedication to his calling and is selfless Service to the sick, impressed her. She respected him and lowed him for tillët.
The Quality of Courage
Holidays at Boratugoda Were a treat for the children; one filled with pleasant Teritories adventure, daring and Fun. Their playground was over 100 acres of land and the possibilities springing froT the imaginations of children Were endless, A bath meant a long Walk over a paddy field and across a riwer to El Porld. ThIEis guide and chaperone was the best a child could hope for none other than Aunt Carolie-Car for short-Who Was less than ten years Wiwie's elder and her fawo Lurite a Lunt. How so? "She Was Wery naughty" replies Vivie With a smile and a twinkle in her eyes. On the Way to the bath Aunt Caro taught them to swim. This was in the river and her teaching aids were LLLLLLLL000LLLLLLLS LLLL L LHaLL OLaLLL LLaLHaL chests and the children Were asked to float and swim and Caro Would slowly remove the TuTS. DOWI Would jo the Children. Caro was always there to rescue them and they had to try again. With the Coconuts, Smal Worlder, With SLIch a persevering teacher, her star pupil is a good SWiT Tier - good enough to save her puppy from drowing in the sea. A knowledge to swim was not the only attribute bequoted to Wvie by Aunt Caroline, if there is any Credence to the folk belief that running under the belly of an elephantmakes you Courageous, Aunt Cara should take abaw for that single quality Vivie is lost famous for - her courage. Believing in the folk tale, or at least Wanting her charges to, the young chaperOne Would induce the
LLLLLL LLLLHLLLLLLL a LLLH LHHLLL Ha auLLLL0 the elephants who had been brought for their daily baths. This too she would insist the children do any tiries. Every time her mother came to know of this escapade Caro Would receive a Carling för har Élfforts
in teaching the youn Not that the grandt courage in her grand feared the exciter T Elephant, and it Eft-EffCES or a litt The presence of the
de familCe Cf all those i Caming mot Withstar Would be repeated.
is is Watse at to? A quiet Smile re. rares the owner of Other than her grand for instilling that pỀ young, impression: CF || "GTE-FEHET 'N Cor HēlādTiarnim the Wii was also the chief the village. He never and lying and dish Of
This spirited ECOSt Of the TVe C Do AeSo Go wife Emily Angelir Dr. GOOlati||Elke 1 Violet VIVienne, nurse who helpec girl into the World. She became "Wiwi.
After the many sp. children Would go bath. There the cha. her duty and see to Were strictly adhere were not permitted they had to stay perform their bath, WOLldtäketB CBär childran safgly hom
TīĒcāSāStē at Vivie's dining tab tio , Figar of the rihan to at SCOg sårld Fals. Was appointed the samle School, MLSa When asked in priv Was appointed to th looks startled, truly a TriCyËdat WhäT TIL: question, But themsil replies, "because student. I was go. drama, iri sport." Tlaterial carefully of many of the more
 
 
 

g to be COUrageOLIS, other did not fancy thildren, but that she erit of the tickled s wery probable le child Le mortality. Inahout was the Only wolwedir the SpOrt. ding, the less Ons
tributed her Courage plies the query and the elephants, nonë father and his family, rticular quality in a ible and receptive was a sort of a chief |age and as such he arbiter of disputes in gawe Way to chea ting nesty."
ittle girl was the hildrel ESOFI to Dr. OOtik ad 1 i S he Goolewardene. ITC is first born Efter the FTERFICH i to bring the little ... With these initials !" to all for all time.
rts along the Way the to the pond for their erone would perfor T it that the instructions 3c| t() — the (:hlilcidrEari, to get into the pord; 1ul Of the բtյrid arld This dome, Aunt CarO did Well-exercised
ܕܣ +=" لـ=
mer at the daily forums ble, it Was perplexing y pararı KS She got Lup) y be infor TTE}{d that she? head giri of that Wery BUS College, in 1933. rate exactly why she at post in School, she surprised if nota little stseerflohera stupid he smiles broadly and | Was a Very good Jd in my studies, in Going through the lé à 30 firls Öl Jl fäl talked about acts of
defiance she got up to Were precisely as the head-girl of the school One must
hasten to add that she had very corrirrendable and logical reasons to explain each of these acts. Irrespective of the Worthiness of the deed, she always took her inevitable punishment, aven though it proved to be a non deterrent.
The First Political Action
One such was the selling of the Suriya Flower instead of the poppy. On the 11th of November 1934. The proceeds from the Sale of the poppy Flower On Remembrance Day locally was to be for the Welfare of the Ceylonese War KLaLLLLLLLSLLLCLL aa LLL LLLL LLLL LLLLLL sent most of the money back to England, leaving a maagrՅ բroբortion to the Cal veteranS. DiSSatisfied With this arrangement the Ex-servicemen's Association along with the Marxist Citar Tiña led YOLL Lh LeagLJES de Cidēd On thĒ indigenous Suriya flower to rival the IImperia||Sls' poppy. Crn RerTĩGmberançë Day, instead of the poppy, was sold the Suriya flOWĘr and the fulds of the Sale used for local purposes. Young Leftists including the British-born Doreen Wickremasinghe spearheaded the Suriyama Campaign which heralded the entry of the Marxists into national politics.
On Rememberance Day young WVienne Goonetilleke sold the Suriya aLLLLLLLaL LL LaLL aLLLLLu aa LLLLLLaS S LLLLLL teachers. She recalls that it was a 100% success With students and only about half of that With the older generation, the teachers. Vivia however did not stop her campaign with the Sale of the Suriya aLCLS aLaL LLLLLLLHLHHLLLLaLL S LaLL LKLaLGHLLLCCLL the Students to place their boxes of instruments atop the blackboards and at 11.00 a.m. to topple these to Obliterate the sound of the gun salute. The students responded. The sound of falling boxes of instruments with the blackboards Taking a deafening Sound throughout the School was music in Wiwiesears. The culprit was fCUTC []Ut tũ ba mārlE Cither thäm the head-girl of the school, who was duly punished at assembly.
This, at the age of 18 was her first act against imperialism. Starting with this she Terlain 15 a Stauch anti-imperialist, betre imperialists the British of the Americans and the affected State Sri Lanka of Cuba, NOW at the age of 79 she continues to speak out against imperialism and LaaLLaLLTLLL LLLL S S LLLLLLaLLS LaaHGLLL S LLLL peoples.
Getting involved in this manner in the SLriyama Campaign Was also Vivie's first

Page 19
conscious political action: a culmination of sorts of several years of radicalization of La S SS LLL LLLL0LLaaaa S S SSS K L SS LLLLLLLLL Enriched With political discussion, the activity of uncle Philip and Robert, and her Own WOracious reading. The Wo uncles played their part too in providing their young and intelligent niece With political literatu TE. ČTB Of the TIBITOFable DOOkS given to her by Uncle Philip was Lenin: On Women. Sir Tplified books on Marxism WETE to follOW.
This was also the year in which the island was hit by the Tost Virulent epidemic of malaria. The burgeoning Left Movement plunged into Work in the Worst affected areas: nursing the sick, feeding ther II, etc. The Ex-Servicemen's Association donated the funds they had Collected in the Suriyamal campaign to these youth who were helping the sick, Young Vivienne Wasinvolvedina diferent Way. The residence of Dr. Goonatieke Was converted in to a virtual hospital. The long "L'shaped Verandah was completely given over to the sick. While the father medicated, mother and daughter nursed the sick. "We keptice packs. On their heads to get the fewer down and covered their bodies. With thick bankets. A lot of the Sick father kept in o Lur home Were little children." The Salient feature of this Whole experience to Vivie Was that the most affected Were also the poorest even from among the poor.
Crisis. At Home
Amidst all of this, the youthful student had arrived at a Crisis in her OWI life. She Who had litherto Combatted, albeit vertially, the conservatism of the older generation, now faced the Whole Weight of it in her father's refusal to consider his daughter proceBoding in higher studieS. That she was intelligent and clever he already knew, but the burder of Conventional norms also bore heavily upon hirsl. Young Women Gf gQQd farsly and Wealth, With a Secondary education, had then to be given in marriage to a young man of Similar background and good education. Higher education was certainly a dis-qualification for a Woman if the above were to be her aspirations. Very much a man of his times, Dr. Goonetilleke believed this, Vivierine had already pased the Cambridge Matriculation Examination at the age of 16 and while still residing at the boarding School at Musaeus College and encouraged by Marjorie Davidson, her teacher and the daughter of the Director of Education, had sat for the University's Scholarship. Examination, Dr. Gooneti|leke was ignorant of most of this activity. Uncle Robert's authority to
E.
琶
remove the children used by uncleandr and to sit for the E had even been a W. the scholarship E scholarship to Studi at the University C faced the father's father's friends E Coomarasamy an Carmië to her FESCUE him, not on ground social justice: she h to pursue English if she does not go, EWE TO a TlCollhilf St Waste, they said, TF that hlie WW III CiorTea L people for a rich mÉ a pola CerTitant at the it could not be aWa argument Workeda WOTE TO ET air Educati Orl.
This, at the a first act agair Starting with t a Stauch allti-i imperialists th America is an state Sri Lanka the age of 79 S speak out aga and solidarize
nations and pe
At University too the Women's host: Ha Wing lowed the til acting and havingh to school production POSSibilities nOW 0p+ She Tjet Prof. LL do her wish to join thi Drama Society Profa SSOI said "Tig father said, 'definite
EWE I With Out the life at University dramatic, For instar Soysа апd "Jin Colleagues at Unly Wooed her and both Sydney Soysa Wa leopard cub. One di by the Window in het a low growill behin looked out in alarr
 
 
 
 

from school had been BCE to attend Classes Karmination. WiVienne rided an exhibition at kā Tirāti. Vi ā for English Honours College Colombo, she
ConservatisfT), Her агіпрапауаgam, V. J. N. Art III Ugarth, They reasoned With ; of modernity but on as Won a Scholarship Honours and as such that placement is lost udent, which was a ey Went. On tO le|| him nder Criticism by the n's daughter Wasting university since now ded to another. This ld enabled the young | Lupon a University
ge of 18 was her 1st imperialism. his she retains Imperialist be the e British or the d the affected Cor Cuba. NOW at he continues to inst imperialism | With affected oples.
she was boarded at | UT1 []LJe#Tls Road. вatre and especially Theft:0 heeft ConfirlEU Si, Wiwie re Welled in the +rn to the rati University. Wyck and expressed a Drari Soc (as the was known). The st certainly' but the y not". No, it was.
Drarin SCC Wivierina's rowed to be quite ethere were Sydne
gle" Dissanayake, rsity, both of whom if Whom she rejected, helped by his pet ly as she sat reading room a creature gave her shoulder. She and the Te Was the
young man Who gave a boW and introduced himself, "Sydney Soysa, if you Please". Rorriance and studies were mot all there was to University life. There was politics too. In 1936 the Duke of Gloucester Visited Ceylon. Professor Marrs Was KCE that the Students The et hir TT. The students, however der Tonstrated agairist the DLuke's proposed visit. This was an eventful period in politics too. The LSSP had been formed in 1935. They led anti-fascist
Lidia ITIO nistrations against Franco, Im Colombo, and Wive joined these demonstrations along With other University students. All of this, the
Orance and the politics, Was too much for the father. With only the first years' Examination being completed, the young scholar was brought home with a firm negative concerning her University education. This time the father kept his foot down. Har lecturers at University pleaded with the father to let his daughter attend the University since they considered it a sharine to disrupt the education of such an intelligent young student. Among these delegations from University to plead her cause was also a Buddhist Bikkolu, HEr Ecturer in Fall. A| these appeals fell on deaf ears.
Yet, Lunda Lumited Wiwiteine decided on an External degree. Uncle Robert again Castle to her rescue to solve the problem of registration and examination fees, Since she could not attend lectures of classes of any sort, she had to abandon her love for an English Honours course. Instead she registered for a General Degree in Arts. Her perennial love of reading masked any hint of preparation for a University ехапіпation from her father. He never suspected the frequent Visits of Harry Jayawardene' to be anything but what he was told they were all about - to discuss the many books Wive so fervently read. In reality Harry Jaya Wardene was helping Wiwie With her Economics paper, About the same time and unknown to the father, she also attended political rallies and meetings organized by the LSSP, where Philip spoke. As always, Uncle Robert was her accomplice in this too.
Notes
1 KM, Da Silva, A History of Sri Larika OUPDah
1981 pp. 402-415.
2. Protot English at Ceylon University College, later University of Ceylon. In addition to bairng a LLLLLLL LLL LLLLLL LLK LLLKLLL LLLLLLa LLLLLL L LLLLLLL LLL srl Hiri Lif the theatre.
3. They later want on to become senior police
officers with a reputation for toughness.
4. Of Padukka, Afriend of the family,

Page 20
ENDEAVOUR TO
LS, IN AN
 
 
 
 

泛泛
anayake Mawatha, Colora is fix .33:15 ke Veedjyå kåndy
Fax žai: ် ဗျွိ ဗွို
FOR THE FUTURE"
888 . . .
8

Page 21
CONFLCTIN
(CE
The Cases of Ruta
he recent military coup in BurLIFT di Which brought into power Pierre Buyoya, a former < TLJtsi Legader is ar 1 ir1GidiCatiCbrh of th1B dangerous situation building up in Central Africa. The new leader took power after making a pledge that he would stop the inter-ethic killings and halt the expulsior to neighbouring Rwanda of Hutu refugees.
The Tiilitary COLup) CarTTE in the Wake Cf ar incident Where Tutsi dermonstrators peltad President Sylvestre Ntibantungarya With stones and cow dung when he came to pay his respect to Tutsi victims of a Hutu gang. Tha Presiderit, a Hutu, Tled to the American Embassy, paving the Way for a military takeOWET.
The political changasin Burundi resemble in many ways, the deteriorating situation in RWanda in 1994, Political Scientists and journalists hawe in recent years described Sh events Ed5 "Tribalism". This is a convenient Way to classify the numerous conflicts that have arisen since the end of the Cold War. Apart from Rwanda and more recently Burundi, other examples of "Tribalist|In" are the Sor Talliam and BOST1ain COTT||İCTIG.
In Tiany ways both Rwanda and Burundi have the same problem and it therefore follows that they should be examined together. Both hawe a Hutu Tajority of about 80% and a Tutsi minority of about 15%. The animo sity between these two "ethnic" groups has resulted in some of the Worst "tribali" WiolerC On the Africal Contilent Since both countries gained independence from Belgium in the early 1960's,
Rwanda, since its civil War in 1994 is today a devastated Country which reads to be rebuilt allost from scratch. Burund on the other hand is experiencing escalating civil Strife betWeen the Hutu and Tutsi Communities Attemptstohältthe bloodshed are being examined at a regional and international level at present.
| Dilip S. Samar, international Re at: Àir Lanka I. i lecturer in Inter at the BCIS. El Essex Universit Master's Degree Universitys Sche nd Public Affair
To understand the
cits ir bL will analyse histori RWända arid Hän in
Colonial Rule in F
A study of RW history would confir reasons to expect t took place in 1994. Il di Catenat COdition by colonial powers v difērāc5 bēīvēle groups, Rwandafits w of the "divide-andattributed tO COli LEEfOTE WIS Otta hii RWarda - it Wal
policy,
This ECCITES pre-colonial times, th FWarda and BLIT by a majority of H minurity of Tutsi displaced the Twas the Pygmies. Lan barrier SilCE C Kinyarwanda, a tong 17th Century.
|It Call thiĒfefore ble || Lhile arri Wall of Rwanda-Burundi Wa: Where a certain dagr. existed between the H Lutu CultiWators, WBr5 Tutsi herd SITIBritra CE Haritic CES. The
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

NTRAL AFRICA:
nda and Burundi
Dilip S. Samarasinghe
singhe is Senior lations Executive d and a visiting iational Relations is a graduate čiť y and holds a from Columbia is of International 3.33.
Iori plex issues relating 1 Countries, this paper cal developments in Burundi.
Wanda
anda's pre-colonial til at the TE WETE TO bloodbath which In fact all SEE115 to s of Strife War Created who wanted to exploit
the various ethnic ery Wall the Stereotype rule" policy usually a rule, "Tribalism" omegrown phenomen inspired by Colonial
ery, clear Since im a country consisting of Jd| Was in Fläbited Itu CultiWäitorS and 3 herds. Then Who had a race related to guage was not a
Cor Timurnities spoke e they adopted in the
:Stablished that before the White man a caste-based Society le of interdependence Wo Communities. The of Bantu originand the i their ancestry to the country Was a feudal
monarchy ruled by the Mwami (King) who was a Tutsi. Perhaps this was originally what fostered in the Tutsis their belief that they had a right to rule the land.
Tribal consciousness really appeared with the arrival of the first Europeans, in 1890, LLaL LLLLLLCLLL LLLLLLL LaL LLLLLLCLLLL LLLaLLaH German EastAfrica (present-day Tanzania). They took control of the land but chose to rule it through the Mwami. In 1903 they made the territory a protectorate Under the overa|| rule of German East Africa. This legitimized the position of the Mwami as an agent of German Colonial rule. The Germans also identified the Tutsis as a "Comporadore" class to help administer their new territory,
The choice Seamed logical, since the local aristocracy consisted of Tutsis and the Germans assumed, rightly, that they Ware the overlords of the Hutus, But what they did was legitimize the situation and ever increase the gap between the two Communities. German "race-experts' further established that the very tall, often straight-nosed and sometiriles fairerskinned Tutsis were distant relatives of the White peoples of Europe and Consequently the legitimate rulers of the lard.
So they sent many young Tutsis to mission schools and the Caste of herdsmen and LLLLLLLLS LLLLL SLaL0CLLLLL SC S S LLLL S SLSL administrators. The interdependence between the two communities was replaced by a situation where the Tutsis were much better prepared than the Hutus to meet the chia||enges of the 20th Century. Um doubtedly tribal awareness Would have emerged at this stage With Tutsis feeling a sense of being in control and Hutus feeling left out,
After the defeat of Germany in the First World War, Rwanda was given to Belgium in 1919 to be ruled under a League of Nations mandate. In 1925, the territory was unilaterally incorporated into Belgian Congo.

Page 22
Belgian rule over Rwanda followed the German policy of relying on a Tutsi oligarchy. The iristitution of the Tutsi MWär Ti Wa:S retailed. As years passed the inegalities Stugar the WOCOmmLIrlliés ILIffler grEW,
Colonial Manipulation and the Independence of Rwanda
While tribalisriTi rimay hawe been the Belgians' policy of administrating Rwanda, tribal war was the colonial power's parting gift. When throughout Africa leade TS SUchas Mkhi TLITIRahl, LLUIT Lumba and Kenyatta spoke of independence, Colonial powers sought to leave behind problems which they could exploit in the future. The Tutsi leadership therefore believed that their time had core to rule Rwanda alone. This proved to be a fateful IIlista ke.
It was at this stage that the Belgians were to "discover" the existence of the Hutu majority. The Belgians were to tell then that independence really means majority rule. So the Hutus Were prapared for independence by the creation of Representative Councils. These opened the gates of the political system to the majority community which was eager to hold power.
But the main purpose of this Towe Was to subvert the institution which the Gerrars and Belgians had built up over the years, the feudal monarchy of the Mwami, The monarchy was toppled in 1959 by the Hutus with behind the scenes Belgian Support. The first massacres of Tutsistock placé in 1959, during the last years of Belgian rule. The community which had served successive colonial masters with loyalty was tossed on the bonfire of independence.
"Tribalism" manifested itself again in 1962 When Rwandagained its independence. The event was marred by anti-Tutsi riots in which thousands Were reported killed. This led to the flight of thousands of Tutsis to Uganda where as early as 1963, they formed a guerrilla force aiming to return to power in YLKLLLLSS LLLL S LLLLLLLLS L HaL SS LLCLLL LLLLCLLL usually unsuccessful and triggered ferCCious reprisals against Tutsis remaining in Rwanda. In the 1960's and 1970's between 10,000 and 30,000 Tutsis are believed to hawa HEEr killed im SLIch attacks.
The Rwandan Tragedy
The situation changed radically when the Uganda-based Tutsis formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in 1980. In October 1990, til Front made a Series of Lunsuccessful forays into Rwanda, was
rapidly defeated and Uganda.
BLlt til Ese atta CKS S. a feeling of insecurity HLUTLI TLIETS WHO realis leard tile last of the F what prompted the Juwamal Habya firTiarna "Tiria || 5 || Lutili Ti" t) CILItal hatred Wa āti-TLS brādāSts Cico||ires, a StatiiCJIT SEIl Fild Attle STE Army began training E 50,000 H Lutus as Tiiliti be the "stormtroopers' Sol Luti OT,
External factors als. desparate Towes to increasingly solated Wä5 LIrider StrUng
ട്ട്
A study pre-colonial Cofirit that
TBSCITS t bloodbath Whi in 1994.
*
Organization of Africa UN to Bengage in a pi. the RPF. Details of the Arushid ACCOrd implemented with th Nati 15 MİSSİOfOf F
The terrible Tlissa was therefore a l; extremist Hutusto pre effort, The killings W an aircraft carrying F JH RWärda afid | Pri BLITլIntil was Shitյt :it: missile baligved to | RPF. THIS WE5 till: 5: whole country. The UNAMIR were unab dok foLr WBeks for peacekeepers. But general exterminati RW adal.
It is now estimate TLitsis Tay hawe diĘ
 
 

retreated back into
ucceeded in Creating ar Tiong the COL Intry's ed that they had not RPF. This is perhaps regime of President to seek to implement
the Tutsi problem. S fostered by virulent 1 R di O. de:S Mi|| 25 up with this purpose time, the Rwandar is many as 30,000 to HTETI, TIESE WETE LO "of the proposed final
played a partin these old on to power, The Habyarimarla sEgirile
pressure from the
as
Of RWäIda's history Would there Were 10
expect the
ch took place
in Unity (OAU) and the wer sharing deal With hese were included in WFlich1 Wygas to be help of the United Iwanda (UNAMIR).
fe of tha T Lutsig in 1994 1st ditch attempt by -empt the interflational are triggered off. When resident Habyarimana !sident Ntaryamira of w'n by a surface-to-air ave been fired by the park which ignited the 270 BLE Hēlēts of e to do anything and it it to increase to 5,500 this did not halt the | T | E TJES S CF
d that gabb0ut 1 rmillicor1 di during the events of
1994, at the hands of Rwandan troops and machele-Welding Hulu militiaman. The scale of the loss of human lives and of the destruction of property can in part be blamed LaL S LLK S SGLLLLS SS LL S LL S LaLLLLaaL community.
International Inaction
During the crisis of 1994, the International Community was conspicuous by its lack of action. The UN seemed unwilling to become HLHLLLLLLL S LL S LLLLLLaL LHHLS LLaL LLLLLL deviated from its traditional role of keeping Warring armies apart and of enforcing ceasefires Ectween independant States,
The USA. On the Other land close not to become involved in the Tessy tribal War. The US administration acted according to President Clinton's "Directive on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations," which Stressed nor-intervention in Conflicts where US National SECLUrity Was mot directly in Wolved. It is ni Edess to say that Rwanda with no oil reserves nor any historical link to the USA would in any Way Warrant the attention of the Pentagon's strategic planners,
Furthermore, the US was still smarting froT the bitter 25son it learned in Somalia, whërë a humanitarian operation degenerated into a shooting-war with Somali warlords. The prospect of getting bogged down in an open - ended peacekeeping operation in Rwanda offered no attraction to til CITT AT ISTO,
The Victory of the RPF was therefore greated internationally With a sigh of relief since the pogrome initiated by the militias had come to an end. But this euphoria soon LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLHLLLLLLL LLLLLL "internationalized" the problem by fleeing to Zaire. By setting themselves at Goma Refugee Camp, the Hutus had given the reluctant World bodies a LIITianitarian problem of gigantic proportions. In fact the problem had now been reversed with the Hutus becoming Rwanda's new victims,
The only intervention of significance Was the two-month long French military LLaLCLLLLL S SS SLLLLL S00L00 S SSS S LLLLLL Rwanda. Known as "Operation Turquoise," the exercise allowed fleeing Hutus to escape under French military protection to Zaire. The motives of this acţionare LInclear, bLIl France had replaced Belgium as the leading backer O HLTL do Triated administratioTS SICE LE: end of Colonial rule.
Although the war in Rwanda is over and the RPF have sought to ease tensions by

Page 23
appointing Hutus as both President and Prime Minister, many problems lay ahead, HulL15 belieWE Hät IESS TEFISUrSS ärE largely cost retic and point to the fact that most of the Cabinet are minority Tutsis,
They also do not balieve that they would be spared by the Tutsis, in spite of pledges by the RPF that only those responsible for Crimes Would face prOSGCLITIOn.
It is therefore likely that the current situation is just another phase of a long dra WITH COI flict Where thi Dre is no Tiididla ground, Hutus are reported to be arming themsel Wes at Goma and hawe already began hit-and-run attacks on the RPF in RWända. More significantly, Hutu guerrillas have become participants in the ongoing conflict in Rwanda's neighbour, Burundi.
The Burundia Mirror
lm mamy Ways Burund is an accurate description of what Rwanda may hawe looked like had the Tutsis not lost power. In Burundia dominant Tulsi oligarchy has held power BLIt has since 1993, tolerated a Hutu President. But this position of dominance is being challenged by Hutu political forces and by the destabilizing situation in neighbouring RWärda.
The recent military coup which brought to power Pierra Buyoya Ilay be a last-ditch attempt to defuse a conflict where the death to|| has riseri drar Tatically. Others See it as an attempt by Tulsivested interests to remain In the driving saat. Although they are only 14% of the population of Burundi (the remaining 85% being Hutu) the Tutsis are 95% of the cadres of the ruling party, 88% of all magistrates, 88% of university |Ecturers, 14 Out of 19 Cabinet ministers and 20 Out of 22 ambassadorS. Tutsis th Grefore dominate Burundi's public life but they have to face demands by the Hutu majority to play a bigger rCle. These dermands hawe often been backed by violent action,
|It Carl the fëfcÖTEB ble Said that the CLITTEėmit SilLälion in Burundi mirrÖfs tät Of FWärlda in 1959, when the Tutsi Monarchy was Owarthro W. But in Burundi, The Tutsis ha WE fought back to maintain their dominance and have suppressed severely any attacks against their kinsmen.
The Escalation of the civil War in Burund LLL LaLLLLL LLLL LL LaLLLLLLL LLaLLLLL LL SEat Lup a POWër-sharing mechanism betwĖëri the two CO TITL Inities. The Thain effort was the meeting held in June 1996 at Mwanga in Tanzania chaired by Julius Nyerera. At the initial stage, the Conference obtained a
commitment by the prevent their country ättack Siril0 BLUTLIncidi,
But the litiative orie headed by Tanz It is backed by the U States in addition purpose is to stop th Burundi 10,000 lives Words, the internatior Wat Ether RWT. Very best to pressuri. in Bujur Tibura.
ThiS TE2|LC:ta PCE i5 One Considers the fa of RWE, it is the E Burl Indi's Tutsis sh giving Up COntrol gendarmerie, sec. administration, FoottПЕТactic Of Prima Mir at the Tanzanian talk
If the talks were Hel Burundi Was StarWE Europaапаid. The U| Progres National) r funds to Sustain the W. Fladreserves til flexi L realpolitik rather than topQWersharing that authorities to the talk:
In addition, the internationalized Wi based in Gorna joinin of the Burundiär Hull to close Collaboratic dominated army of B RW adal. What is conflict in Burundi phase of the Rwant
Al this Stagelitis di meaning of the 25 Ju Pierre Buyoyato po, president has indica Support the deployr and backed African dra W II frOfTh Tim Zamii and other African St: a na W step WiFi araby in peacekeeping W. involved as it did in S
While the Buyoya that Burundi's probler by Burundians thern: Lihat til Tarratio bogged down. In its fir ||| LJPRONA Hrld FRODEBU (Front p Burundi) had bear
 

Zairēšan Luthorities to
жеing used fогguerrilla
not purely an African 1ia"S Elder StatBST1n. SA Western European Africa II powers. Its } carriage which costs every month. In other a community does not a and therefore didits e the reluctant regime
Lunder Standable Wher B that befell the Tutsis fore not surprising that W lille Enthusiasm in
of the Army, the rity services and Iragging was therefore İster Antoine Nduvayo S.
dat all, It Was E2CaUSe HCl of Art Erican and PRONA (Unite pour le egime badly needed as and its Treasury only }ecembert it therefore a genuire Commitment brought the Burundian
Conflict has become I RWandan Hulus g the Fight on the sido I. Titrāli bitwa Eam the TLITSİ LJT di and the RPF in W feared is that the is just the second än bloodbath.
Cult to assess the real y Coup which brought Ver, Certainly the new ed Fathe Would mot rt of the US-funded Peacekeeping Force Uganda, Zimbabwe tes, The Scher The Was he US Would engage hout getting directly
Talia,
regime has indicated is can only be resolved elves, it is fair to say initiative had become alstages both the Tutsi |HE2 Hutu do Tinataj |ur la de TOCfati au
trading insults at
Mwanga. FRODEBU's refusal to Conder in
the action of machelte-Wielding Hutu irregulars in recent attacks on Tutsis was bla Tad for LE deadCCk.
Divisions within the political elite of the country were also apparent when both EBuLucil's HLUTLU Presidigt af TLuigi PrinTe Ministar wanted to control the African Multi-National Force, The military Coup therefore carne at a linne when the country's political rulers appeared to be losing control of the situation. It appeared to be the only solution to end a conflict which had already CŪSt 150,000 || WEES,
Conclusions
Both Burundi and Rwanda are un fortLinate examples of instances. Where a misguided and Self-serving Colonial policy can lead to a human tragedy of monumental proportions.
Fiwanda, for reasons exas Tined earlier is the Worst affected of the two With OVEr a million of its population dead and hundreds of thousands living in refugee Camps. it is a country where virtually all in fra Structures hawe been destroyed and where the intellectual and professional class has been annihilated. It is difficult to imagine such a country returning to normalcy. Perhaps a good description of the situation is to say that Rwanda in the 1990's is What Caribodia Was in the late 1970's. The only aris Werfor thät lumforturate state is like in the case of Cambodia, the irTipolementation of a rTmassiwe internationali relief effort.
The situation in Burundi is still fluid and the recent military coup by the Tutsi-dominated army could hawe two possible outcomes. Either it could serve as a Tears 10 ratair Tutsi d'OrTiiria TCe cor hopefully it may be an internal mechanism to end the violence in the country.
Bibliography
0SLSLLLLLSLL aLLLLLSLLLLLLLS LLLS LLLLL LLaL SLLaLLLLLH StatD, Citizens Tribalist and the Ngw Disordar (HarperCollins, London 1995),
2. Clarke, J. Leaders not followers (Foreign
Policy Winter 1995-96).
3. Dest exho, A: The Third Genocide (Foreign
Policy 1994).
KS amLLLLSSS SS SS LLLLLLLHL SHLHL LlLuuLLLLLLLLH LLL
Genocida (Current History May 1936),
5. Sgwara articles in tha "International Harali Tribung," "Le Monde," "NewSWgek," "Time" "The ECOOThis".

Page 24
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Page 25
LET MY PEOPLE GO!
alf a million citizens of Sri Lanka, born and bred on that God-given sacred soil of the Jaffna Peninsula, which they lowed as their motherland, cultivated and brought forth fruits for the Whole island for many generations - this homeland adorned with beautiful houses and gardens and cultivalitaris — fäll fruits of the labors of generations of Tamils - had to be abandoned in One right to an Army advancing to Conquer and devastate that sacred city of Jaffna and hoist a Lion Flag on it. Generations of Tamils cannot forget this shameful and imperialistic act of the Sri Lankan GÖVEftirT1ent.
LLaaLaLaLLLLL LL LLL LLLLuuLLLLLLLa LLLLLLaL LLLLLa LLLLLLa LaHLLLaaLaLLLL by their dedicated services for many decades, were on the road, |terally shỉwering and Slarwing for days t| thay founcil arlother shelter Mothers with their babilis in hards Crying for food Were looking up to the dark clouds for relief. Boys and girls, who have been hard hit for decades by unjust discriminations with regard to their studies, who were literally burning bottles of costly kerosene oil to study hard and assure sole success for their future, were now humiliated and chased away from their motherland-to carry not their books, but the old and the sick on their bicycles to safer places.
With regard to the return of the displaced people to the Jaffna Peninsula, it ITILISt be saidinal|| Tainness, Lihata People having || Ved for about six months under trying conditions of food, clothing and shelter, raturally grabbed the first chance to return to their homes, Even if they had been badly damaged and robbed. They were not running into the arms of their lowers. But into their natural habital even if it had been raped by the presence of an army of occupation,
And as itstands today, it is the AITy that is given this non-enviable LLL LHHLHaa LLL LLLLLLLK LLL LLLL LL CC LLLLLCLSLLLLLLaCCCC CCaLHHL languishing on the borders of existence. A few smiles and some nica wards in Tarrill from a Sinhala arrry may sound Sweet arid enticing for a few days. And Vice Versa, a grateful response from the Tamil residents for sparing their lives from their weapons may be satisfying to the Weary soldier. But this sudden relationship Created by force of events and hidden agenda cannot last. A soldier LLL K LLLHHataLaLaS La S a LKLaL LLLLL LaLL aLaaL LLLLLLLLSLLLLLLaL LLLL LLGHLHHLLtaataL aa La LLL S LLLaSLL LLLLL LLaaLLLLSSS SSLK LLaaL Owernight become the angel of Peace in the Wartorn a reas. When the very architects and agents of War who for decades have bombed and killed and destroyed and instilled only fatal horror into the hearts and minds of the Tamil people turn over-right into smiling friends Ka LLLLLaLLLL aLaaLLL a LLLS L LLLL LLL LLL LLLLHHLtmaaaa aLLLL aL Taisa SLISpicions abOLit heir Fidden interltions.
Can a military that was recruited, trained commissioned to fight and kill turn out to be peace-makers? And this explains clearly the meaning the Government is giving to its declared intention of the "War for Peace". It is not a preparatory phase before a political Settlement nor a military Way of irTiposing on the heads of an Lunii Willing people a Political Solution prepared, di SCLISSed and defined by the Will of the majority. It is a pLure military solution in Which the fighting is suspended and the army takes over the governance of the people. We asked for Our rights and a peaceful environment to live and the government generously offers us an option between Tilitary action and military governance
From the Capital of another peace-loving continent, let me make an appeal on behalf of my people for Peace, Not as a political leader, but as a religious leader from among the people caught in the war and thirsting for Peace, in the name of a people held incommunicado for many years from the rest of the World, in the name of a people struggling to survive and resist a genocidal
 
 

Excerpted from the Proceedings of the International LLLLLaaLLaL LLLL LLLLL LaLLLLLLLaLLLL LL LLLLLLa LLLLLaLLL LaLaLLLLL LLLLLL
LLCLaaS LSLLaaLLLLLLLS LLLLLLLLSLLLSS Ka0L LLL LLS
Rev. Dr. S. J. Emmanuel
extinction - without sufficient food, medicine, transport, kLHHLGGHLHHHLLLLLLLSS L a L LLLLL LL LLL LaHLLLLLLL LL LLLLLLa LHLHH CHHL sacrificed their lives for a noble cause of freedom and dignity, truth and juctice, in the name of future generations of all Sri Lankans, appeat both to the Sri Lankan Government as well as to the de facto leadership of the Tamils, also appeal to all the other political partias in Sri Lanka – bethey Sinhala or Tarril –
1) not to play politics with the lives of a people 2) to halt immediately this SenSeless "WaT for peace" 3) to lift the economic ban to the North 4) to lift all media-Censorship and allow journalists and other interested people Lo Visit the War-torn areas and to be copian lQ thẽ truth []f histäfical afld COnlæxttlä| fealitlE5 5) to Creater Tiilitary Conditions Cariduciwe to peace-talks 6) to return as soon as possible to the negotiating table 7) to invite the assistance of some natural but friendly governments or governmental Organisations to help in the peace-talks.
I am standing here as a man of God in service to a suffering mankind, I have hope in the goodness of God and of men. From amidst the deafening sounds of thousands of bornbs and shells falling on our soil and Consuming scared lives, cry out with Mosas of old, "Let Tly people go from this slavery to freedom".
Rev. Dr. S. J. Emmanuel, is the Vicar General of the
Diocese of Jaffna and Rector of St Francis Xavier Major Seminary in Jaffna. He has been the adviser to the Asian Bishops Conference for the past 8 years and is the founder Director of the Centre for Better Society in Jaffna.
Waiting - 29 Letter From Tintern Abbey
Where the Wye woodla II di wa Inders back It blas steppeti gently
Cast secd:011 Willydays like this Or shore with Irain daw'r islopes Tlat wit Illes scd the old Linh LIITTied years this Abbey rose. III SICHTE: quarried frLIII, the yieldLighlill, l1l1 tiiirubiienTheWii firoj III aubur In gia hilts Sproli ting Lento everyone Lihat fell.
In these henney stelling Woods, volces tell Osprayer and page.H.Ints past The sa IIIe slopes saW Time reversing hard drear into ruin Tleprocess we have seri Fought out with the fiercer tide of the Jungle Bak Hille.
But here what biggles reality is not Times process Is the hoary raising of this great Abbey IL- Caill III assLi red CILJEl Copa Liori L aaaaLLLLL LGLLLLLLL CLLL LLLLCaS LLCLLmCLLaa LHLLLLLLL Y aLLa aaaaL aLL LMLL LLLL L L LLLLL L LLCCLLLLaa LaSLCLLLLLLLa Shaping stone to all a lister vision LLL La LLLL LaaaaLLLLL LL LLL LLL LLLLKK LLLLLLS
Now we first rangers straying here Read past and present, pulse and bone LLLLLL L LL LLLLaa LLLL LLL LLLLLLLLS Awhile a creping doubt assails is IsiHilis, Tev'e Lur Would, Teal'?
U. HRTLLIn Fat Hinke

Page 26
|Carld fram բage 71)
mechanisms to resolwe disputës, dirild 3 Wealth Of NGOs Were iristr LI TIT Brital in developing a grass-roots peace constituency. At the higher level, eminent persons and church leaders helped to fā cilitate regotiations When the di SCLISSİOS DECETE deadlocked. Through the Work of the Carter Centre, ti frī Preside tās āsi bēr involved in a number peace initiatives, including negotiations in Haiti in 1994, Bosnia and the Great Lakes Region,
A Tri of COCer
It is the argument of this paper that multi-track Solutions to conflict are the most credible and practical avenues available. A structured approach should promote complementarity of action, based on the Cor Tiparative adWartages of the Widest circle of organisations, citizens and alliances aS possible. A multi-track approach therefore achieves both a LaLLLL aLLLLL LL LLtLLCLDLHLHCaL LLLLLa aL |abour using not only NGOs, the UN, regional organisations, and independent governments, but also a network of businesses, the Church, and citizen.
The strategic aim in the Coming years LLL aLHH LLLL LLLL LLLL LLLLLL LLL LLLLHaaaLLS Wflich involves the participation of HaS LLLaLLLLL S S LLLLLLaLLS S L LLaaLmLmHLHaCS Wferiewer LFIETE IS THIS UITıbrE:llä Cf concern, the greater the likelihood of reducing tension and resolving differences, Already a series of overlapping organisations such as the EU, OSCE, NATO and the High COIT Tissioner for Minorities are focused on addressing European security issues in the future. With NATO membership expanding to include Eastern European states, and the Continued evolution of the EU and the WEU (Western European Union), there is no single institutions which has a monopoly on security Tatters. The objective now, is to develop a system based or bilateral, SLibregional and regional levels. Within these structures the question of sovereignty, non-intervention in domestic affairs, self-deterilation and integrity of the state are being examined, Democratisation and respect for a series of adopted principles and norms in relation to thë dormèstic a rema: the 1994 Code Of Coduct bet Weem States: ad ar ITS Control and arms reductions in the region, are additional issues which are being
integrated and dev
common security Willingness to Co-Op extended to olher reg
The greater the bouf community, the great OF TESOL Jtir, liri CT the agreerTent betw ÅLStralia, Frano, Br States to Work frangWork Was Of III li MozarTibbiq LI B, TIT 3 Egidio Corn T1unity, th the Watical, the Brit Lorro, the UN : government Were in peace agreement. Т TO THE FILE: tt Keeping the peасE Sir T1 LultāI TEOLIS negotiating streams Burundiari di Sierra L influence of third p NGO latWorks that the United States E keeping Burund in . agenda, while in the peace initiatives are NGOs, LunTanitari; provided, and small projects are underW:
The greater the c |EVEls of the Irit Br SHOW, the Tore il Additionally, the ITI Sharing betWeer G rights groups, regior the UN, the grea accountability of the
Conclusion
The range and d amongst inter-gover organisations, NGO. groupS Will neCes: ences in opinion, knowledge, CCITTli Cätlin äld fåWä diffic: Lu|LiCS ai riSĒ ir th as they necessarily the alliar CE ard Syr different "partners' Critical fole in SUSta for peace. A coapproach in prevent TEISfTT LI TE systems" from a preventive One.
This is a rew
 

'eloped within the framework. This eratë në edS to be ional forums.
den is Shared By the Ef thåre: 5 H CharlGE 100 där for Exäriple, Earl China, Japan: itali drid the United חסוחרחסם Jritjer a mense significarice, ddition to the Saint" a Italia ngoWernment, ish-based Company 1 tie A Tierica volved in reaching a le SUCCESS WE15 de all the actors Oreil ! prCCESS Of WO d cómplementary
The Conflicts in -EOne al SO ShOW the arties, The BLUFLU Fildi exist in Europe and We blaen effectiva ir om the foreign affairs a country itself, local
being Supported by an aid is beging
Scale development ay.
oncer that different national Community
proves beneficial, ore tere is burda QwerrimentS, human ial Organisations and ter the degree of parties to the Conflict.
versity of mandates TITI Brital and regiOrlal sandgrassroots civic sarily in Wolwe differresources, flexibility, IITlamt, Cornբalerice, ilability. Yet when 1в peace process - do - it is precisely 1ørgy belWeGT1 thBSE Which Carl pola y a ining th1E2 rT1OTheri turTn ordinated Tulti-track iwe diplominacy airns to Inding of "conflict TEactive Orie tO a
form of diplomacy,
involving a strategic shift from purely state controlled diplomacy towards a greater division of labour betWEEr gewer TI FT1ērnts, NGOs and other organisations. Pea CE irl internal conflict can only come through a process which involves the Very people
WE WETE at Wat Wit E3 CF Other. Preventiwe diplomacy does not prO'Wicia quick responses to spiralling tragedies; it isa matter of long-terma popr0āCh requiring SLI Stairled Tirħam Cial, technical and personnel support. The objective is to eliminate the cycle of violence in internal disputes.
Notes
1 8 SICCama, J.G. (ed.) 1996 C.Tfici provErissar Fried Fary voir firg fri frie Folkeal Practics of siri ferra fiorial Orgartisiä fileir5. Clingendael Report,
153, M, BLI Chanan-Smith, S. Dawies - FairTir7F Early Warring and Rasporisa -The Missing Lirik. Intimmigdial Technology Publicatior 15, U.K. 95.
20. Jacqueling Damon-Conflict Fravel for and Ç3-7riiraticipi fri "FiË Field af DigivalciprīETT Co-präz fir1 – OECD REPIT, BErlin 1995.
21. ReliefWet - Project Description - DHA
REW, gig wall.
22. RupesirghE - Tea CFrg e l'affari li darea: galering a fiew ageri la fi "EL" May, 1995.
23. Rupelsinghe - The Hole of International Ålest in Advancing Early Warning and Early Action; May 1996. Refuge Journal |ErintLiming)
סI IחHחםRuggisingha - TBăghing the BiH ,24
die.
OK0SLL LLLLL S LLLLLLLLS LL LLLLL S LLLLLLLLtMLL S
MLy5y for peallta, 3rd Editir Irl.) H. Lifriarian Press TSE
25. SEE. M. Lund - Freyerlfrig Brid Migging YYLLLS S LLLSSLLSllLuS K a tLlkuLS YLT S LLLLLLaLLLLLLLS LaL SS CCLCLS LC LCLLCCC L LaaaMMMM
99.
27. e.g. the Carnegie Corporatii irl's Crirririli5șir
Cor Präverifirliği Deady Carnflik:Ifs.
28. H. Alker, T. Gurr, R. PHL pasingh -- CrafiiCT Ard Early Warri Irrig Syger 775. An frifia/ Research Prograffirie - Chicago 1995,
29. See H, Henderson, A. Kay = The Global L STLLHHLL0L LH LLLHL a HH LHHLL uaHLHuS
LLLLLaL S KH S LLetLLL S S LCaLLLLLLLa Organisations ima Freisās F3FFE UMSC for Articipatory Risk-Mitigator, Peace-Lilding Confirgari's (AFM-PC, May 1996.
30. Edi Garcia = Parfleira five Approaches FC PeaCarT73 kirginoT [Fea Přihilippoiries-lJN LJ, 1993.
31. Ibid. p. 75.
32, See Chapter 7. SIPRI Yeartook 1996.

Page 27
Will privatization mean the end of the union represent How will the interests of my members be protected
-Trade Unionist.
 

Privatization will in no way dilute or reduce the powers and rights of your union, British Airways was privatized in 1987, and the unions remain to protect worker interests just as before. Some of the world's largest, most powerful and vocal unions exist in the private sector. For example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) represent over 100,000 workers at the three biggest American car companies, none of which are state owned. In fact, there is every likelihood that working conditions will actually improve in privatized companies, since there will be substantial investments made to upgrade facilities and training. You can look forward to representing a considerably more
prosperous Union.
It is important to realize privatization is a means to an end. It is a means to improve our living standards, foster technological progress, create employment and take our nation into a more prosperous tomorrow. In order to achieve these aims, privatization has to be executed in the
appropriate manner.
That is the task of the Public Enterprise Reform Commission (PERC). Its mandate is to make privatization
Workfor Sri Lankans today, and for generations to come.
Every privatization is a carefully considered decision that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society; the general public, the state employees, the consumers, the
suppliers, as well as the country's overal economic vision,
PERC's mission is to see that privatization works. In doing so, your interests are always being Well looked
after,
With privatization everybody has a stake.
P E R C WATCH FULIN THE PUBLIC INTEREST PUBLICENTER FRISE REFORM COMMISSION,
Bank of Ceylon - 10th Floor, No.4, PC. Bay 2001. Bank of Ceylon Mawatha, Calomtha ||, Sri Lamk. Telephors: 341-338.7558 Fix: 4-12 ||

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