Page 1
NICARAGUA Francois Houtor
 

VO. 19 No. 1
October 15, 1996
Price. 15.00

Page 2
NOW A
Second Ena
“ “SRI LANKA :: THE DE
ICES 139 Articles:
| Introduction by Regi Si To Wa TdS Esse C Live DeV O. Some Thoughts on the Lakshi na Il Marasinghe o DC Vol L1 tid) i Hild POW er 5 Development, by Bertra o LDe W { bl L] [i Orl ()f POW eT“. T1 Neelan Tiruchelva 111 Towards A Compromise Breakthrough in Sri La Control Of State Lall d - Slu I lil Ball StialIl o The Still CL Lille and COll C|10ices and Pl'oble lIls │ Co II text of Devolutiof. I
Appendices :
e Pr"eSicleI1t CinaillTika FK1
August 3, 1995 Text of GovCITI 1 Trine It's D Text of GOW cIIllileil's D January 16, 1996 a A Colli IIlentary on the
Government January The Baldaranaike-Che The Senanayake-Chelv; All i lexu te C TeXL Of Lille IIndio - Sri La The Interim Report of Parliamentary Select C o Excerpts from Galinini
Century" o Tilli ticcelli Lill A ille Il diliet
Price:
U.S. S 15.OO IOI SAARC U. S. S2O.OO for Other
All orders to : ICES, 2 Kynsey T. Telephone 685085 / 698048;

ai/a ble
"ged Edition
;VOLUTION DEBATE''
6, 255р.
iwa Talena
ution, by G. L. Peiris Devolution Package, by
Sharing. The Means to Peace and
m Bastianipillai e Problems and Challeges by
Solution, by Slunnanasiri Liyanage Inka. by S. Guha T1 - The Devolution Debate, by
tell of Education: Policy of Implementation in the
roposals, by Sasanka Perera
1 maratunga's Address to the Nation,
evolution Proposals of August 3, 1995 )evolution Proposals of
Devolution Proposals of the 6, 1996, by G. L. Peiris lvanayakalin Pact anayakam Pact
nika Agreement of July 29. 1987 he Mangala Moonesinghe OlllllliLLee, 1992 Dissanayake's "Vision for the 21st
to the Constitution (1987)
RS. 25 O
countries (Airshipment) countries (Airship 111ent)
rrace, Colo 111bo 8, Sri Lanka. Fx 69668

Page 3
hat's going Wrong for the Peoples Alliance 2. The Economy, stupid.
The P.A. has done it again.........added fuel to fire. Of course it has an explanation, and a fair explanation it certainly is. InLLLLLaLLLLL S LLHHLH LL LSaL LLaLLLLSLLLL LL I.M.F., our invisible masters. They insist on TE Withdra Wā| (jf 5 LubSidi ES. SC |E || fGEI F'S ES Eā Start ...,.,,.,,, Fuel, Flour, Fortiliser, a below -the-belt blow to the Working class and the salariad middle-class, an important Wite-bank of the eight - party PEOPLESALLIANCE, which includes the trade union-based Leftist parties. And so, CeCon Cormigis bJ eCOIT es politic S.
First, transport. Lorry owners have already decided to raise charges by Rs. 250 per trip in andaroundColombo, Cab companies have upped rates by Rs. 2 per kilometre, while three-wheeler operators have raised their rates arbitrarily.
Transport Minister Srimami Athulathmudali told the press there would a La LLLLLHuLLLLLL LLLCCLL L LLLLLL CLLL LLLLLL fares, but only because the government had already decided on a staggering 25%
| () (UIS ·
This Laraguardais i the death at the age of 80 of Ms. WVienne-Gooniewardena, a prominen leader of the LSSP, the country's oldest political party; one of the best known and lowed personalities of the Left afront-line fighter in the anti-inperialist cause since the 1930s; and the fore most Woman leader of the Island's progressive movement
While being steadfastly and explicitly opposed to any and all forms offen nism, Vivie Worked tirelessly for the cause of Women'semancipation, specally that of Women of the poorer Classes. From Spain in the 1930s to Cuba and Palestine in the present-day Wvie, a militant internationalist and fighter for world peace, crusaded against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, militarisin, Zionism, neoliberal economic policies and glo ball inequality.
The Lanka Guardian is proud to have published in its last two issues, extracts of her biography in progress, as a tribute on her Both birthday
IrCTICIS i TrES, E | imposed. The othe
The CPC ge hike.: (a) risein Wol tion of the S.L. rup proaching sixty to t just passed the fifty lier. Second defen PA, had relied Flea dond" ..., a negotia: 13 year separatist T fire, autonomy of s. easy, rapidly declinir Week Parliament pa lion Supplementary | Navy Air Force Arakshakas) in add |icOr1 irıcILudedir1 th3 b) Le Tild of the ene rectly, and allowing the PA paid a large the people had to fo וח B r that F יעים ויוםךF Kumaratunga prowe: Tamil community, the ganaral and the wital fact P.A. Was føG|Ed
dny.
FAMILY SILWER
Thirdly, confli direct impact of Seric In search of money of the Ongoing War, til OLIS option ..."sell privatisation. On TELECOM.
The Firstto pr which is led by Mr. B mal Minister, The L. not based on trivialis Batty Weerakoon M. secretary spoke of "E
ETESts".
"| infor IT Edd th 21st that the L.S.S.P. the proposed allocat the shares of TELEC through the device o NO23 of 1987, C - fold. . In relatio TELECOM 5 har E5 || threat to national Int
U.N.P. ROAD, BUT
If the LSSP's Threat It flatdığı | İlt:
 
 

5% had already been
1 OF Wil|| || W.
ựg TWC fååšQ[ls für LF1E} dprices (b) depreciaee Which is now ap10 dollar. When it had mark a few years earle, AWE|-IntentiQfled rily on a "реace divitd. Settlement of thic anni Conflict, a CeasaIts for the ot-andg defence vote. Last 552-13. R. S. 10.06 bilstimate for the Army, (and the Grama Om to the R5, 35 biludget. By not reading my (tha L.T.T.E.) Cortha L.T.T.E. to fool it, prica, a price Which ot. It could be argued ES lādika hEr bona fides to the nati Crial Tiinoriti 25 in danor ComTLimity in t didn't keep its powder
ict within the P.A., the Lus policy differences. O ITIE of the der Tlands TE PA takes the coboWojthe family silver" or 마ffigir is Sri Lanal
}test was thց Լ.Տ.Տ.P., 2rnard Soysa, acabiS.S.P. objections are SLIES. Far from it, Mr. , the party's general
treat to ratical in
E PA Ex CO On the Carinot acquiesce in gns of 35 բer Cant of OM to a private party
the Privatisation Act ur objections a retWO 1 to a di WEastit Lura IoT ere is a Tim Ediate rest".
URTHER,
first objection is the rests, its second real
リ。 Merwyn de Silva son is that the PA is doing what the U.N.P. did. Undert H. Act, the LSSP Geni, Secretary argues, all the shares of TELECOM once privatised will be wested in the Secretary to the Treasury on behalf of the state. But who dides on behalf of the State, asks the L.S.S.P General Secretary Ans Wering his o Wri question, Mr. Weerakoon says that under the Executive Presidential system the "State" does not always mean the Cabinet of Ministers. This is for the season that the Executive power of tha People is westad in the Presidentand NOTitle President AND is TinisterS.
The U.N.P"deliberately utilised this Act in order to carry through its privatisation Without the knowledge of the people or parliament". The L.S.S.P. Gen. Secretary
14 page חם TdחסC
Wol. 19 No. 11 September 30, 1996
Pri CO, R5, 15.OO Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place, 23 = מנEוחסCol Te|Eբիբրը: 4475E4
Editor in Chief: Mervyn de Silva Editor: Dayan Jaya tilleka
Print Bd by United Publishing House (Pvt) Ltd.
C O N T E N T S
Mervyn de Silva 1. Cover Story Bradman weerakoon James Petras - Stanley Kalpage - Nihal Rodrigo S
HOTECE PeräTa.
Francois Houtart U.Karunaltilake 15
LL SS S S S SL L S S SS S

Page 4
2 COVERSIORY
According to the September is
sue of the 'Human Rights Alert",
a publication by the United Na
tional Party, the first political killing after the assumption of office by the Peoples Alliance took place one year ago, in September 1995. The victim was Athula Attygala, former UNP MP for the Ratnapura District and an alumni of the University of Colombo.
"Human Rights Alert" however
Omits to ention that the UNP's
response to this brutal killing of OTTE of it's met Was fa froT Sat= isfactory, Apart from a Watery statement, the party did and said nothing. There was no political campaign to protest against this killing of an unarmed member of a democratic political party; there Was no atter Tipt to Educate and = لیخت Warп the parly members and the general public about what this use of lethal violence against a dem O Cratic political Copponent portends.
Barely a month later, on the 23rd of October 1995, the killers struck again. This title the WiCtirl Was a UNP Thember of the Central Pro WinCE ProjWimCial CCOLITI Cil, W.M. Bandara, a resident of Ududumbara. This killing too went almost uncommented Lupon and un noticed.
The other victims of this campaign of lethal Violence targétingumartTed UNPersinclude Rajakaruna Mudiyamselage Ranathunga, a retired sub post master (killed on 17th Jan '96) and a UNP Candidate in the Pliyandala Cooperative Socicity elections (killed in Aug. 96). This list however is far from complete - best evidenced by the fact it doesn't Tiention the most gruesome killing of all the murder of 24 year old UNP supporter Padmasiri Sharitha of Yakwila, Paragam Tiana. Padmasiri was attacked with a catty and a mammoty, his head was split open and wine spirit poured on the Wound, while his wife of two years, Dhammika Rajapakse Watched helplessly, forcibly prevented from Coming to her young husband's aid by his assassins.
The first anniversary of the Contriencement of this campaign of physically eliminating L'armOd UNPerS Was ComTICTOrated in grand style - though not by the UNP. The result was the carnage in Negombo which ClairTed Th2 || Wes Of Six UN PerS and OrE passer by. (Our Cover this time depicts some of the less gory scenes of this bloody tableaux)
"Clarity, above all else'. It is therefore nec
essary to understant campaign of բolit Firstly these murder ings' (for real or ima ted by the victims o UNP rule). If these they should have tak diate after Tali of Li Іогу апdnot опе уeа. of the victims, Pa ParagamiTara was
IK, 11#F||
jected to the pasting anniversary, 'skull" p. hOLISB. SEE LOWPr E tograph), Secondly graphically Widely they cannot be attri mainly) to the misc individual politico, T. is not a local, provi OTGión bL El niti Ըannot but be thE | policy which has be: at the top of the poy lathal Wiglanca is b party which is not political party in the SEVEere provocation COIducted ITSGIF Wil restraint during it's sition, consistently to disrupt the incum
Violence (including hardly new to Sri La bloody insurgencie: One separatist War HOWEVer. What We last one year is the enon - that of politic The ditated, Cold blo TETb3rs of a der allegedly by mem cratic political party OL's Violent Conflicts tagonists (the JWP aid the LTTE Int War) were not part. EVerin lE Case Of
 
 
 

|hea TTLIG Tā ture of thi5 all assassinations. are not "revenge killInSd Grimä5 COTTIIIring the 17 years of Were Tevenge killings in place in the immee PA's electoral wigtwo years later. (One i Tasi i Shantha of illed beCaLISG hle ob
புபு اليا.
of the PA's second ster on the Wall of his ottom right hand phohe incidents are geodispersed - therefore buted (solely or even Olduct of this or that he largeting of UNPers Inicial or regional pheonal One. Therefore it Jutcome of a general Insanctioned by those verheap. Thirdly, this sing unleashed on a inly the largest single | country but (despite s) also a party which H Lutim Ost Ca Lition and wo years in the oppoafusing to do anything bent regime.
political Violence) is ika-Certainly after two (71 and '87-'89) and which is still not over). have Witnessed in the -וחסBW phenחirth of aו I cannibalism :the preded killing of unarmed ocratic political party Gfš Of a FløthET dẹTT10= In the case of prewsom C of the main prothe two insurgencies case of the separatist The filä|T15lfEHTT, HöWhis new phenomenon,
琵 Mé!
ASPECALCORRESPONDENT
both protagonists belong in the democratic ITlaisi STEST.
Sri Lanka has Witnessed several attempts by Various incumbent regimes to change the rules of the electoral game in their favour. The postponement of elections by two years by the SLFP led coalition regime in 1972, the removal of SLFP leader Ms. Bandaranaike's civic rights by the UNP in 1981 and the postponement of elections by means of a referendum
by the UNP in 1982 are r-E SLChir StarCEE HOWever in all these cases the chosen method was the
-:mis LISO3. Mab Luse of the Com - أي stitution; if violence was 弯 used subsequently, it was merely tactical and Was al| Ways non lethal. There is the refore a qualitative difference between the prey- OLIS instances and this energing phemomenon of political violence. Today the strategy is one of lethal Violence : targeting mem: bers of the main opposition party. With the objective of creating a fear psychosis, thereby preventing it from mounting an effective challenge at any future election. It is not accidental that many of the victims Worë elected members Of Vario LIS derTIOcratic representative bodies. The UNP's inability unwillingness to ensure the safety of it's members may force some of thern to look for other protectors - perhaps even outside the democratic Tainstream).
What is being attempted today through the killing of lunarmed UN Pers is the changing in a major Way, in a strategic sense, of the | Lles of the ga The (i.e. the subversion of the democratic process primarily through the use of lethal Violence). The Violent threat to democracy therefore is coming this time not from outside the system but from within. If this extremely dangerous trend is allowed to continue unchallenged. the range of fire which currently includes only UNPers will widen to include all democratic political opponents (both party and non party). And even if the perpatrators succeed in their aim of destroying or nautralizing all potential democratic challengers, their triumph Will be a pyrrhic Victory The Violent elimitation of all de Tocratic contestants, W|| open the door wilde for anti democratic, anti systemic forces (JWP or JWP type) which are waiting in the Wings - waiting for the mainstream parties to destroy each other or to self destruct and the democratic system to implode so that they Carl, at long last, Walk over the Carcasses and the ruins to their promised land.

Page 5
IIS Tet Jariles Gräsit WEf Flo Was at HS LS Air MjSSİOT i ClCJI TEOD id || W-5 ASSIStant Secretary to Prime Minister SWRD Bardäraraik E BEtwSS† 1956 änd 1959. Our association then was mostly Social but the impression | hawe Carriad since was that of an extremely enthusiastic and persuasive American With a wide circle of friends and the ability to reach out to and move easily with the highest in the land. This experience of Working in Sri Lanka - then Ceylon - particularly on the humanı TeSOLIrce developmentside, which took him into the remotest parts of the island and contact with the poorest people, undoubtedly had a great influence on his attitude and thinking about the processes of developT"|ETE What it. In een LC || 12 p00s and how to make it SuStainable. It also left hirt With What Sri Lanka mis liko to think, a permanent affection for the country and its people, Ji Ti Was intrigued as were many others by the relative success the Country had achieved, ever at that time, in reducing mortality, aspecially of mothers and children and raising literacy TEVEls particularly amongfemales, in spite of being basically a low inCO.Te economy. As SLICCessive governmants followed bipartisan policies of inwestling massi Weły in Schooling prograTI TIE:s and Expanding medical services especially in the rural areas, Jim Grant Would refer to Sri Lanka as a Todo|| of a developing country that had got its priorities right. It had not waited to get rich before it could reduce mortality and increase life expectancy and also concurrently lo War fertility lewels. It was a COTIpelling example to him of a country that challenged the popular view that a developing Country cannot afford to spend on basic health and education. Until it became TÎlũTg Ti[:fl.
The INExt:title Werf het WENS || Lijsdon in 1984. When I Was With IPPF and my organization was reeling under the effect of a massive cut in funding as a result of the United States Withdrawing its support Under its so-called Mexico City policy of not funding NGO's which engaged in abortio ni realated activiti 35. IPPF Whighis dediCated to planned parenthood certainly dici not PrO mote ab Ortion as a method of family planning. But We were not prepared to Submit Ourselves to Conditionality which we Corsidered Linacceptable and therefore deCided te reject the US grant which Wasthlon
around $15 million,
alIIILEliltgTeattle
a Visit to London 500 SyTipathy and Supp. a MC Oradu gif | established a fruitful
lationship leading EfldBEVÖLIfS Alth= Inté the beginning of ast has served IPPF Well. - One of JT Grant's S. the use of catchy acr in the family plannir tanıt relationship betWi ing to promote and C velopment Jim Grar listically was always
S S S S S S S S
}\\1\\[}|
The author, | senior most and IT civil servants, sarvi seven of the countr ers. A former Secre international Planne gration (IPPF), Bra was later President ternational Relatio Premadasa and Wi
interests of the Lima WES E TEISÖll for til
The personal li With Jim Were relew Lanka in the 1990's, F Waslow the elected and hadir ited Taito fi interrati fil I rEliti rapport arid close Friti oped between Premia WHOIП РТВ Паја 53 а JELITES.
This affinity V stand. They were both pragmatic men thoug sionary in the ideals life for all, They kney hard Work, applicatio tinuous monitoring th They Wera both inten:
-
 
 
 

al Tost a fifth of tour tissig, Jim Graft flade nafter in a gestLITE COf It TI LET. f. || Wild Jriderstanding which arld CllabOrati"W3 rgto several joint irationally, it was "a tegic allian Cea Which UNICEF'S GO BFFF special attributes was ony ITIS - reminded us ing field of the imporBen What We Were try:1ild Survival addht Who Saw things hofor integration in the
DASA
Brad Than WeeraKODIN
PRE
File of Sri Laka's Ost distinguished 2d as Secretary to y's top most leadtary General of the -Li Parat lil Fild Than WVCETEROOT ial Advisor on Inins to Presidents բthumցa.
being Who after all в асtioП.
TKS Flad fotobliga3rd Oil hi5, Wisits to Sri 'residont PremadaSa Ex Cutiwe President SOE as his Advisor IOITIS, AIT ET CITTOLIS andship Soon devel
da Saari di TGra Ways addressed as
was easy to under1 highly practical and Hi they Wara both Wihay held for abetter " that It Was only Ey Li det - || ETH COTIat things got done. sely aware of the in
醫 3. equities of the real World-of the indignity of poverty, of the Crippling effects of disease and malnutrition, of the helplessness of many Women and children. And they were both convinced that with commitment, with SOThe resources and low cost technology and with the engagement of the total cornmunity nothing Was impossibla, In their mary meetings I believe they discovered what they shared and like all good discussionsthere Was Tutualstimulation to Wards further thoughts and actions. Planning for the SAARC Ministerialmeeting om Children in September 1992 was a particularly exciting and productive time. I recall one of the official calls by Grant on Premadasa which Was Teant to be a courtesy call of 15 minutas Which tLurred into a delightful seminar typ 3 discussi CT of comig IV and a quarter hours. They talked deeply and With knowledge on both Sid E35, of the paradox of high le Wels of matriutrition in areas. Where food was relatively plentiful, of iodine deficiency in the Wet Zone - at which point Jim produced a packet of iodized salt from his pocket - and of the uniqueness of the governments action insending convoys of food supplies to the rebel held North where a War was raging. JirT. Was also very much enal Toured of Premadasa's philosophy on Poverty and itsalgviation. Preria da Sa'5th 35i5 that the poor were inherently rich-in skills, in ideas and in experience and should be the subjects not the objects of action must hawa been SWeet Tusic for Jim Who Was War ther elaborating his concept of the Powerty, Population, Environment spiral. At the end Of a Scintillating conversation Jim rushed off late for his next appointment in a crowded day - the opening of a baby friendly hospital,
THE Colombo Mimi Sterial lewel Teating on Children in South Asia Which was heldin September 1992 was in mamy Ways a significant Tilestone in regional cooperational improving the condition of the South Asian child. The fact that Premadasa was
El Chairman of SAARC and Jim Gran Was present during all of the Conference поl only helped to give the meeting a specal dynamism but also strengthened the appreciation of CrB for the other. It was Jim Grant's idea that the Conference be not Only an opportunity for reviewing progress if the respective Countries but should be made use of to collectively formulate a Set of intermediate goals in selected Critical areas to be achieved by the
15 atjeם הם TidחםG)

Page 6
State PC, TOT LOGI A Citi Wii STF
One of the principal critiques of Marxistinar Inong the post-Marxists is the notion that state power Corrupts and that the Struggle for It Is The Crig|Flä| SITI. They afgue that this 15 SO because tha state IS SO distant from the citizens, that the authorities became autonomous and arbitrary, forgetting the original goals and pursuing their SEelf-ir1 ter BSt. TFICETE3 i5 T1J doLubl that throughout history, People seizing p0Wer have become tyrants, But it is also the case that the rise to power of individuals leading social movements have had an EITlarcipating effect. The abolition of slavery, the overthrow of absolutist monarchies are two examples. So "power in the state has a double Teaning depending on the historic Context, Like Wise, local ITUWEITEITES HET WE had successes in Tbilizing Communities anci improving in T1S3 diate COnditiŪTIS, in Sora cases significantly. But it is also the Case Fiat nacro-politica economic decKaa0 LaLaK HHHLLLLLLLL aaaLaL LaaLaSS aS tday structural adjustment policies at the national and international le Wel ha We gen= Bratad powertyard UnEITI pilo y Terit, depleting Cal resour CE35, for Cing local people to migrate or to engage in Criring, The dialectics. Het Weert stale and IOCal power operäfës to LIrldérfTir, E. Or TSinforce local Initiatives and changes depending on the class power manifested at both levels. There are numerous cases of progressive municipal gavernmE, hat have Been Lindermined because reactio Tary national TeginTTES Cut off their funding. On the other land, progessi We municipal governments hawe been a very positive force helping neighborhood-local organizatic}r1s, aS has been the case with the socialist mayor of Montevideo in Uruguay or the leftist mayor in Puerto Alegre in Brazil.
The post - Marxists who counterpose "local to state power are Flot basing their discussion om historical Expefierce, at least rot of Latin America. The antinomy is a result of the attempt to justify the role of NGOs as Tediators between local organizations and neo-liberal foreign donors (World Bank, Europe or the U.S.) and the local free market regimes, Inorder to "legitirTale" their role, the post-Marxist NGC Professionals, as agerts of th= démocratic grassroots', häW= to disparag=
Järngs Pētrā5 || WCd Chile duri rigthe All irg - Class TTiD Vermar Which Patris GoAIT-Erican Library Si guage. AfreզLIքոt G| BETWEErail; Eriks publi the most respected וחEוחט סIE dEwBlוחסת Her Ehle concludes sively for this jour
Ngw York at Bingh E
thë left at Th= |EựE| C. process, they CCIT the neo-liberals by tween local struggles litical interatica THE BIT-phasis Or "loi neo-liberal regimes its foreign and dome āte ir -5 ci-B Cast Oft behalf of Export Ca iri tie f g SitS,
The post-Mal NGOs aw 3 b 3 COTI projects and transmi and "globalist" jarg Ty Wright 5, TFEajro ! international Cooper, -enterpris ES, CFESat ES thE. figũ-||h Efals Whi| on Exterial dari Orsal cioEconomicaganda after a decade of N Marxist professiona and dB-radicalized V. life: Women, neight ganizations, The CE is classic. Where the firmly established, tr. Tanisha WE TG tTG ait B
Լotal Struggl SLJES Earth E. FÖÖd är turg Emerging TOW question is overtheir : Whether they rais: the social system a local forces to conf imparial backers or Y looking to foreign dic into a SerieS CT COT EEE|SLESidi B5. Marxisi promotedt
FfigT
 

selas
James Petras
GLK HLGaLLLLL S LLLLLLLHHH LHHLCLLL H LLa 0aaaaS LLLK 0LaS HaHLLLLHaaLaLLa L aaLaLa CCCLL0S LCLLLLLLLa LLLLLL LLL LLLL LaLaa aaaaLLLLLLLaK S LLLHHH LHLLS LLLL LL LLC LLLaaaaaaS SLLLLL LaLLLLL 0LLCLLLS aH HLHHLmHH K LLKKS LLLLLLLL aLLL LLaaaa LLLLLLLHaH H HLH aLLLLLLLaL LL LLL LLLLHaL LLLL LLLLLL Bries and became the East known such anthology in the English LanumaLLLLHH HH YL LLLLLLY LLLOLLL CLLL LLL LLL LLLLLLLKKSa KLaaHLLLK aLLCLtLK aL LLLLLaL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLK TK LKaaS LLLLL LLLL LL Laa LLL LLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL0 LLLLLL LLLKLLa00a LL aLaL LLLLL LHHLLLaLLLL HHHLLLLLLL LL LLLCL0LS , social structure and politics in the Third World,
his global critique of Post Marxist theory and practice, written excluCS LLLLLCL LLLLLLLGL LLL LLL LLLL LLKaa aL 0LLLHLaaKC aLa KLaLLKLaLaL LL
Tito.
if state power. In the lement the activity of Severing the link beand organization and | political movements, ca activity" serWestfiel just right, as it allows EtİC HäckerS, EC di Ticonomic policy Earld lo
state's resources I italist ad fiTaTICIELI
rxists as managers of B skilled in designing Eting the new "identity" Jorn into the popular alk ard Writing abJOut Baltior, Self-help, micro ideological bords with a forging depBT den Cy Ild THEir I.ELS-liberal SLS. It is no surprise that GO activity the postIs hawe 'depoliticized" While af Eas DT SOCial |grhՃՃd and youth OrSE OF PCI TLJ a Tid CF||E. = NGO's haWgjg COTE Eradical Social TOVEd.
ES COWCF immedia EC ISLSECE at ILEITETIES TË CILIcial direction and dynamic a the larger issues of ind link up with other On the State and its What hilaritt Irris liri Ward, li l-ors and frag TTIE fi ting peting Stupplicanis for
The ideology of post
he latter; the Marxists
"Revolutions Always End Badly": The PoSSibi|Sm Of Post-Marx|5m
THBreisa PESSimistic Wariant to BOS -Marxism Which, spE aksl355 of the fail LITeS of revolution as their possibility of socialIsrTh. They Cite the decline of the Te WollLJtionary left, the triumph of Capitalism in the East, the "crisis of Marxism", the loss of alternatives, the strength of the U.S., the coups and repression by the military - all these arguments are mobilized to urge the left to support possibilism": the need to LLLLLL S LLLLLLLH LL LLuLLa0 LHa CK LaLLLLLLL InTiposÉd by the World Bank and structural adjustmentagenda, and to Confine politics to the electoral parameters imposed by the military This Is Caled "pragmatism or InCrear Tentalis T1. Post-Marxists played a major ideological role in promoting and defending the so-called electoral transition from Tilitary rule in which social changes were subordinated to the reintroduction of an electoral system.
Most of the arguments of the postMarxists are based on static and selective observations of contemporary reality and are tied to pre-determined conclusions, Having decided that revolutions are out of date, they focus on neo-liberal electoral Victories and notorithe post-electoral mass protests and general strikes that mobilize large riu Tibers of people in extra-parliaTentary activity. Th=y look at the damise of communism in the late eighties and not to its revival in the mid-ninetics. They describa the constraints of the military On electoral politicians without looking at the challenges to the Tilitary by the Zapatista guerrillas, the urban rebellions in Caracas, the general strikes in Bolivia. In a Word, the possibilists overlook the dynamics of struggles that begin at the sectoral or local level within the electoral para Tatars of thic

Page 7
military and then are propelled upward and beyond those limits by the failures and impotence of the electoral possibilists to satisfy the elementary dermands and reeds of the people. The possibilists have failed to Brld IITIpLIIlly of the ITIllary to pay thệ back salaries of public employees (the provinces of Argentina), to end Crop deStruction of the C0:0a: farmers (irl. Boliwia) ÉatG.
The post-Marxist possibilists beՇՇme part of the preblam instead of part of the SOut On. Lisa decade anda half Sin Ce the negotiated transitions began and in Each instance tha post-Marxists hawa adapted to neo-liberalism and deepened its free market policies. The possibilists are unable to effectively oppose the negaLLLLLL LLL LLLLLLLLuLLu LLLL LL LLLLLL K LLLLLLL L L L LL people, but are pressured by the neo-libErals to | TIPICSE ni Edward T OTC a LISțETE LHa0LLa0 LL LLLLLL a LaamaLLL a LaLLLLL LL LS fice. The post-Marxists have gradually moved from being pragmatic critics of neoliberals to promoting the Tiselwes as efficient and honest managers of neo-liberalis Ti, capable of Securing investor Confi= dence and pacifying social unrest,
Iпthe пеantime, the pragпnatism of the post-Marxists is matched by the LKLLLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLLLSLLLLLLLS LL LLLLLLSS CE OF 1: 1995 FE5 t ESSE E radicalization of neo-liberal policies, designed to forestall crisis by handing over CLLLCLL LaLLLL LLLLLLLK HHHHHLLLLHaH CLL speculative opportunities to overseas bak S ad util Eti CTA IS.
Petroleum in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela......LOWes Wages and less social Security payments, greater tax exemption and less constraints from past labor legislation, everywhere else. The neo-liberals are creating a polarized class structure, Tuch closer to the Tarxist paradigin of society than the post Tarxist vision. Contemporary Latin Americal class structure is more rigid, TÕfe detƏFITrinistic, TOTë linked to Class politics of the state, than in the past. In these Circumstances revolutionary politics are far more relevant, than the pragmatic proposals of the post-marxists.
Class Solidarity and the "Solidarity" of .rsסnםForeign D
The Word "solidarity" has been abused to the point that in Tany contexts i has last maaning. Tha term "solidarity" TOT the post-Marxists includes foreign aid channeled to any designated "impowerishBild" group. Mere "research där "Pop Lular
Education" of the po
designated as "solid tE1 g hi E3 rÉarchifC2:| EstrLI trālisī ; SETTE Firteerit : promotorsarort W. tian Tissiona, rices.
The post-mar help" in attacking t dependance" or the tition among NGOs of neo-liberals, the important subsidiest in Europe and the U
Pete Mexico, Wenezuel and [03:55 Socia | S greater tax ExeITIF straints from pas everywhere else. creating a polariz
TLICH COSET" tot of Society tha Tit F sion. Contemporé Class structure is deterministic, To politics or the stat tser:LITS politics are far nor pragгтлatic propс
Tarxists.
ideology emphasize public employees to Wardly Tobile profes a t0 TD0Tary baSIS. of the post-Marxist "solidarity" into colla nation to thg magroalism by focusing a State ESOLICES oft Ward self-exploitati poor do not need to the post-Marxists foi gates the Tito do.
The Marxistic Contrast emphasizes within the class, S. grOupS (WOT1en ari against their foreign ers. The major focu iOSat divid Cli: groups for a limited L5 s Hé MéxS : On the colon acti Eers of the Cla55, Sh. economic predicam lective improvement
| || II W WES FT and speak for the : struggla, Committed
 
 
 

Orby professionals is arity". In many Ways CtLITES and the forms aid" and "training" reentury charity and the ry different from Chris
xists emphasize "selfhe "paternalism and state. In this competo capture the victims post-Marxist5 FC Celiwe rom their counterparts .S.A., 'The self help
In Brazil, Argentira, a......Lower Wages ecurity pay Tents, iti 01 Id || CSS COT1= tlabor legislation, THE EGibEIra!Sa Te ed class structure, 2 marxist paradig
a post marxist Wiry Latin A Tierical more rigid, more Tp, Tinked to CSS a, than in the past. Inces revolutionary 'e relevant, than the sals of the post
s the replacement of r Volunteers and up50 a 5 COntract d'Or The basic philosophy Wigw is to transfor IT
TaTi T-3LD ri3COnomy of neo-libertention away from e Wealthy Classes-toeחr. Tטטם f theט חם be mada virtuous by What the State obli
oncept of solidarity in class solidarity and lidarity of oppressed d people of Colour) and domestic exploitS S Tol OT thE jOI8ises and pacify ST all time period. The fooncept of solidarity is O'r 10f the Sali The ITT, 2 ITT = Faring their com Thon ent struggling for co
LE||C. La IS WHO "Write Ocial Towerlets in to sharing the same
political Consequences. The concept of Solidarity is linked to "organic"intellectuals who are basically part of the movement - the resource people providing analysis and education for class Struggle. In Confast the post - Marxists are ambedded in |he World of institutions, academic seITIITars, foreign foundations, international Conferences and bureaucratic reports, They Write in eSoteric post-modern jargon understood only by those initiated" into the Subjectivist cult of essentialist identities. The Marxists view solidarity as sharing the risks of the movements, not being outside Commentators who question everything and defend nothing, For the post-Marxist the main object is "getting" the foreign funding for the project". The rail issue, for the Marxist, is the por CCESS of political struggle and education in Securing social improvement. The TowerTent was not eyErything the objective Was importantin raising Consciousness for societal change: COrlstruCling PoliticalpOWEr totransform the general Condition of the great majority. "Solidarity" for the post-Marxists is divorced from the general object of liberation; it is merely a Way of bringing people together to attend a job retraining seminar, to build a latrine. For the Marxists the solidarity of a collective struggle contains the seeds of the future democratic collectivist society. The larger vision of its absence is what gives the different conceptions of Solidarity their distinct meaning.
Class Struggle and Co-operation
The post-Marxists frequently write of "co-operation" of everyone, near and far, Without delving too profoundly on the price ad COr ditions for Securi rig the Co-op Eration of neo-liberal regimes and overseas funding agencies, Class struggle is viewed as an atavism to a past that no longer exists. Today. We are told "the poor" are intent on building a new life. They are fed up With traditional politics, ideologies and politicians. So far, so good. The problem is that tha Post - Marxists are mot SC forthComing in describing their role as mediators and brokers, hustling funds overseas and Thatching the funds to projects acceptable to donors and local recepients. The foLindation entrepreneurs are engaged in a new type of politics similar to the "labor contractors" (enganchadores) of the rigt too distant past herding together Women to be "trained"; Setting up micro firms subContracted to larger producers of export: ers. The new politics of the post-Marxists is essentially the politics of Coripradores: they produ Ce n10 nati Oral pr0ducts; rather they lirik foreign funders With local labor (self-help micro enterprises to facilitate the
Contin Lation of the neo-liberal regime. In СопId, oп page 17

Page 8
DO THEY PROMOTEA
niversity admission policies a teel a SOLICE of ric
tion aslong the Tiain coimist
ti ir 5 kg - buting to the destabilising ethnic conflict. LaaHC at aL LLLLLLL LaL L HK aa Ku Tade in the past have been corrected ELIt further steps need to be taken to ensure that all ethnic groups fall confident that discriminatic Tagainst Tiiri Crities is not being practised. The promotion of a national identity necessitated that university admisSi On Erld Education poliCiA3S ar E3 CC - sciously geared toallaying the Tears of different ethnic groups and to ensure equity tall.
Current admission policies
Current admission policies as daScribed in the UGC's Admissioni Eggklet ! Walid for the Academic Year 1995/96, LLa HaL aLLHHLLLLHH HLLL aaa LLLLaL aaL LLLLLL basis of raw aggregate marks. This policy Was first adopted in 1977 to replace the LLaL S aLLLLaLLLLLHH LLL LLLLLLLaaaL aL Tiarks, India-Wise and subject -wise, Which Was Widely Criticised
In the case of Arts, admission is HHHHLLLLLLL a LL LS 0LLLL LLL LLLL KL LY proviso that the total lumber admitted from any district Will not be below the total number admitted for the academic year S00aLaKS SLL LaLLLLL LLLLLLL a aH HLLLL LL LLLLLL aaLLLLLLL LL LLLH Hu LLLL K HaK KLLLKK |EWEl.
Incourses of study other than Arts, Lup to 40% of the a Wailable places are filled I am al||-||3||amid Terit Ea Sig. 55% är allocated to the 25 administrative districts proportionately based on the ratio of the population of each district to the total population of the country, 5% are alloCated additic Fially to Gach of 12 Educationally disadvantaged districts proportionately based on the ratio of the population of each such district to the total population cof the 12 districts. The 12 districts
ITE.
NI LJWara Eliya Hartlibartolta KilitltյԼիtՒ]] MEIllar MLI || Bit WL. Wawumiya Tri COITIES Апрага
9. Ari Lisä. O. Polgrf 1. EL; 2. MՃիցr:
Tlis: EliasIt alt.
remained unchange. the exception that th privileged" districts f"| 5 || || 19 BBWB9 til
Under ideal C. Cational facilitiés ar{3 best policy Would be didates iri all areas : and herit basis. The sionS to be based bo anti district lărit 5 ti. parity in educational List TICl: Will 1Öt DC, Iri CTE froT districts W cilities are still poor,
|t WT|| EG clear Ciri Tiriti di EOLWE ET selecting students on district Ti Erit EJESİ 5. Was rero W. W. Stal dari Still Willis
B.
In fact the all tion in university admi
97 Wi ПаđЕ thЕ СОПtГОWETE Students to the Scier the basis of predete applicable to the thre Which students Satt example, in the case Edical facilities, the entry was set at 229 ILI WIL WEES 250 || THE SIE Tlark EVE English medium, depE St Hidel 11 COFICETIle-d-W TäT|. Students für sat in the English ITC LITE Thimir IUT Tark, le diUT1-SL dei Sir Ordi to the Medica || FC Lu admitting students V, doned the very next
Review of admissio
During the per University Grants C. Lniversity adlı issions siorlis, irril 1984, arid ir mittee appointed to r
 

MD EDUCATİON pOLICLES .
AWATIONWAL IDENTITY ?
ihapura
W.
王
ägälla.
rTissions policy has i sice 1988/89 Wit
las been increa Sed 1E IIլ 1335/gE,
riditions, where edu
uniformly good, the LE SEËL OF - Df study on an all-isTätico Näl E for atdIT ISFl DI ol-15 årld TETil El SLITE LIFEl th El disfacilities among the quito us to those Who Illes E. EitlLit:Eitilt is lial fa
* that thi CFC İS 10 di Sthe ethnic groups in all-island Tirit and
That di SCfinirati El Cidiä = Wisabandori Eid III 1977/
igation of discriminaissions Was first made ed Frontgovernment älde:isi ladit Ce-ba SedCOLFSS On ETTİTed Tak || E. WES e language media in E. Ex-Tati. For
of Tissio to thEa 3. TiisillIII. Ilark for
for the Sinhala TieFT HFC Ti|Ti||T. |5 Wêre LISBd for the :nding Ori Wheth CT tha a5 a Sinhale:Se O r a, her comm Inities who L'11 (It a Chieve WBls Of the TaTi| mEer to galim admission ity. This method of raS, HOW WEF, abanr
ms policy - 1987
iod 1977 to 1989, the TITTIGSFC TWIE WEėd
policy on two occa| 19BF-1 T. CICeview University ad
Stanley Kalpage
Prof KalPage was Sri Lanka's Per Tharlerit Representative to the United Nations, and served earlier as High Commisioner to India. In the 1980's he was chairman of the University Grants Commission. mikssons policy in 1987, headed by Professor Kingsley de Silva, recommended that academic excellence should be a priTary factor insecuring admission to a uniVersity. The three-tier system of admission Which gave priority to equity and equality of opportunity should be replaced by a system which restores pride of place to Terit and a Cade ITIC e:Cellen Ce.
Thea main TECOTITheridation Of LHB. rBWiBW COPTT || EtBE WES that "The Therit eleLLL LL LLLLLLa LLLL LLLLLLLK LLH LSa aa L given greater emphasis and a corresponding artid progressiWE reduction bg made in the district quotas as well as the quotas for educationally Lunder privileg Ed districts ti|| they are eliminated over a six to seven year period, beginning with the ALExamination of 1988." This would have meant that by 1994/95 alladimissiOS WOLIld EGEaSedOn LL LL LLLL LLaaLK L L u uuS S LK S0K not haբբEned.
District quotas were originally introLICed as a temporary TeaSLIre in the 00Laa LaL LHaaLL HHaLL KK K LL a Haa aL SK quarter of a century. This was time enough and more for the elimination of the imbalances in educational resources which origimally justified the introduction and subsequent continuation of the system.
Educational policies
LJпIVarsities, at the apex of the educational system, should aim at equipping Students to taking their place as useful Tembers of the society in which they live, Diffrics in the nature of societies Will naturally mean differences in the types of Universities. In an underdeveloped country like Sri Lanka, economic and social da Welopment is a primary goal. The EduCational. El Cilici ES ir OLIIT LI niversities should therefore ble geared prifrarily to national development. This does not mean that the arts and LTanities should be neglected. These disciplines would enable students to gain valuable insights into realms of knowledge Which are not necessarily of direct benefit to the development process. It is a function of Universities to expand the frontiers of knowledge. This is why re.

Page 9
Searchias important 35 the disse Tiina
tion of knowledge through teaching.
LUIWET'Sites Act NO. ES of 19 FEB
Sri Lanka's university system today İS ESS Entially What It Was after tha Uniwersites Act No. 16 of 1978 was promulgated. The basic structure of the systern has not changed since ther, Even the affiliated uniVersity Collegessel upin 1991 are based ON Ordinarces UITGEr THET ACT.
The Universities Act No. 16 of 1978 sets out clearly the kinds of institutions in the University systern namely universities, CāTIPOLISES, UniVersity Colleges, ari Cipëri University and recognised institutions. The actis therefore flexible Enough for tha setting up of different types of institution that may be needed for providing education at university level. University policy is deterTined by the University Grants CommisS|Dri,
Corporate Plans for EL til
During the period 1978 to 1989, a series of Corporate Plans were published by the University Grants Commission setting out the policies and programmes to be undertaken over a five year period. The last Corporate Plan available is for 1988000S S LLLLL LaHKLLLLKSSYLLLaaLaLS LLLLLK SLLL bĒGTI P Lublishad Simca 1993 and the latest Anri Lal Report is for 1993.
University
Without a regular flow of information from the UGC to parliament and the people it is difficult to assess the perforLLLLLL LL LK KLLHLLaaLLL LaLLLaLaaSS L LLLLLL university system. It is the Corporate Plan LaaLL LLCLTLKK La LLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL years and Sets goals and targets for the next five year period. The principles that guided Corporate Plans for the 1988-1992 period" are clearly set out as:
S. A shift away from the humanities and social Sciences in the undergraduate intake and in University education by reducing the intake into arts - based COUSE5.
A shift of emphasis in university education from an overwhelming concertration on undergraduate teaching to postgraduate teaching and research.
O Development of Centres of
EXCElle TCE
· Establishment of Ilaw academic dis ciplines such as anaesthesiology and microbiology.
O Expansion of Open University
COLITSES.
ÉS A Considerable expansion of techni
Cal EducatiÒTI COL TSICIS,
These principles ar translated into SLItal
Affiliited UT I Versit
In Noverber University Colleges lished in eight of the er and Eastern proW as WO provinces). Tor AUCS, WE TiCTIE TELU tablishing these AU stitutions are being E pose o providing, pr ing Higher Educalit Sciences, the Engine Ca|Sciam CaS, the H Sciences, the Mana the Natural and App
Not all ALCs study. In fact the W taught only mathem. and thro Woro: ImO 5 Probably this AUC | Sin Cather. In 1994, LIITiber of students (347), North Central SabaraganuWa (381 Lwa (27 1). Theses plomas after two yea Would hawe Complete Wit Lut til at:355 SibilĒ LICI E WEālula E3 ithi : courses of study.
Six of 1. glish in 1993-94 to 654. Ted Ceyr etdiril:StrLII and Finance, 255 in STilia || BLISESSME : Science, 57 in Touri: TTE WE3|| ali id TOLU FiSTI, SLIPPO Corting ICCOLITSES ii is not clear.
In 1995, two established by the : tain AUCS, The Ngs Central AUCS Were Constitute the Rajara Sabaragami LIWA AU ( status of a full-fledg clear. Whether more f: been provided to th although buildings ( purposes like the Gal Thaide availlable.
Mediull of Instructi
The Livers official language poli JSE: L Tider Cloria Lugduur til the SWabas and Ta Til - Werg a.d. taught in the Toth. Call into the Livers
 
 

Wālid and should EJE ble programmes.
y Colleges,
1991, eight Affiliated (AUCs) were estaba provinces (the northinCes Were Corsidered 1 March 1993, two r2, ES LEIS FEd EL El The Orde 5 g528 Stäte that thESE |m= stablished for the plurOTloting and developon in the Agricultural Bering and TechnologiUTEl Tities. El Social gement Scien CBS and Higd, SCignCés.
ta' C1 r1 all arEaLS Of EstifT FT 175 AUC. EtiCa | SCIE TCe Iril 1993 tudents at all in 1944 las bBen phased Out
the AUCs, with a fair WETE: North WesterTi (351). Northern (256), ), Southern (361), and tLIdents aro given difs of Study. A number -d their studias by nOW. ary data it is not posLSEfulness of these
wn AFCs taught EnSOTTE F25 studiants, tion in ACCountancy Entrepreneurship and agement, 177 in H0m0 sIl Culture, and 63 in
Whather thare are each of these areas
TEW LI Iiii Werellie S WIETE Amalgamation of Cerh Weg ErII äid North
brought together to ta Uniwersity, While the C. Was elevated to the ed University, Ilis 10t CilitiBS End Staff Fifi". El ÉS G II GW LITIIVGTSiti GS :JT5tFLICTEd TDT GEHET Til Uda Was Ha VE EDEBET
o
as have complied With cy. English only Was rule and this contina lang LageS - Sinhala opted when students ir tongue in schools ties in the 1960, The
reversion to English was necessary When it beca The Clear that the local languages W=rë i nadequata ta me et the needs of the explosion in knowledge, especially in science and technology, Today the universities are grappling with the task of providing mOre Opporturities for acquirirlig proficiency in English, Increasingly, the products of university education are becoming billing Lal, English Language Centres have bHan astablished in Bach university to teach English before admission, soon after Wards i T är 1 ir tETSHWE COLIIrSe2, and through CL ut a studert's Career at the university. This is desirable from the point of view of promoting a national identity, a Sri Lankan identity, and should be pursued With greater determination.
Resources for educatio
In 1987, Sri Lanka spent less than 15% of the total budgetary expanditure and |555tha II, 3, C3% of the GTOGS MJati DTaPredLCt of the Country om University education. This is low in comparison. With not only the developed Countries but also many of the developing countries. There is no doubt that ther Eis a Case for in Creasing this shara but the increase should be for improvernart of existing institutions and optimum LLLLLaL LLL aLLLLL LLLLLLLLS LLaaLLL LLLLLL for proliferation of new institutions, poorly staffed and inadequately funded. Any planning therefore sh1OLIldplace greater emphasis on Consolidation, rather than on major expansion, as one of its in Tediate objectives. A review of the perfor Tance of the Affiliated University Collegas should now, after five years, be conducted to see how cost effective they are and whether they are performing the function they Were mandated to perform. Establishment of rew universities should strictly conform to acadÈTIC Critēria a Td Tatima|| Ilggads.
En Hules
TIL University Girar ES CITITissim, Sri Lanka. Rules rÉalating t0 AdmiSsitITI log UridErgradLuatE CoLIrSEes in
La LaLCCLCLS SLLtLLLaLLLL LLLLLL uH L HLHaaLL 0aaaaS ES
2. Uni Warsity Gran tS CLIPTIFTSSicir, Sri Larkā. Report of the Committea Appainterite Ravia, UniVersity Admissions Policy, 29th May 1984,
3. University Grants Corrission, Sri Lanka. Raport of the Committee appointadtă Review UniWarsity Admissions. Policy, December 1987.
4. University Grants Commission, Sri Lanka. Corporate Pantor University Education, 1988-92.
5. University Grarts Cimirtills:skan, Sri Lanka, Hard Ek ||
ES, Dg Silwa, K. M. – CCITrig Full Circle:Thigpoli. tics of Language in Sri Lanka 1943 - 1996, Paper POTES Hrit Hidata CCIPIfETENCE OF LHG LHCmg of LangLJäga Policy in a Multi Ethnic Society, Sri Lanka held in Colombo in Novembër 1992. L.

Page 10
In discussing the présent status of the NAM three questions need to be posed
(I) 4s. Non - Alignment relevant today: ? Has it a justification or as a cynic put it, has it an excuse to go. On?
(ii) If so, What are its present priorities?
Has its role changed today?
(iii) Carl it deliver on its promises?
Doubts are sometimes expressed about the Televalce the Non-aligned McVement. The Convertional argumentis that the Movement emerged in the 1960s from the chilly depths of the cold War to Serve asa föLIT for Coultries Whorefused to be aligned to either the West
ern, NATO-led bloc or the East European Warsaw Pact - led bloc, it is then argued that With the end of the Cold War, there is по rationale, по purpose, по worthy reason for Non - alignment to continue When the Institutions it wished to avoid had now Virtually disappeared, The law in the argument is that it takes the rolenclature of the Movement, that is "non-alignment" too literally, too narrowly. Non-alignment has never been purely the management of relations with two hostile power-blocs. There is much more that is positive in the Movement.
The conceptual of philosophical roots of non-alignment began to stir at the Asian - African Conference in Bandung, 1954. Six years later, it was the impact of the city of Belgrade, venue of the first formal Non-aligned Summit, that helped to fix "non-alignment" as the registered trade T13rk of th13 MCO'We9rTig rht. ThiiS 'WaS r1atLJra|| gwern Yugoslawia's particular geographical position in the heart of Europe, physically and politically Wedged between two competing military - ideologiCalocs,
The broad principles of the Movement have remained intact. Yet 35 years have Wrought changes which are significant, Firstly, the international climate or environment in which the Movement operates
Nihal Rodrigois Cli Secretary to the M AffairSard has par Summits from CC Cartegena (1995). Chairman of the PC
of the Cartegena S
IS SEG radi Čā| Čili accelerated in the las théa MO Weg Tight -Flä5 traff Titici.
TJ di BSCrib til E il Stances Of 1996 Eas wailing in 1961 WOLJ Self. || Cañi mot attem II have been describe and damined. At OnE
pic tunnel Vision of who wrote about SOITE Called it the man who puts his B of a full El to WiÈW til E SITTa || TaTTOW a end. FukuyarTia EWI termina | WISiiO I 1 b) Lit | the World had reach tion Where liberald laissez faire style had triumphed Over tiet til Tgif | de Welope Tient O| necesary or possibl of the spectrum the nightmare of the bi total disdain for prin mass powerty and C. indiwiduals and Cor. edented Wealth all litical responsibility; of refugees and mig - pu|| effect of ab: forces and disruptiv
The jury is still out : kOWI EJECa LuSe, the aCCEa|Erated frOIT t reached their logic: truth Will be as is L. էյքtwtյքm,
Against this un Certa
 
 

rrently. Additional inistry of Foreign ticipated in alt NA ibo (1976) toחסI
He was elected litical Committee ummit.
anges. These ha WE std::cadeG. SECO flidly itself undergone a
ternational CircUTI
against those pred be a lecture by itat that. Tha chargas d, analyzed, praised i extre|The is the myo
Francis FukyāTā, the end of history, "Fulle||Wisif" of a ye at the broad end
everything through perture at the other antually modified his he seriously thought Ieda point of perfecenocratic for ad ECOOTC relati015 all other systers and Q furth Er hLIrrar | adWar) Ces Were 3. On thing Other Bhd reis that apoCalyptic "eak Lup of States; Of ciples ; of in Creasing DICEF trati 01 il ä TE W porations of unprecd power without poOf TESSIOWEITE its rants; and the push Sorptive integrative e, fissiparous forces.
and the WerdiCL SnOt a develop Tents that BO'S SE ST || Tot - Conclusions. The Sua SOme Where in
in Scenario what are
the priorities of the Movement today?
THE NAM Filas SGFTI E Lmfulfilled Wish 55 from its early days Which are being Echoed today as well. They are like prayers Which may never be an's Wered Faith requires that the Non-aligned should newer despair. It is like the fervent prayer "Dear Lord, Take this World a kinder, gentler place to I = in When the NonAligned first metin 1951, their demands ificluded "a nEN Order based on CC-Ope Tatia bgt;WEET Tlations, funded om freedom, equity and social justice for the promotion of prosperity". 35 years later irl Cg|tյrրEia, this tin = With a hirit of realisrn Heads of States have again delclared: "Expectations of humanity to äChie WeareW, justand Edutable inter
Nihal Rodrigo
national system based on respect, JUStice and quity among nations does not se em Closeto being realised"
Learing aside these broad aspirations, the Non-Align=d McWEmEnthaSCOTICErltrated efforts on specific issues. Three hawe been special. Apartheid and the Souther III ATTlCan Cluste Cf i SSUES ; palestine and Middle East cluster of issues and disarmament and the security
SSLES.
Firstly, the Movement's campaign against apartheid and racism have won the day. Those who defended apartheid South Africanawhall the Victories of the people of South Africa whom the Non-Aligned had supported against heavy odds from more powerful states. Liberation movements described as terrorists, ZANU, ZAPU, the ANC, and the SWAP C Hawe emerged respectively as Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia.
Secondly, the Middle East Continues to be a place of tansion and Palesti TE LLaLLLLLCLLL LL S LLLLL LLLLK LLLLLLGLLaaL LLLLL LLLLLL Wason the horizon. However the basic: position of the movement which recognized the in alienable national rights of the Palestinian people has long since been accepted.
Thirdly, Non - Aligned opposition Wasifun

Page 11
religion that security was best ensured by a balance of power or terror. In 1961, President Kennedy said peace could be secured only by preparation for War. The Non-Aligned have been windicated-globa|| SEICL rity Could not bebased on a Tiilitary stand - off between two blocs. At least on these three major concerns of the Non-Aligned their task has been basically fulfilled.
The NAM had On these issues Conf|- dently stood on Toral high ground.
But today there is much less certainty LLLa L HHHHH aL0LaL LLLLLaaLLL LaaaaLL LL LLLLLLCLLL agerida the Movement now needs to ConfTt
The new agenda and new priorities are mainly the product of the Unsettling changes that have taken place in the last LLLLaLLLLL 0L LLL 00S La LaLLaa LaL La LLLLLLS Aligned need to confront today include the following which Were Central in Cartegena. These were the issues that kept us awake at dawn globalization; powerty aleviation the Erosion of the sovereign equality of states, the appearance of ethnic, religious and social differen CBS Tianifested in the SituatiOTS ir) BOSmia, Rwanda, Burundi, SOTalia, Haiti and Liberia; Human rights Terrorism and drug trafficking; xenophobia, mass hUrTman, ThoWesamants, riTmigränt refugee isSLI8S the situation of Women and children and of course economic issues in a significantly altered dimension. Today, the économic issues include problems associated With thea strength of thea private Sector and its ramifications, the proposed TefrIT Of the United Nati T'S ECOFIOTTIC: organs, the extent to Which the NAM should plug-in to a global high-Voltage economic grid and how much national economic complusions should give Way. Many of the issues concerning the NAM are complex and as yet imperfectly un
darstCCC.
Right and Wrong are no longer a matter of simple black and White as was the case when apartheid was confronted.
Firstly many issues are global in scope and the problems in Wolveldaffect de Weloped countries as much as they affect developing Countries. If not on equal terms, then at least Cina reasonably le Wel playing field, mutually beneficial policies can be agreedor. Trade-offs are possible. Confrontations can be averted. Cooperation can be pursued at least in the
interests of mutual:
Secondly competing |Пtide with trila traditi Waloping COLIntry equi. i SS LIES for Exa. Tpl B,
Countries have foluri lic developed COUnt tively Te Cerit isSLJE
come part of the N In 1961, Mrs. Band: is considered a pili great emotional imp her Statement at th as follows : "I at great assembly not tative of Ty Country
afld 3 IT"|Other WHO
thoughts and feelin of WOThen, mothers deeply concerned W of thea Ft LufTan race Se wera | Interrational ing the lastir Beijing ls a Celta ISSE Aligned. On a broac that 50 Cid || SSLJE35 || important for the Ni
Thirdly, issues of have acquired new Come Complex, eV Non-alignad Orthodi
All ISSUE, which CC |11|Tit is that to the t The United Nations pal forum though WF has operated. It is UN decisions, guid ating them, that muc Work has succeed. apartheid, Yet tod programmes, its pric tion, its tigt;isign m peaCe keeping ope its Secretary = Ge | CortEtiLIS, COTtTOV, This is a major cha|| Tust fleet in order la international Co get the dirty name it ing recently. Whate' of the United Nation be to damage the Sc World possesses to global problems of sense and fair pola ciples) ratheT than F the basis tյf force Fi exercise of power.
Finally, What is thes day and Canit Cope'
 

| positions do noti COonal developed deIa til S. CIWCITET'S Islamic Nor-Aligned Causa With Cathi Ores. This is a relaWHICH FlaS TOW E3Eon-Aligned agenda. ara Talik: Tia de What опе егіпg appeal of act when she began e Belgrade Summit happy to attend this only as a represerEJLut als C3 a 5ä W CITĒTI Carl LT de Stard LTE gs of those millions of this World, Who a TE ith the preservation "... Today, following |COffefefl:85 i FCludthe StatLS of WOII en a mong the Nonder Basis this Sig|Flals TaWE bECOFTE, Tİ ÖTE: on-aligned today,
traditi Clā| CCT CETTIS di Tan SiOFS and bean Confused, taxing 3XY,
mes immediately to Jited Nations itself. has been the princiich the Non-Aigned through influencing ing them, ever initih of tha TGWEITEF"It'S Cd as if the Casa CoT ay, the UN itself, its prities, its administralaking, its intrusive rations and indeed 17 Ebria | ha We become Persial and Confused. enge Whichthe NAM tO.. BnS LI re that rati CO-operation does not Seems to be acզuirVer the short COmings IS, to reduce it. Would jleir1Stitutior 1 that the 3, r3Ech1 SJ|LUtiOS tC) the basis of good (leave alone prinläWE Hé115 Eillêd Öf ind through a Cynical
hape of the NAMtoWith the types of chal
lenges have briefly touched on. Let ITB. kaSHLLSaLLLLLL LLLL HHH HH CH LS LLLLLL LK LLLSLLLLH LLLLSSS
Firstly, increases in membership. Prime Minister BanadarānaikS WäS Orie Of US1 25 leaders Who Were presentin Belgrade in September 1961. When the 5th SumTiit Was Convenedithis Wey building THE FILTE er si Had Tisel to B5. || Cartegeria there WETE OVEF i 1 C. THIG numbers have given1 tremen dous strength to the movement particularly in the General Assembly of the United Nati 5 Where Ves citi. SiOS against NAM interests cannot be really pushed through if Non-Aligned solidarity, unity and commitment to principles is manifested. Sri Lanka's Jayantha Dhanapala for example, became Chairman of the NPT Review Conference be: Gauss the NAM Er der Sed Sri Larika for the post at the Jakarta Sun Tit, Subsequiently, an East European candidate, With sole Wester backing, sought the post but was unable to get past the NonAligned. Yet sugh manifestations are rigt always apparent today. The shger diversity of the movement is the other side of its strength in numbers. To Some extent, opening the entry doors wide has diluted the CC-lective CCT, Titelt of thTE TITETTIbership to its basic principles. Membership criteria is lax, Joining the NA club has become a political status symbol to some a means of pursuing narrow peraaaLLLLSS CaLL LLCL LLLLLLauS u uaLLL a LLLLa leaders. Increases in Terribership have also introduced organisational difficulties, proble IIIs in reaching quick decisions, problemsin halting needless fletoric dife ficulties of security, logistics and Other problems which pre-occupy Summit hosts to the neglect of substance.
The Weakest aid lost Wullable have sometimes even fallen prey to external LLLLLKLLLLL aHH LLL LaLS aHLLL La erode carefully nurtured, long Field posi[Itյris :
Secondly, the organisation and structure. In its early years, Nor-Aligned SLImmits Were the peaks of Non-Aligned policy forLLLLaLaLLLL 0L0 LLLLLKS SL00 a0a0LLLLLLLLHH LLLLL u joint action. Gradually the movement has developed what has today become a fairly Well Established system of regular Summits and Ministars Maatings. Sшпmits are held every three years. In betWeert WOSUITimits, is a Ministerial Meeting, Shortly before each Summit is a further Ministerial Meeting held in the capital of the outgoing Chairman. This is
Conrd Dո բagք քմ

Page 12
TROP,
DEVELOPMENT OF NEWSECURITY ARRANGEMENTS
L. H. Horace Perera
Paper presente dat
Fifteenth Regional Conference of Euro
Jean United Nations Associations
Luxembourg
27 - 28 August 1996
PREFACE
The year 1996 marks the 50th ariniversary of the founding of the World Fedgration of United Nat fOTS ASSOCliation (WFUNA), in commemorating this great event it is likely that an anniversary of a Significant and sustained programme of the Federation Tight not receive the attention it deserves. This year also marks the 30th anniversary of the decision taken in 1966 in Nice, France, by the Executive Committee to hold biennially a Regional Conference Of ELIropBan United Nations Associations Qin SECLIrity and Co-operation in ELГоре.
WFUNA can take pride in that it was the first international non-governmental organization to engage itself in the mobilization of public opinion for What gradually came to be called the "CSCE process", Which developed in 1994 into the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Char International NGCs later antered the field and WFUNA played an effective role in joining them, delivering with their leaders the keynote addresses at their meetings, Submitting relevant documents and participating in their workshops and the formulation of their programme of action.
SIC its first pean Security and
WFUNA has gjiri lies fourteen Region ropean UNA5. Теп cally and Exclusswahl the CSCE process three "baskets" oft Three focLISBC CT1 0 a de flutt - role of LINAS THE What is O'Wat
WFUNA's Europe meant more operation Within the European Contin Ont a part of Polaret Ea perspective also in capabilities of Euro tional understanding tion of human right:
HOFFICE PE Acting Secretary Fedetti Of Li tion (WFLJMA), filli ary Er5 kir12 ChIldi tar delivering the 50th Anniversary that organization, Tonths, Horace tille With Erskimit him with two Tajic WE5 to WFUNA World Congress, Ex är Thining "What Wrong with WFUN the 15th WFUNA COf TEE "TH UN?"Et F. paper оп "Europ New Security Arra SErfar. HE |5 IIDW - սբ. attivity Lif thE dition to working Security of Srina II:
international co-o: throughout the Wide at larga. For exart Sixth Regional Con UNAs Was on "Euro World ECDICTIC DEN tablishing a New In Order".
This particu tended to present an towards new security rope. It is based or to Wards. The W ser:L SPRagg
Tā University Press, Ox
As the Effort5 Of SDITIE 0||12|| NGO's
 

CCEECE O "ELICCo-operation" irl1 1 957 different European cital Conferences of ELof these were specifidevoted to promoting and, after 1975, to the Fle Helsinki FIII At. NG Of LF10th en "D3:Skët" -El in 1994- on the Solution of conflicts in 15 CSCE area.
pвгspective Securityіп than Security and Coclose Confines of the which is, after all, only rthi, The Federation's cluded Organizing the JG to promote interra, a universal recogniSi and the erisLIring of
rera is currently the
Glara Of the Wert
di Natio A55 IJIng in far the legendPrs who died just af. Reynote a ddrës a tith C2 World Congress of For the ASË SË I VETE Perera worked full : Childers assisting rբrDgrammes. One 50th Anniversary 1|CH, Wils EröEt is Right & What is A" tid the Other WEE European Regional la EU: APiT of the Perr5 di5CLESI D. : Development of Ingements" was prebusy with the follow Woreetingsindоп a paper оп "The Stälf-8' .
Jeration and peace exparise of the World ple the there of the ference of ELJropean Jean Co-operatiom for velopment and for Esternational ECOnomic
|E F GOGUITheft iS II - Overview of the trend arrangements in EuChapter 7"Europe: rity arrangements", ÉS: ATIT a Tants, Disarional Security (Oxford ford, 1985)
of the Fadaration and s for European Secu
rity and Co-operation gained momenturn, We received encourage Tient from states of all ideologies ranging from the Kremlin to the Holy See and the Writer of this paper Was received both by a Vice President in the Kremlin and by the then reigning Pope FPL | W |
Europe: Development of New
Security Arrangements
I. 11rgd LCCT)
The consideration of new security Systems in Europe has to focus on Five isSJEЕ
S LLLa LLLLLLLL aa aa aaLCLL Bosnia and Herzegovinia
2. The Expansion of NATO aid the European Union to the East
3. The transatlantic partnership, including the US presence in Europe
4. The developments in the Russian Feder3 tİOrı.
5. The development of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
II. The Experience of European Security II1stit LutiOS i1 BOSThiä.
This experience, if it proved anything at all, showed the Weaknesses of the role which the main powerso and the multilateral seCurity Organizations" can play in Europa through existing European security systems. In the early stages of the conflict it was thought that the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) Could play a significant role. In 1990, hopes Were pinned On the European Union. AFtes the theatre of the Conflict shifted in 1992 to Bosnia and Herzegovinia, thic weakness and inefficacy of European security institutions became patently clear and the United Nations stepped in. In 1995 the chief role for seeking a settlement of the conflict Was assurned by the USA and NATO.
III. NATO and European Security
1. The Future
Since the end of the Cold War three views laWB ECCI Outlined on the future of NATO:
(a) It was a product of the Cold War. Now that there is no clearly defined enemy it Will wither away,
(b) it can be developed into a key element in a new security structure;
(c) its future Will depend on how soon and how far it can acquire not only a declaratory, but also a constitutive function.
27 ageנץ חם +ftחלCr

Page 13
SPECIAL REPOR
THE DE
三○T○
he Congress of the Sandinista Front was held on 3rd, 4th and 5th of May this year and the defin nition of the pre-electoral alliances opened the door to a long campaign Which Ends. On 20 October 1996. HOWever the Current election Campaign by the Contending parties is divorced from the Everyday reality of the masses who are increasingly forced into more Tiisery. Every TIEW day brings Tore deaths dua to malLutrition. The ChildrCm a Te the most a Hfacted, specially in the Countryside. This
was unheard of in Nicaragua, at least to SUCH I exter|
THE BITTER FRUITS OF THE MARKET
Nicaragua Was always a poor Country- and it's economy has diversified Very little. In deed, being the Victim of a War of 9 years haS (Bft deep Scars. It is LFLIe that strucILLI rall adjustinTiPaint commi rri Ben Caici firo TT 1988, i.e. Linder the Sandinista government. The сошпtгyhas laday become ona of the most typical examples of the contradiction be tWeen On the OE and a di SCOUrSe C1 de Tocracy freedom and growth; and on the other hand, economic reality.
The economy has become a reality for itSalf detached from its principal social functions. The macro-economic equilibrium has become a sacred goal while the quality of daily life of the majority deteriorates. What results is a purely ideological posia SSS L LLLLLLaLaL LSa LLLLLL LLLLLLa KLHuu prevents the perception of the logical link between the principals of neo-liberal economics and the deepening of poverty. For SoTB, the growth of exchange freedom (Tarket) is thiË SIÇILITI On Liga|| ProbleTiS, LEIt US Consider What happened in Nicaragua since 1990 - լt the curրողEրcement Lif thք GW model. The West had the Eld of a planned economy and the institution of a free market economy which was expected if not to bring abundance to the less fortunate, then at least to create a more appropriate balance between demand and Sup
բly: ,
THE LOGIC OF THE MODEL
To understand the dynamic which originated from the political power born from
to elections of 1990 ate it in its general DF Fāris LāIīEz CEntral Bank of Niti: of Sonia and an petence is recognize of the Charmtյrrt, go trol inflation through tharatore, COP15 LIITTpoti por OdLECTIOm, in Cong nomic philosophy of State interia EE",
All this, according to Cla reag T1 not sell their product: PEOpole ha WE FTO stab |ESS Cut of a potes 1,200,000 people. Which the govt end throttling inflation, ils : TBi 15ack 3 Tile Flat LII Tal WOOd Without ref0f0; Tillä TiñE TESOLJI F'CEHES OF With II LIITET SCCFA |ng to Dr:Լainez, the Et ai || CCJ5 t' has bJECCI and forests are sold three State - WIE 5 of their WalL2, "Fin ing Over, playing the eting excessive corr a CCumulating and PITI. corruption".=
SLI, a rhoda is calle author, for it can onl frontatif, Egej
of Society, where sort dends, While real Sal Considerably during Lainez concludes: 't unjust distribution of
to unheard of COICE is the country whic the neolibral mode
1.2 The decrease of tiԼյր
MiCaragua Was a COL agricultural products Today, it imports food Credit rastriction iTipo. Banks are not interes Cult LIFE arıcı Çatla bir:
 
 
 
 

O)
MAIERY :
RAIL GAAPAIGN.
it is nBGEssary to situ: ontext. According to for ITC Director of ti ragua during the time Ornitoriis! WhIO5SE COITIdy all, the main task ÈFITETWESO CO1 grand limitation (and on and by sacrificing Lerice With the ECO"TEE Tarket WitHOLIt
Sir Laine greates a local Enterprises CanbEGALIGE TD51 of the E Work- 800.000 jabTiā| Work fOFCG Of The foreign Capital Pavours to attract by mostly speculative. It resources, exporting sting, destroying the in Wests in free 201ES Editiorg, Ardpolicy of privatization The a dog Ta. Mines fatalow price. The ըtEls were sold fըr 1/ ancial Capital EstakTermediaries, pockTissions, fra Ludlulently Woking an enormo LU 5
di subversive by the r" | Ead tC SOC al CiriaUSES 3 (LIFalization a are paid large divries la VE dWind Ed Blast six years. Dr. at policy leads to an eith and to fititration. Nicaragua 1 has best applied
gricultural produc
ity exporting basic in Central America. OWing to a policy of ed On the peasantry. Edin firmarıcing agriding. Thus credits
FFFFFCF5; HOLltat
LL LL LLLL S S L LLLLKK LLL K LLaLLK LLaaL place in Nicaragua this month. Canon Francois Hollart, the founder and DFractor of the Centre Tricontinental at the Catholic University of Louvail. Belgium, gives the deep background tathe pol. Fr, Houlart, a Jesuitanda Well known political sociologist, Was բersonally aզմainted with the legantiarly Fr. Camilo Torres, who also studaK LL LLLKLS LSLS LL LaK KLLaaL a S tures frequently in Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Haitiand Vietnam and Fias lectured in Mozambique and Guinea BİSSEL, TgPresident of the Wiet - BelgiuT Friendship Society, he is also the author of "Religion and Ideoogy in Sri Laraka'.
for garlic production have been cut by 60% and credit for Coffee production by 50%. It is not possible to obtain adWar CGS eith Er to buy pasticides, or to finance the breeding of young calves, which in turn affects milik Production, Or the other Hand, the financial system is exclusively interested L a K LL S0S LLLLLL aLLL SLLLLL a aL LLLLLLK fattening, which encourages its outward displacement (notably to Costa Rica) (3).
Early May, Nicaragua's Central Bank published the 1995 import figures USS 95.6.7. Tillis. This amounts to 50% of the GDP of the country - an increase of 9.4% as CETTpared to T994, and of 23,5%. In relation to 1993. Consumption godds represent 27.6% of the imports (a 14.4% increase since 1994), and B6.6% of the later are food products. Short terrn financia gains thus conflict with the food necessia ties of the people.
1.3 Effects on the country's social strucTILFE
Ten years of Sandinist regime had changed the Country's social structure, especially in
had received land expropriated from the Somozist latifundists. Today 90% of the peasantshawa land at their disposal. But, during the last six years, a Certain number of Estate GWrer5 have restrig ved at their property, and a new social group has emerged. While retaining a minority, this group however Commands a Considerable

Page 14
COFITTIC: power and is linked LP. With filnancial capital. That faction of the former trade and finance oligarchy, which caric back 10 Power afterlhe 1990 Elections, had to share it with this new group. This meant a short term accumulation policy. Which Targinalised investment capital. To this Was added an inda Tinification process, which caused an increase of often quesLIlla||E EJETE FILS.
-Ihe proחtywas privilegBd IחסחוThus am LLLLLLLL0S Gaa LLL a aaaaLa a L families WETE EIEing pallingedirito economic uncertainty. It may be correct to estimate Lihat 5% of the population profits by 35% of the national rent (Of course this category of people are geared in a high level ctrlSUTiption which BricOLIrages imports).
SLLLLL LLLL LL LLL LLY K K KKK a aLLLLLLLaL aSKS tween that group and the productive secLor in gĒri eral anti ST1a || Ural and Urban producers in particular. Undoubterly, NIcaragua is a society of small dilariSigns and L L L L L LGLL L LLaaLLLL a a L LK SLSK K KS Lisbourgeoissections are very fluid. HOWever, the ruptire between the two-financal and productive - Sectors is quite visIbile today. It Willine Vitably have its electoral repercussions, With two different griKLaaLS S S S H HaaSaaLLL LLa aa LLaaLLLL L SLLLSS anCE (FLC) : the Other, popular with tha Sardin St. Front.
1,4A State deprived of its functions
State reduction is a World-Wide goal of LLaaLaaLLLLSSa a Laa LLLS KLLLLL LL the structural adjustment programs ir TIposed by the Bretton Woods organizations, and it should be bğrını e. In Thind that Nicaragua Was a particularly Ebrilliant student.
THE EFICJfTIDLIG Externa | TESOLITICES mādi available to Nicaragua were very unequally distributed by the Nicaraguan state, thereby causing generalized corruption and influence trafficking. Today, the groups in power enjoy almost total immunity. Out of 176 cases of Corruption denunciations made between 1990 and 1996, only three War tried, the results Were WDCOrdernations ard come acquittal, With Tobody jailed."
Like in TOSt. Latin Alerican COLuntries, the tax system spares property and relies on production and consumption. As the latter has been reduced because of the paralysiis of the economic activity, the Stateis handicapped in its interwentions and imits role of Wealth redistribution. Let US add that debt servicing, despite irportant renegotiations, still absorbs a great part of the resources: almost 80% of the export revenue. This is exacerbated by the removal or the considerable reduction of pro
favours in ports and Economic activity.
Is it then surprising t Figration of thË EdUC; tariif From US$35 բ LHB State's HEERITF1 en g S.14 in 1GHE. MET Bif| 138 BCGm red. CEISIS, EL Tid fËTial D. Ca | decreased by 63%.
E1% of school going : TËVE E ECESS to scho. nost 600,000 childre Շalign: 40% of the dl Condition, The salar) SCOO teachers all CITë Lihird of the Eas The infant developin up by the Sandinist down, affecting 75,0. eracy rate, Which ha to 12% by the Literac ginning tյf the revol 4.D5%:
The direct Consequel TE} difa Tati C, OTTE CO | ITHE FLura || 3r EF5E St. Tribuna FEWGals tha || Earl Stat of Extre բՃrtign reached 70%; ECETFOädti Among thE բogrest, : day only covers 33% and 30% of the prote pea sants have CLtd. ditLife considerablyd it now represents total El Ludget. The C WETITTIE ST Illi 3illati |lav Ior- Children ||
But that is not all Th ancy Which had reaa end of the Sandalist to 5-6 EEGELSE Lif EguS di 5 eāSēS CLIE
dermicis have multi claimed 2,300 death: 1932 ārld 1994, mā by 40% and cholara
per year during the
total of 5,100 case: during childbirthi ha |Wees| 1990 Bang|194 Cf GaGG I TEdiCalā5 show that 67%. Of
SLI ffig TrOTT ET LITT
To such a physical added the 50cial d'Est. by a considerable by groups of Organiz in the Califë ard II by a high ra te of
 
 

por Cid Luction, Which WEākēns tha intēfall
see the rapid deletion and health sysFr Fri Fia Eritari tiri, T-389, Ferditure has fallen a | SEG IGLEFICE in Chili ted to 4ց% of thiց icër diagnostics have
ge childrenno longer ling, which rearsalin OLE fOrigidi35G FICCITTIS E TE in Itāld
received by Primary lyחסt:gVErםtוthBIT c food requirements. Brit Cafe CentrËS, Set as, have been shLit DO CH||difer, THE FI||I|- i been brought down campaign at the betion, as Soared to
Ces of these policias ld even say Criminal Irvey published by La 60% of the families TlepçJVErty; this proin some regions of north of the country. tood consumption toeft|The Carig reeds Fil TGI LI IreTTI Belt, Thia wn their food expenUsing these last years three quarters of their Ffilltir (31 ITE THE FIEIT) ori, as porer families below the age of 14.
a aWBFagEa life E3XpGCtthed 66 years at the regime has now fallen He iCase of infecto malnutrition. Epilied :: Träsles haWC since 1991 between aria Case:S in Creas Ed Tadgone Lup by TT3% as four years, With a
Maternal Tortality multiplied by 3 be: 4 because of the deistance. A survey has children aged 1 to 5 t-isil,
neca tomb, should be ganization expressed crease in Criminality d violence especially th of the Country, and Interfallilia Wince
Un doubtedly, all of these Factors Carinot be imputed solely to the government of Ms Wioleta Chamorro. They are Common to a major part of the Central Americam region, LL L a LLLLL LaLL aa LLLLLaLLLL L SLL LS
duras, Guatemala or Salvador, and in SCITTE: TTIEasure in Costa Rica, Thay arg DLaL GH a KLaaaS LLL a LL L LL L a aLaL L LLLS Policies irripOSEId by the international firarGial organizations and as conditions of El|ateral aid, BLIt this gowErflmEntcan CErtain Ey EIE Eolarmed for ngtha Wing Lusad the narrow manoGLIWring margin available to guarantee the material and Cultural survival of its people and to DnCOLI Tage local prodШЕНОП.
|n SalvadOT, fOr Ir1stamCe SOCI5alIdualizatiOFI isas greatas in Nicaragua, and LIrl Employfrient has grown in similar proportion, but accompanied by an economic growth of 6%, Nicaragua, on the contrary, had a slightly negative growth rate in 1995, for a simple reason the group in power OWins interests in the trade and finance sectors, In the purest tradition of predatory Capitalism, it is interested in rapid accumulation, Whatever be its origin or the social cost
2. Democracy in practice
Certainly, the concerted efforts of the Sandinista. Front - having accepted its defeat- and of the new government presided ower by Ms. Violeta CHämorro, did bring back peace to Nicaragua, Indeed, democracy is as real as in most Wester courtries, politically speaking the freedom of the press and of association is respected by the Current regime. However, considering the general social context, one cannot but wonder about the meaning of democracy and liberty, When the masses are PlLJñged in TriSery and afE 2 Vēr lESS Capable of exercising their individual and socal rights, or of really benefiting from these freedor T15.
We are witnessing a recomposition of civil society with a weakening ofբopular organizations. This specially concerns the unions, because of the drastic decrease of employment (765- of the young are jobless), but it also concerns other social movements. These are increasingly diffiCult to Sustain, not only for financial realsons as they rely on membership fees or on a decreasing international Solidarity, but also because of the growing individualism resulting from thE =tonomic բglities forՇing the popular classes to pursue survival Strategias.
2.1 The multiplicity of parties
The politi Cal Constellation of the Country Consist of about 40 parties. Apart from the

Page 15
big forrations - hB FSLN and the Liberal Allian CC (PLC) - the others are small scale parties. We should add Alvaro ROBELO's "Arriba Nicaragua", to Which We sha reTLJITI latar.
Apart from these three political organizations, There are TWC ather parties Whi-harWorthy of notice. First the PRONAL Proyecto Nacional of Antonio LA CAYC), the minister of the presidency. Wishing to Create a centre, he had hoped to forman alliance with Sergio RAMLREZ, the torner Sandinist wice-president but to no avail. Fra larg tir TIE, HE STCCod Close to Humberta ORTEGA, the former chief of the military, whose discourse progressively shifted fror CEF trato tight, HOWE Ver, Antonio La Cayo's political project did not take off the ground. Asfor Sergio Ramirez's MRS (Movimiento de Renocanion Sandinista), its object is to aaaLLLLL K KS KS a L S aa LLLLLLLK strength is not like-ly to EXCEEd 2%.
Wethen have the numerous stral politiLL aaLaLLaaS LS L aL LLLLL LGaLLaLLLL party which is an offshoot of Sardinism, that of Ederi PASTORA (CorTımarıdarı'te Zero) WHOlater.join Ed the CQUIntgr-revolution, but it's electoral strength is not suffOOLLLLLL S S LLLK LtttLLK Laa S LCLLaaH LLL LLLLLS tive of Dr. Alejandro SER FRANCO, come of the Tos! Ebrilliantimita||lactuals of Nicaragua, the formar ցիլերեE|Eր քք լիE NEիցրել է |րիցrSity End forme fambassadorto Paris, Con Cerried by the polarization of the country
tLtLLL LLLLaLLLL L LLL L LL L LLLLLLL L aLLLLLLLaL S La thrie Whis"Convergencia Nacional" moveTent into the arena. But this praiseworthy initiative does not carry enough political Weight, lacks a social base and fallies mainly conservative personalities. The Conservative parties are divided into figur antitles and endeavours are being mada l Eichie WE LImity, tliEt Orly Way of guaranEEE ing some Parliamientary representation. As for the Test, thayara political formations geared to personal ambitions or to historical memories, like the Communist parties Of the Central American party.
2.2.The Case Of Alvaro Robeo ad "Arriba Nicaragua"
The founder of the new political party "Arriba Nicaragua", Alvaro Robelo is apolitical figure Straight frgrn Florentine Intrigues. His party Carne third in the Gallup polls, after Arnaldo ALEMAN's Liberal AIIance and t†ls Sändirist Frort, with about 6% of the Voting intentions. He has lived QWe 20 years in Italy, and has been for three years Nicaragua's aribassador in Rome, a post he had to forgo on being accused of having suppled a diplomatic passport to an acknowledge member of the
SiC|| ali Mafia
|r Nicaragua. Ele foi Europeo de Centra ETS COf Which aftës iš to be having Cons spends a lot of more paign. His grand it duction had to be giv this can only happel of Tassive foreign in POLITIS, Hè prOEJOSÉ: of a "dry canal" by
LEE LHE E O
līcī Lārā |E. Wä5 FEWEIEI ELLI Italiari Justice Depal a money laundering involving over 12.00 |ր սիլլըի իրs Իվլըarք implicated. The nam. alSG EEEII Tierlitire FE M|Flf ÄfTESS
In short, his political Suspicious. He of Co as Nicaragua's sa Wic relative popularity, Chamorro's goverrif Flar IT || ||stEր ըf լից Lacayo, find insupp.
2.3 TFE SCCESS Of
WTät C:LIEEE THE 5 | Cadar lika Afrald y On top of all the Gallu nothing Seems lobe partisan of Somoza, in the USA during th |517tw Ery Hands Om LIT1 pop LilaT during hIS of Мапаgша Iп shс likely person to Gong all the SLUTVEySilist hir ORTEGA, the gent Salist Frt.
As the Mayor, he we spectacular public W tLI Fidas, To LI rita iris, irr and providing Water neighbourhoods. H thanks to the intelligE The efficiency of his
lighted by a clayer a making use rldl rյրի media, but also of t. capital. Since he as presidential race, popularity in the Col. gogic discourse and to saw the three m: cality. He is helped
efficiency and their ganda Lurlit Beach in all In other respects, thi political life - deeply ture -ave become
 
 
 
 
 

inded a bank (BarCo m Briga) thBshlarEafhitildtly Italians, HDSEEms iderable fluids and y or his electora | Ça ITlela : Nicaraguari proen a IgwimpEl 15, and through trainfusion 1WEGHT"|EMES HI || LJLHEr | Erdd o EFE15th Girl (E327. ard), Which WOLuld bB Para Tia Canal and mainly Asian in Westors. e end of April, that the Timment iSir Westiga ting # ՃբEration allegeմly O Tini||icon do||ars, and gLI ar1 barnk, . WOLuld be BUT AMBIURGEJEld has Ltd (HLI Iring the atta ir of
Erik
project aրըears զulle Lisa presents himself DLIr. This gives hl. Tıca Which MS, Wigleta herit and in particular Presidency, Art Crico
table.
ATaldo AIBITE
UCCESS of a political AlerTian, Who is today polls? At first glance, his fly II, A Tier
having lived in exile e Sandinistyears, he 3 and became socially lesure asthe Mayor FESTES L = ILIEr the mäSSEs EL T. Walea of Daniel rall SEC ratary of the
1tured into a policy of orks: TIEW roads, ToprovEm Ent of Streets supply to Some poor E has a chi EVEd thİS, Tit LUSE COf Lut5id aid. Tanagement is highrivertising campaign, of all the available 3 public Spaces of the | His post to Enter the e has multipled his Intry. Using a demaPOTOTTĪSing especially i reeds of EC|| || - by his reputation for is talling of a propaFE B:toral districts. e Old Tecialists of SCI Editte CLHC Liw Ea agai Ti. || Team
"clientelism" (political clientship) which is specially a rural pherhorner on. In these times of deep Social vulnerability, the need for protection Carlot EE clismissed as SLperfluous. The re-emergence of the former Oligarchies and the economic power of new strata of actors create the conditions for the resurgence of food allegiance and even the buying of Votes.
CII- WOLIlrthink that the antiscfTözist FEWGutionary process and the Sandinist period made the population politically Tora maTLIFE. AC tually, Nicaraguja's popular classes afE, ELIMOs ng the T1 Lost politically conscious Gftha Continent But One SHOLId taka into accounta political polarization which dogs ICT COrresporld Only to CE55 StrLICt Lire a ri LLaaL LL LLL LLLL KLaLLLL aa KaaS S SSS War COLIragedard financed by the USA. It should E2E added that the Image of the Saridinist Front – as a party With totalitar|ari ter dericies, and Whö5g GyErl La Victory would risk provoking new hostility, if not repressive measures from the USA - still prevails in Tany, Ilinds.
2.4 The political alliances
It is thus possible that në ther of the two Taim formations, the LiHËTa | A || Har CD| oined by the P-L|| (Partido Liberal Independiente) of Virgilio GODOY Violeta Chamorro's former Vice-president, and the San G|Plist Front, Will be able LO (Lule Ellione. Hericetha importance of pre-electoral aliances. The multiplicity of small parties with out electoral significance leaves to a few political formations the Tiain role in this field. First Christian Democracy (UDC), which some Would like to see as a part of a aft Coalition. While its tradition in Central America Hasa Ways Theart amalliance With the right. Then the Conservative Party of Myrian ARGUELLO. There is a possibility of SCrime Criservatives aligming themselves with the Liberals in order to prevent a Sandinista victory. Finally, the Resistance Party, regrouping a fair number of former Corit TaS, COLUlda Ways play, a roleir fäWOLIT K aLaL a LaaLLK aa LLLLLLLLS
LL K 0SaLLLLLL SLLLHH LLLLLL L HLH SK aLaLaL and delicate task, The UNO (Union Nacional Opositora) Came to po Werthanks
S LL LaLaL a KLLLLLLL aaL u L KaHL even if this aliance has disintegrated along time ago, the desire to prevent the Front from Coming back power remairls wery powerful. It is thus difficult for many of those parties to become allied with the latter. The split of the MRS (Movimiento de Ferhova Cion Sandinista) is too recent to permit an Organic collaboration before the elections, even if it is possible that if a Choste has to be Tiaide betWEGII AIII aldo Aleman and Daniel Ortega, the majority of members and sympathisers of that ToweTicent Wi|| CHOOGB the lätter.

Page 16
What are the options for the FSLN ? The preparatory documents and the discus: signs of the Congress emphasized tha nood to reactivate economic production (6) To prove this point and attract to their project the producers - frustrater by the económic policy of the Charrio Fro governTent - the Sardinist Front offered the Vice – presidency to amagricultural producer, Jose Manuel CALERALAGAYO from the Malagaiբa region. However apart frtm Some small parties, the only alliance the FSLN could contemplate would be With the Conservatives, but this is really hardt ervisage before the first round of elections.
KS LL K L L L L LLLLL LLL LLS LL H uS CLITIC
In Nicaraguas political landstElքe, there is ng more stable a figure than Cardinal LL SSKSSLLL L S S SS LLLK SKSLLLSS LLLLLL S L L L L aaatLaKS ing w|E-a-wis SamՃՀa, then legitimating the people's revolutien he qLickly became, di Lring the Sandinist regime, the symbol of the Ճբբnsition and onB of its must efficient Irlu L SSS S aa S S S S S S LSL SLL Chamorro's coming to power, than dis=m the gravernment, FBםחself TחחEEd HiחLa
ForCoachingit With TOS EHEM İÇa fag La F1 SCcli TIEsiätg Tin The Vari. hit ratETWES THE Visit litical përsonalities. sլյբբՇSet to bettյm EE TEEks: TC FITTÉT FTESijEILLE claтегі апавіау.
THE իggit tյիբրեր doubtedly relate:S tOi ConCEIVES CIT E Wang of the hegemony of sggi=1y and of Its dir բոlitical sքըiely, Al design is to be cond Il f'W GLIF IS LI EEJ EFI Sard a ELIrlciati ցոes together with = ו6 ELISE5 בין חרורח גםךf thם |ly. Indeed, while th: Hi - ||1թ բլ: Երը Targinalizatio II of th Its Social Base, it als is task in the eccle: described EWE - Lo di Ti Which in
Cքում, from բagբ 1
is worried about "the possibility of TIJE".
Mr. Waara komm is not only Worriad hat the P.A., privatiSation Foley Will take LL aS LLSLLaa LL Sa LLL LLL LLLK aaa K aL S fitoLIS possibilities, S.Luch as the possible threat to Sri Lankan sovereignty. The privatisation of TeleCOTITUnications has little to do. With provision of services. It is in effect the handing over of Our single corrITILITICatIDT15 Sy5 EET TO COITIITLEF cial Interestis that have consolidated their position LL K SS0 SLLLLLLL HHHH u uu a LL LSSLL L 1 ցցE"
Mr. Weerakoon Who has obviously studied the problem mnrt thrյroughly than any other M.P., government of opposition, Bjeli EVËS Lhält there is Seri_LIS EJEli LiCS ilLaaaKS LS S LLLSK KaaaZS S S CK SSS SSS SKLSK S SLLLSSSLKSS starid There is another (asբett) Լg this, and that is in the political overlaps that flow fra Ti facilities given to Sugh inforITlation 5EFyi CEE FETHE W.C.A"
What Mr. WeerakOOn Is suggesting that We are being Caught Lup) in thịE ATTI Erican globalisation process without understanding how it Works, or its implications för Sri Lankar interests, including its SOW
regrity.
WORKER-FRIENDLY NOMORE
Long before eletitions, Mrs, Cիք a "It PBCplES Alance, Worker-friendly irriag tigri, St Ludgrits Of Sri ticularly of anti-UNE tցլյlt sցը լիբ sցritյլ: ET I LUFT THE J.F. was a three-par two Left parties, the for TTET TI partir:L|| ali strength from Flfa-Li stit LJBT1CiËSafid FEgi. Hey To a esser ext CP diāli S.A., Wilckramasighe B בןך| זם P =|| 3.1 עם חוז naturala||Ey in theset come ally since the EläinTI EFEITTELICIbile of Woles, riot seats), W The Left's capacity to Evergreater When reins of offic; the TEI OIl the LIIliolS E Luric II || Ea de F5, and til T.I., Ini, 55 parliamentary p Jaya Wardene's firstit Sri Kotha Was to organising the J.S.S Eff" TIL HEET’ti:
 

taring a dualization of city, Unavoidable as a |LIS SILLäti EJ15, Dof Crisis, S of all the foreign Po
HE WES WEWE. In
- El Card III, HE EC in thE rքաolLilitirl", as nie | Ortega rightly dig
të of his Stand E LITIa II ECCLESÍCology, Which Յ|քՅt|gri as a fւյrittitյր |l1= E|1LIrլյm tյացք է:րալ Ett || || || || Епса бург || Пр. 1ything բբբըsing this amned and everything Curaged. This EJEing n of Social injustices absence of analysis T powerty arci inequal= CLICF1 CHITT10 || ||G|GFTil: , si: || e Tlasses Constituting 30 1935 – 10 EE ET/E: siologinal perspetitive 'r Ely Li Baria, 50 Clall o'r
ILIT grants it
acknowledgement and support.
For this reason, the Nicaraguan church has not been able to tolerate a political regime, which was the privileged expression of the popular Tlasses and COTipated With it in L L a SK a aLLLLL SK SLLLLLLSL LLLLLL the same reason, it opposed the emergence of the new social group built on the easy money of financial capital, and Tallied to the formler EJJurgeoisie, mainly agrarian and of rural Origin
Tlle FaբE's visit at tha Haginning of 1996 LLS KL LL La HH aaLLHHSK stand in the Nicaraguan Society. It followed L KLSLLLLaaS S aS K KK S Ha LLK SS KS man Ced for the mair part by the LJS Frizza king, who declared at the inauguration that it was the symbol of victory over corrillLLLH S S S K L L K LLLL a CH LL new Roman Catholic university (the UNICA), competing With that of the Jesuits (Considered as tuց բregressive) antiafter the restoration of the Uniofficia|| LL te lage Of Managua's arthbishop over the appointL L aa L LLLLLLL HHH L LLLS aLLa aLLaaLS
JOHN PAUL || Carlie Earld CONTIFITier the
Contri Lin բage 15
he 1994 Parliamentary andrika Ku Tara LLi Tiga ed front" styled the BrojGCtEd a de Cidad|y |E. BLITTrOTI its in CEP
La rikani politi CS, par* left-inc|imgil "frits 3 ||fgrigng Ern PA. To begin with the ty alliance in which the L.S.S.P and C.P., the F, drew considerable aft parliamentary COTIIris B.g. the Kelani WalErit but quit G clearly | || EEEE" TITI MELE TIL
territory. As a result, andaranaikes had a Woparties, a Very Well
Տ.Լ. FIF tյլ|- ր- քեր TLİTİFTLİTı (İ. E, İnterITIS IL1 IHE J.N.F. CCLId. See the S.L.F.P. Was EHE S.L.F.P. Had EHLSSP-CP held a light LËT E the Uniors. On the HET L.J. E.055 B-5. Of TFtrue of the pattern of | ||B || || J. R. 3Gk. Wolff he took Wear
:C)T CBTIFBIE DF1 TB... the U.N.P.'s late - in (as genuing Left-in
clined Union bosses called it). While Mrs. Bandaranalike Was far frOFTI "TU, - friendly" Charidrika Kumaratunga, certainly in the 1980's was anti-Capitalist, and pro-Labour
THE linkages tightariքirl between Ցr L-Eam kalamid the Brettor Woods algericies liri "Thr lang Parliament years Lif the UN, Fand the Executive Presidency of the "Godfath T", J. R. Ja ya Warda FIFA, Are Tar tot strong for any P.A. to break.
Far toO strong for awan Prasident Chandrika to break. In Every sense of the Word, structural ADJUSTMENT, is the or der of day. The PA, must adjust; even
President KIITiaraturiga, the B3% vote not
Withstanding, HAS to adjust. The adjustLLL LLuaaa a LKLL LLLLLL aLLL LLaaL LLLS Capapa- and the influence Tears less popular support for the PA. The C.M.U. is a perfact Example. At a recent meeting, the C.M.U., demanding the legislative implementatign of Labour Mirister Mahindia Rajapakses Workers Chartar, pointed put that the Minister was prevented from presenting the Bill in July. By Whion? Comrade Tai TipOC didn't think names needed to be dropped.
Meanwhile the Sunday Times had a front-page report headlined FOREIGN NGO'SBUGGED). InternatigFlä| NGO's Eggliewe their telephone limes are tapped... |

Page 17
エ 置 Conid, from page 14
restoration of the Scclesiastical and political order, speaking of "dark night" to qualify the Sandinist period and of "bright sunshine" for the present one. He was thus giving an expiatory meaning to his new presence, referfingto hisfirst 1993 visitas a "leap towards death". The Western press Followed Suit and stressed the Contrast between the two dates, rewriting history and going so far to say that the Pope had been insulted by the revolutionary leaders during the pontifical mass or that the pocit priest Ernesto CARDENAL had been angry with the Pope (both untrue).
The fresh vigor of the ecclesiastical institution is today obvious. However it has been unable to stop the growth of now religious movements of Protestant origin - already representing over 30% of the population- or the gradual secularization of Culture. The ecclesiastical hierarchy has been very efficient in the use of internal power to eliminata from the pastoral field the religious agents who had made an option for the cause of the poor, and who had chosem another polítical expression. The three priests who had taken partin the Sandinist government have not been reintegrated into the priesthood. The pressure made On other ones has kept way from the exercise of the priesthood. The Christian base Communities have been gradually marginalized from any ecclesiastical space. The latest event has been the expulsion from the Franciscan Order of Fathe Uriel MOLINA, a biblical scholar in charge of the Antonio Waldvieso EcumeniCal Centre and the rCmarkabla leader of a liturgical renewall. He had exercised a profo Lund influen C3 0Ver Christians and nonChristians committed to the revolutionary prCCESS Even if the Nicaraguan Church will not pronounce itself in favouragiven political party during the electoral campaign, it is clear its influence Will go towards supporting and consolidating the existing social order. To be Cotilled
NEXT SANDINISTAS TODAY
FOOTNOTES 1. La Tribuna 3.5.96 2. bid
3. Amilcar Navarro - Director, UNA G (Nicaraguan Union of Agriculturists and cattle breeders)
| Lr || TELa - B5-E 5. Lä Triburla - 2.5.95
B. Barrica da, the Official orgam of the FSLN called it a govt. of production, for the producers and by the producers.
(This article was translated from the Franch by Mishty de Silva). Ela
ܐ̄>
(f)
பி
亡值
St.
T唱
ტt] ||
 
 
 
 

疆
ATTING. - 36O
: :ாமிரார் リエfmacm za tfie stiff SCETTE FAITÉS ார்:
at avas Teat Life TI PUHis corniiri 20: TH :ாதுTரt Lister :ாழ : fite Hitாரிப்பீராகிதம்
ராசிரிழரி0ார்.
யூரி ருே:IEEEர்: :ே start: 1871 பிரழா :0, 15:ா ஐi: TUIIfrom eirologi figift ketoria:Her f:நார்மா LuaaaLYS LCCLCCtYlaaY SS LLLLLLLLYYL u YaLYLY ie fittilate Ծrette notefip to Fifth form f(rúr啶芭芷
ove tie (Linds of II distili It War :பு: 17:0) பூப்பரEர: 1: துersite aர: 01:யர்:Et :fr:ார்
ggரி0ாண்ரோ 0ாரிi :Itstresisite :II:
16: சோழப் traffic inade prsifica) գյոiո մքեր insiif its
Fiderinig froழர் reாா8:0ரு : gf
: :பழ0ார்: :ேது: ίοτις ξεπί 15 fiε απίτες thisյոtaka Potin and his Stthar :

Page 18
ILITATORI
VANIK-PIONEERING FIN
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

N
-----

Page 19
that sense the post-Marxists in their role of managers of NGOs are fundamentally political actors whose projects, training, and Workshops do mot make any Significant economic impact either or the GNP or in terms of lessening poverty. But their activities do make an impact in diverting people from the Class Struggle into harInless and ineffective forms of collaboration. With their oppressors. The Marxist perspective of class struggle and confrontation IsbLillUp On the real Socialdivisions of society: between those who extract profits, interest, rënı tard regressiva taxes and those who struggle to maximize Wages, Social ExpErlditLITEs and productive Investments. The results of post-Marxist perSpectives are today evident everywhere: the Concentration of income and the growth of inequalities are greater than ever, after a decade of preaching co-operation and micro-enterprises, and self-help. Today LLL LaLLLLL LLLL La LaLSLCLLLLL LLLLtLCLLKS opment Bank (IDB) fund the export agrobusiness that exploit and poison millions of farm laborers. While providing funds to finance small micro-projects. The role of the post-Marxists in the micro projects is to neutralize political opposition at the bottorn Whila neo-liberalismis promoted at the top. The ideology of "co-operation" links the poor through the post-Marxists to neo-liberals at the top, Intellectually the post-Marxists are the intellectual policeman who define acceptable research, distribLite research funds and filter out topics and perspectives that project class analysis and struggle. Marxists are excluded from the Conferences and Stigmatized as "ideologists" while post-Marxists present thenSEVES ES "SCCial 5Cl Etists." THE COr tro| of intellectual fashion, publications, conferences, research funds provide the postMarxists with an important power base - but one ultimately dependent on avoiding Conflict with their external funding patrons,
The Critica | Mti Txist intellectuals have their strength in the fact that their ideas resonate with the evolving social realities. The polarization of classes and the Violent confrontations are growing, as their the Orie:S WOLuld pradict. It is from this sensa that the Marxists are tactically Weak and strategically strong vis-a-vis the post-Marxists.
ls Anti-Imperialism Dead?
In recent years art-Tiperialism has disappeared from the political lexicon of the post-Marxists. The CIx-guerrillas of Central America turned electoral politicians, and the professionals who run the NGOs
speak of internati. interdependence." tin Lie to transfer h LI: in Latin Allerica to Japanese Banks. P. and abJ JWE || TatLF taken over at Very and European mult TOT - Latin A TaTICE bulk of their funds Ethanks thairm Bwer Daf provinceshawe bec. ies and the Country THE || 5. H35 mörg Officials and federal AT1Erican "policing" tory. Yet We ara : Sardinistas and E. anti-imperialism imp WITH TEET Of EC We are tUld is ngt f foreign aid but their for Tore imperial a economic myopiat perspective fails to political conditions f: ment is the cheaper nation of Social legi formation of Latif , planlation, grIE blg free zone, stripped апсd WBalth.
T Mixist: ening of Imperial ex the social relations relations bëtWeën in T Capitalis T. THE Col has intensified imp post Marxists (ex-Ma the Unipolar World Wi Operation" hawe misi in Panama, Iraq, So More fundamentally rialism is imbeddedi Cof Capital not in ext2 the Stյալել Արitյրl T tic Tarket and ext ATi grica is a retur phase the Latin ec SEmble their "Coloni:
The struggle today involves the nation the doTESti. tive economy, and a LO SOCial production
TWO Perspectives O. tion: Class Organi;
Tādivāģēt perialism and it CONTıp radore Collabor an ideological and C. post-Marxists ir sida of the popular Tower
 

nal Co-operation and et debilpayrrients Conge sums from the poor the Eurpeal, U.S. and Iblic properties, banks, alreSQLITICES är G being cheap prices by U. S. i-latioilla||S. THE TE are APT EJ|||0mairCS With thIB in LJ, S, and European OTO. MEarl While Britie na industrial ComoterSide is de-populated. military advisors, drug
police directing Latin thia FIB Werbefore in Histold by Sorne for ner x-Faraburi distäis that Jerialism disappeared old War. The problem oreign investments or a bosan CE and they ask id. The political and hat accomparlies this
Lidersted that the JT THE|0ām 5 ard III WESEing of labor, the ElimiSatiri adtg tra SAmerica into one big Tlining camp, one big of rights, sovereignty
amphasis on the deepploitation is rooked in if production and State |perial and dependent lapse of the U.S.S.R. rial exploitation. The rxists) who believe that Il resultin greater "Coread L.J.S, interWertici Talia and El5E WHETE, the dynamic of impe1 the internal dynamic rnal competition with ha | CSS of the d'OTIESerrial Stactor of Latin 1 to El "Pra-rational" Oriorities begin to real" past,
against imperialism recoilst Lition of the market, the produc
Working class linked and Consumption,
SCHI THIS TOTTEzatiorS irid NGOS
estruggle againstir's domestic neoat OS passes through JLura li dEtoate Witri taland on the periphery lents, Neo-liberalism
operates today on two fronts: the economic and the Cultural-political; and at two lawels: the regime and thČ popular Classes. At the top neo-liberal policies are formulated and implemented by the usual char. acters : the World Bank, the IMF working With Washington, Bonn, Tokyo and in association with neo-liberal regimes and dofilestic exporters, big business conglomerates and barkers.
By the Early 1980s the more perCeptive Sectors of the neo-liberal ruling classes realized that their policies Were polarizing the Society and provoking large Scale social discriterit. Ngo-liberal politicians beganto finance and promote a parallel strategy "from below" the promotion of "grassroots" organizations with an 'antiStatist' ideology to intervene among potentially conflictual classes, to create a 'social Cushion', These organizations wara finamiCially dependent or neo-liberal sources and Were directly involved in competing With Socio-political movements for the allegiance of local leaders and activist Communities. By the 1990s these organizations described as "non-governmental" nUTibergd. In the thOLISands ard Were rgceiving World-Wide close to 4 billion dollars,
The Confusion concerning the political character of the NGOs stems from their earlier history in the 1970s during the days of the dicatatorships. In this period they Were active in providing humanitarian SLJpport to the Victims of the military dictatorships and denouncing human rights violations. The NGOs supported "soup kitche 5 Which all'OWEd Victimized famili55 C survived the first Wave of shock treat Tests administered by the neo-liberal dictatorships. This period created a favorable intage of NGOs even among the Left. They Were Considered part of the "progressive CarTip". EVen then, hOWever, the limits Of the NGOs was evident. While they attacked the human rights violations of local dictatorships, they rarely denounced their U.S. and European patrons who financed a Tid a dwis Edith E.T., Nr Was there a SariOLS esfort to link the nag-liberal ECOnoili: policies and human rights violations to the new turn in the imperialist system, ObwOusly the external sources of funding limited the sphere of Criticism and human rights action.
As opposition to neo-liberalism greWin the early 1980s, the U.S. and European governments and the World Bank in Creased Tunding of NGOs, There Is a direct relation betWEBn the growth of social TOW Cments Challeriging the neo-liberal model and the effort to subvert them by Creating alternative forms of social action

Page 20
through the NGOs. The basic point of Convergence bet Ween the NGOs and the World Bank was their common opposition HHH SuLLLLHS LLL Ha aLLLuLLLLLL LL LaLaLa LLLS gized the state from a "left" perspective, defending civil Society, while the right did in the name of the Tarket. In reality howGW Er the World Bank, the E-liberālrēgimes and Westerrifo Lindatori5 co-opted and encourages the NGOs to undermine the national Welfare state by providing social services to compensate the victims of the MNCs. In other Words as the neo-liberal regimes at the top devastated cortmunities by inundating the country with cheap imports, external debt payments and abolishing labor legislation, creating a growing Tass of low paid and unemployed Workers, the NGOs Were funded to provide "self-help" projects, "popular education", ob training, etc. to absord temporarily, stall groups of poor, to co-opt local leadEers and to Lunder Tine anti-systerT i C strugglas.
The NGOs became the "community face" of neo-liberalism, intimately related to those at the top and complementing their dest FLIC:tive Work with local projects... lil Eeffact the neo-liberals organized a "pincer operation or dual strategy, Unfortunately many on the left focused only on "Neoliberālis T1 frol a EO WE and the CD Lutside" (IMF, World Bank) and not on neo-liberalism from below (NGOs, micro - enterprises). A major reason for this oversight was the conversion of many ex-Marxists to the NGO formula and practice, Post Marxism was the ideological transit ticket from class politics to "community developrent", from Marxist to the NGOs.
While the Te-liberals Wara TT35ferring lucrative state properties to the priwate rich, the NGOs were not part of the trade union resistance. On the contrary they were active in local private projects, promoting the private enterprise discourse (self-help) in the local communities by foCLI sing on micro-enterprises. The NGCOs built idcological bridges between the stal scale capitalists and the monopolies benefitting from privatization - all in the name of "anti statism" and building civil LLLLaLLCLS LLLLL L LLL LLLL LLLaLLLLLLL LLLLLL financial empires from the privatization, the NGO, middle clas5 professionals - got 5 Tial| Sums of funds to finance offices, transportation and small scale economic activity. The important political point is that the NGOs depoliticized sectors of the popuLLLHLHHS HLaLDLCaLLL LaLLL LaHHLHHLCLLa aa public employees, and Co-opted potential leaders in small projects, NGOs abstain from public school teacher struggles, as the neo-liberal regimes attack public education
and public Bducators NGOs support the : against CW Wages an their Educational fun E-liberal governm darity. With public edu practice, "non-gover into anti-public spend
HE ELIK Jf LIIS ILI dize export Capitalis trickle from the gOVE!
In reality nonizati O15 ET3Tot TOT ECelefSfOT 0 or Work as private sul gover Tants. Frequi laborate with goverr DITE or OWISE as, T. undermines professic tracts, replacing ther fCiSSiO mal5, TF1 : NGC Іопg teгm compreht |latt HE. Welfare State they provide limited groups of COTT uniti their programmes ar. the local people but || Hat Serge ||GOS LI by taking Social pro El 5 of the IOCE
tal ifficial, I ii i r. Onon-elected, ONCIS locally anointed offici
NGOs shift pi: struggles away from toward self-exploitatic Ciall I SE TWİCES. THis al to cut Social budget
LIS SUSE bariks, Ioaris to expOI tation {self-helpo) [Thea paying taxes to the : anything in return, WC Work Extra FC LJ rg Wit II expending scarca еп Wices that the bourg the 5tatE. MOTG fLUIT ideology of private LIIldefTTES THE SB15 that the government |OdkaftBrits Citizerls E life, liberty and the E that politi Callir ESPOOTIS Essential for the W. Against this notion ol E||É NGC 5 fostET HE private responsibility and the İmpOrtarı Ce to solve those proble pose a double burde ing taxes to finance to serve the rich; priv tg take Care of their :
 

3. Rarely if over do strikes and protests d budget cuts. Since ding Comes from the Ints, they a Woid Solicators in struggle. In Timental translates ing activities, freeing TED-LEOETE IS to Sub SiS While ST all SLITs TITET U MGOJE.
-go WÉTTI mental Orgagovernmental. They erSeas governments J-COFt Tactors of Cal antly they copenly Colimental agancies at his "sub-contracting" El With Fixed CO With contingent prois cannot provide the ansive programmes Cal furs. Stead
ServiCES tO la rfOW es, More important ca molt a CCIOLI'm table C to OW ETSEās do TOTS, ndermine dem O'Cracy gram mes out of the people and their reating dependence Balls officials as idith Eir als.
2Ople's attention and the national budget into SECLIrelocal SOOWs the O-liberals Said transfer State Jad debts of private ters, etc. Self exploj= is that, in addition to state and rigt geting orking people have to Tārginal reSourCES, Ergics to obtain SerEoisie receives from damentally the NGC voluntaristic activity e of public'; the idea has an obligation to ind provide them with ILISUit of Happiness, ibility of the state is all-being of citizens. 'public responsibility neo-liberal idea of for social problems of private reSQLIrces TIs, in effect they imn On the poor ; paythe re-iteral State at self-exploitation
EEs.
LaLLLL0 LLLLLL LLaLLLLSLLaLLL LaLLLLLLLLS
NGCOS E TIphasiza Projects mot TOWE Tarts; they "To bilize" people to produC2 at the margins not to Struggle to control the basic means of production and Wealth; they focus on technical financial assistance of projects not on structural Conditions that shape the EWE ryday liwgs of people. The NGOs co-opt the language of the Left "popular power", "empowerment", "gender aquality", "sustainabla development", "bottom up leadership" etc. The problem is that this language is linked tC äffäTIEW Ork, of Colläbiräti Orl With do TOTS and gCWETTITTET tagETICIES that SL EI Ordinate practical activity to non-Confrontational politics. The local nature of NGO activity Thearis et TipoWEFITIentre VergCes beyond influencing small areas of social life with limited resources within the conditions perTitted by the neo-liberal state and macro3COOTW.
The NGOs and their post-Marxist professional staff directly compete with the socio-political noverients for influence among the poor, Women, racially excluded, etc. Their ideology and practice di Werts DLLmLLLaLH LLHH a 00LHHLHHLK aLaL LLLLLaLGLKS of poverty (looking downward and inward instead of upward and outward). To speak of micro-enterprises instead of the explotation by the overseas banks, as solutions is based on the notion that the problem is ОПЕ О Пvidual intiative Father than THE LLLLaLLaaLHaa0 H HaaaHLHLH HHaLLLL0CLS LL NGOsaid affects small sectors of the population, setting up competition between collmunities for scarce resources, generating LaLLaaL LLLLLaaH LLLLL LaL LLL LLLL Comunity rivalries, thus undermining class solidarity, The samegistrue among the professionals : Beach 5etis Lupo their NGO to solicit overseas funds, They compete by presenting proposals closer to the liking of the overseas donors for lower prices, while claiming to speak for Tore followers. The net effect is a proliferation of NGOs that fragment poor communites into sectoral and sub-sectoral groupings unable to see the larger social picture that afflicts thern and Sver 555 ablo til LInito in Struggle against the system, Recent experience also dermonstrates that foreign do nors Tirance projects during "crises"-political and social challenges to the stat.Lus quo. Crice the movement has ebbed, they shift funding to NGO - regime "collaboration", fitting the NGO projects into the neo-libera| agenda, Economic development CompatLLL LLS a SLLLLL LaLLLLLLLaLS LLLLLLaaLLL LLaa L0S cial organization for social charge become the dominant item on the funding agenda. L LLLL LLLaLLLL LLLLmLLLLLLL LuLaLLLL0L OLLH HLLLL "apolitical posture and their focus on self

Page 21
help, depoliticizes and demobilizes the poor, They reinforce the electoral processes encouraged by the neo-liberal parties and mass Tedia. Political education about the nature of imperialism, the class basis of neo-liberalism, the class struggle between exporters and temporary Workers are avoided. Instead the NGOs discuss "the excluded", the "powerless", "extreme poverty", "gender or racial discrimination" Without moving beyond the superficial symptom, to engaging the social system that produces these Conditions, incorporating the poorinta the neo-liberaleconomy through purely "private Voluntary action" the NGOs create a political World Where the appearance of solidarity and social action cloaks a conservative conformity. With the international and national structures of բԱWer.
It is no coincidence that as NGOs hawe become dominantin Certain regions, independent class political action has declined, and neo-liberalism goes uncontested. The bottom line is that the growth of NGOs coincides with increased funding from reto-liberalism and tha deepening of poverty everywhere. Despite its claims of many local successes, the overal power of neo-liberalis T stands un Challenged and the NGOs increasingly search for niches in the interestices of power. The problem of formulating alternatives has been hindared in another Way. Many of the for Tier leaders of guerrilla and social movements, trade union and popular women's organizations, have been co-opted by the NGOs, The offer is tempting: higher pay (occasionally Inhard Currency), prestige and recognition by O'WarSeas don Ors, coverseas Conferences and net-Works, Office staff and relative Security from repression. In COntrast the socio-political movements offer few material benefits but greater respact and independance and more important, the freedom to Challenge the political and OCOnomic system. The NGOs and their overseas banking supporters (Inter-American Bank, the World Bank) publish newsletters featuring success stories of micro-enterprises and Other self-help projects – WithOutmentioning the high rates of failure as popular consumption declines, low price imports flood the market and as interest rates spiral - as is the case in Mexico today.
Even the "successes affect only a small fraction of the total poor and succeed only to the degree that others cannot enter into the same market. The propaganda Value of indi Widual micro enterprise success, however, is important Infostering the illusion that neo-liberalism is a popular
phenomenon. The Outbursts that ta ka cro-enterpise prom ideology is not heg have not yet displa
TCW Tets.
Finally NGC Cultural and ECCO pendency. Projects approved in the "gll the imperial Center: They are administe munitig5. Evaluatic the imperial instituti funding, or bad ev dumping of groups and co-operatives. body is increasingly With the donOfS' der e WalLJatOTS. THE TI and ensure Confor LIDS and ideologies the proper use of cesses" occur they O1 Contin LICCLSi
SS
Contel, from page 3
Countries in 1995 goals. Fremadase astuite hands - OTI cepted the need f. basis foT actior, T was pretty far ahea countries in moving goals set in the Wol ther encouraged US thus responsible f Resolution, to go fc targets in the selec and the cluster of goals. The Colom dren Wä5 Qndorser 7th SAARC SLUTTI it a few Weeks beforo tragic death. I rec: during the grand op preceded the form which illustrated b and sense of mag had been Very kee be seen to be parti
 
 
 

frequent violent mass place in regions of miItion suggests that the Tonic and the NGOs :ed independent class
S foster a new type of hic Colonialisinni ad Idaare designed or at least delines" of priorities of Til thagi Tinstitutio 15. ed and "SOld"O COrn15 ara dome by and for }ns. Shifts in priorities, aluations result in the communities, farms Everything and everydisciplined to comply lands and their project 2W Viceroys Superwise ity with the goals, Walof the domOr as Well as ulds. Where "SLCare heavily dependent de support; otherwise
they could collapse.
While the mass Df NGOs ära Increasingly instruments of neo-liberalism there is a small minority which attempt to develop an alternative strategy that is supportive of Class and anti-imperialist politics, Nong Of thern recieve funds from the World Bank or European and U.S. governmental agencies. They support efforts to link local power to strLIggles for state power. They link local projects to national socio-political movements occupying large landed estates, defending public property and national ownership against multi-nationals. They provide political solidarity to social movements involved in struggles to expropriate land. They support Women's struggles linked to class perpectives. They recognize the importance of politics in command in defining local and immediate struggles. They believe that local organizations should fight at the national level and that national leaders must be a CCourtable to local activists. In a word they are not post-Marxists,
e, the Tid - de Cade Who Was himself an manager readilly acir specific goals as a fact that Sri Lanka - of the other SAARC towards the Decade |d SLITT Tiit in 1990 furis the host country and 5r the drafting of the the highest possible ed seven major goals essential supportive O Resolution on chilWith acclamation by the In Dhaka in April 1993 resident Preliadasa's Il a particular incident ining ceremony which | ministerial meeting th Jim's pragmatism animity. Premadasa that Children should ipating at the Confer
ence which after all was going to discuss their future Welfare. He felt that this important objective could be fulfilled in part by their taking a prominent role in the opening Ceremony. This Was acCordingly meticulously planned With childrens dancios, songs and operettas interspersing the opening speeches. One of the star attractions happened to be a little Crippled boy who was put on stage to Welcoma the guests and virtually 'em Cee' the show. It was Premadasa's idea. After the ceremony there Was the usual post mortem On the Сpening. There were several апопg us who thought that putting the Crippled child on stage smacked of exhibitionism. It was mot What the CRC Tigant by the participation of childrén, It WäS lokënism and also involved an element of exploitation and so on. But Jim Was not prepared to be that ungracious. To him as to Premadasa the Crippled child was an example of courage in adversity that deserved to be se en and emulated. He was willing to give Premada sa Credit for an imaginative idea Which lesser TCI Would not have acted on. | falt that FIS Was the TEJāCtĪor of a Cothief man of action. One Who knew that too TLIch analysis only leads to paralysis and that Who da res Win15.

Page 22
A selecti
Finest Internal
AER? GOW) )الكركي
CHEESE DIAF
R SiINSEET.
শৃঙ্গািরদ্ধ DIA
PRUNES
DENTA
áliffባ
PERSON,
To函L臣量@翼雪 DARY
CHO.COLATES
需
BERRI HAI
Sl
PURE FRUIT JUCE SA
333, Sirimdawo Bandardinalike MC Tel: 522871-2, 522830, 52: Telex: 21418 Tassteа СЕ, 21991 Selpro CEI 2342
Quality and Varie Available atail Superm
 
 

On of the tional Brands.
J& ീഴ്ക്
PERS BREAK FAST CERE ALS
GRESS MaXWel PERS HOLiSe
COFFEE
L CARE Ardmona
CANNED FRUITS
Oliv@ ALCARE LURPAK
BUTTER
RODUCTS
S INSTANT NOOOLES FHA. Wー
CARE ଷ୍ଟି Agents ܠܐ̄
SSEN CANNED MEATS
Widthd., P.O. Box 1970, Colombo 14. 832,522?34,522155,522373. 5 Selfec CE, Cable:TOssled. TelefOx: (941) 522913.
y within your reach.
irkets & leading groceries

Page 23
In orderto ensure continuity and stability NATO decided in 1994 to accept new Thembers. Its reasons were :
(a) Collective defence remains essential
(b) the admission of the new Central and East European (CEE). States will be an incentive for them to develop democratic institutions establish the Tule of Faw and respect for human rights, including those of national Tinorities;
ingness among member States to resolve disputes peacefully and thus promote stability and peace in the new Europe,
(d) while Western Europe'sees the expansion of NATO in this light, for Central ELrope such expansion is essential and inevitable for Russia it is seen as a potential threat to national security and incompatible With the Russian national raison d'etre,
2. Six Key Conclusions:
The following six conclusions were defined by the Secretary-General of NATO:
- Enlargement not aimed at any State.
- All members Will have the same rights, assume the same obligations and conform to the sarne principles, policies and proceCLITES.
- The North Atlantic Cooporation COLIIcil (NACC) and Partnership for Peace (PFP) Wil|| refTa in Vital to building close security Co-operation for prospective menbers and those who delay to join.
- The addition of nie. W TETTEDETS Wi||bala parallel process with, and complements
Ft C ft EEU.
- Decisions on enlargement will be taken by NATO itself, on a case by case basis. Enlargement will be a gradual and transparent process, encompassing dialogue
- Inviting new members will enhance Security for the Whole of Europe, including the Russian Federation. Their relationship With Russia Will develop in rough paralel With NATO's expansion,
3, Western Arguments for NATO's Expansioп
- Westerm and Central Europe balong to a Security Community distinct from Russia and other for Ilar Soviet Republics.
- Enlargement should not lead to a "cold peace". Therefore it should not require for
of borders.
- Is NATO dogs rit Will lose the support States and Wither a
- It is important to TETTaiT|15, ETıbedded
4. Western Argum Expansion
- |t| Would di Widēä
- It should be bas behaviour and not it
- NATC) TerTibet . ta in of public Suppo
- It WOLuld WĖakEET) litical Colegion art NATO.
5. To Russian VI
– The FEe is StilI| a lu Super-power status
- NATO's expan: present buffer State and Russia aid this the RLISSiarl Federat
- Russia's preferer allied, relations. With
- Fussia might tal ali CITETE E TEW IT siles targeted at PC Republic and estabili: With Iran.
- There are also p. those mot opposing E but stressing the ne Cial relations". With N
In addition ther TIES:5 that Russia ha NATO's enlargermer Conviction that Soluti that Would harmoniZe of all States concer
6. Central Europe:
- With to Lificat sion still persists betw secure Europe in the Cure Central Europa Cal, aconomic and m fying Western, South
rope, with the huge background.
- Failur to exter could lead to a great the "gray zone" of C ing stability in Europ
- The is a heed COLUltri 55 to affini til
m
 

expand eastwards, it of its present member ray.
ensure that Germany a Cohesiwa We:St.
ents against NATO's
ld destabilize Europe,
Ed O. Russia's Current * բasԼ
States Should be CET
or even threaten pomilitary efficacy of
E
sking nostalgia for the if the for The USSR.
Si CT WOLU | Termo WC as batWeen the W3:St isolate and threaten ium.
Ice is for "friendly", not NATO.
Ke COLInter-measures military bloc With misland and the Czech sh a stratGgic alliance
SitiWB Wie Ws SLIch als inlargement of NATO 2d to establish "speATO,
is a growing aware5 rid right to Veto. On t and an increasing ins should be sought the security interests
d.
in Positions'
ir of Germanya diviBanan integrated and West and a l655 SEstill utside the politilitary frarnawork uniIn and NorthēFF ELRLISS area in the
d NATO eastwards
attle for influence in
intral Europe, affect
a S a WHCla.
Dr Central EL I ropea fi air place in the cul
troops or fortification
tural, Tilitary and socio-economic commulnity and civilization of Western European States, based on a system of Common WalLIES
- The Countr|28 CCriCGTTBC d'Orict Want to be pawns in any kind of political game between Russia's national security interestis and those of an integrated West.
- Russian opposition to their membership of NATO is scan by the CEE countries as an attempt to freeze the divisions and petrify the zones of uncertainty and Linequal security in Europe.
IV. The Europeanization of NATO: Myth or Reality
At their Ministerial Meeting in Brussels on 3 Junie 1996, the United States, France and other NATO members celebrated an agreement on "combined joint taskforces". What they Were Celebraling Was a new CLInmand structure that Would allow Europeans to use NATO assets. Without the participation of the United States.
The US Secretary of State Warren Christopher deceived himself into believing that the deal provided for "amore flexible NATO that allows Our European allesto takemore responsibility". The French Foreign Minister, Herve de Charette, Was simple enough to de Clare that "for the first til Tie in Alliam Ce history, Europe will be able to express its personality". It is true that the Berlin agreeTient Would theoretically all'OW Europeans to LS e NATO ESSEats in action Sin WhİChth E3 United States does not want to participate, but only under three conditions imposed by Washington:
- the US must approve of the mission,
- the Overal responsible commanderfor the LISE Of NATO aSSets serTalIS the US nominated Arnerican Supreme Allied CornTander and
- the forces involved are all NATO-approved and follow NATO procedures in Which the US has a fole.
It is clear that if the United States actually opposes a European mission, it can prewent NATO from being used entirely.
Two things are necessary to make NATO's Europeanization real rather than illusory :
(a) the EU should set up a genuine Commion foreign and security policy (CFSP);
(b) Europeans sh0 Luld de Wote more resources to developing their real Tilitary capacity.
More significant measures are to bring forGign policy into the integrated "first pillar institutions, to merge the Western Euro

Page 24
With the EU and to adopt a qualified majority w Oting for foreign policy. These a Te, however, unlikely for the presert. It is clear from recent US policy that What COLInts most to it is mot Whether European S are united in some "identity" but whether they support US policies and goals. Witness the US unhappiness at Europeans maintaining the Bosnian arms embargo against US wishes, the selling of airplanes to China, or the European continuation of a Critical dialogue" with Iran and Europe's reaction to the Helms - Burton resolution,
It must be admitted that even myths have some advantages. This one has provided Francig With a political screen to ConThe closer to NATO claiming that NATO has been adequately "reformed". On the other hand, President Clinton is able to tell the Congress and the US public that Europe: ans are shouldering more of the transatantic Eurden for defence, if these consida rations can help maintain support for NATO and avoid a costly duplication of NATO resources, so much the better. If, however, Europeans now think that they W II || Tot ha We to Cal|| Con the IT AIT E Ti Carl friends they are grossly misled. If the US Congress thinks that now the burders of Western security are evenly spread it is tir The for them to think again,
The facts that the United States retails the dominant partner in the Atlantic Alliance with all the Hurdens, the power and the advantag as that this position entails.
W. The European Union (EU) and the Western European Union (WEU)
1. Enlarge Tent of the European Union
In November 1995 th= President of the European Cor Timissiori Jacques Santar Wrote: "The Union today has a duty to extend that security to the other countries of Eastern Europe. Their integration Will be the biggestissue of the next 10 or 20 years because the prospect of a Union of 20 or 25 OT Ever Tore State turns the Entiro politica, eCOnormic and Institutional Tachintary on its head.
The Copenhagen European Council Teeting (21-22 June 1993) defined the criteria to be met by States seeking admission. ThE5E a FÈ :
- Stable democratic institutions,
- ad herenca to the TLuli: Of law,
- respect for human rights and rights of IIլIIltյrities, and
- a sound market economy able to handle intra-Union competition.
Most applicant States would need to adapt
their institutions, logis to Teet theSE Criteri: States seeking admi in three Categories.
(a) Cyprus and Malt
(b) The Czech Repu 3ind Slovenia.
(c) Estonia, Latvia, Romania and Sloval
2. A New COTC for HTC WEL
A. Beginning Set
THE WEU, data35 Ha. Brussels Treaty of 19 Dunkirk Treaty POWE Kingdom) and the thill The Treaty was antithat it was directed rewa nchist GETT Tharly decisiot CTTiit TikEd West-GerTTET to France, French: et Comt TO||OWÈT thĖ TE TE Tt.
Accordingly in Oct. National Assembly atea European Defe that envisages an
army within which G absorbed. Negotiat began in 1951 and Republic of German Countries signed thi 1952, but the Fra against ratification,
To salvage the situat British Foreign Secre power conference attended by the six the EDC Treaty and United Kingdom, agreed to COITI Tlilt fo tical air-force depli Republic of Germa WinCE i Fra FCE tC ac arTia TanitaS Welli S bership in both NA Western European
Ngworth Glass the W ROm ald BOT a: It is the COLIt important link betW capitals of the Euro ti|| Britain joined the the WEU Ceased to leveland Was Wirtual 1960s. Whe Franc Wive it.
The Fitiati by Britain which, tho
 

slation and ECOПОITIES
siis Wic ssion can be grouped The SETE:
E,
blic, Hungary, Poland
Lithuania, Bulgaria, kiä.
In Security Concept
Back and Revival
:k to the anti-GIG TITħari 48 signed by the 1947 irs (France and United "Ee BellelLux Countri EOS, GerarithE SEISE against the threat of a In spite of Truman's
troops to Europe to rearmament palatable aer5 St|| Walt Eddipace of Gегпап гваг
ber 1950 the French Ipprowed a planto CreTice Community (EDC) integrated European ETELitsude ions ICW a fed5 a II ECC
France, the Fado Tal |talyand the Benelux B EDC Treaty in May nchi Assembly Woted
ion, Anthony Eden, the tary, Converted a nine| Londo Which WWEIS countries that signed USA, Canada and the At this meeting Britain шГ divisiЈПs and a tayment in the Federal ny. This finally COncept West German reFRG and Italia TellTC and the ExpandCd Luniori,
VEU Was Limpopula Tin it controlled rearmaries. It SEWEadā5än Ben London and the pean Community (EC) EC ir 1973. After that, Teet at full ministerial lyrinoribund till the early = Heid the eff Of TS LC TEE
e Was alSi3. Welcomed Lugha Ways CCF CerTed
about WEU Contribution to a Weakening of the transatlantic link, realized that WEU Gould SETVE as a Useful DSViis to CD-Drdnate the West European Views on the US Strategic Defence initiative (SDI) and on Reagan's behaviouratthe Reykjavik Summit The European alliés T=Sponse-IIIB so-called "Platform Document" -- is a milastone In the history of the WEU; asit called, inter alia, for a "more Coh DSiWE ELITIOpean defiance identity", a strategy based on an adequate mix of appropriate nuclear and Conventional forces and a "contribution to Overal deterrence and security". The WE also appeared to act as a caucus for developing Western-European positions on tLLaL a CLLLuL LLL LLLL C LLLLLCCaLLL LaLL LaLLS wal co-operation".
B. Europe: An International Actor in its OWI Right?
In the early 90s, Various proposals WETE made such as the building of a "multilateral Europeanarmyaspart of an European pillar of NATO", a Pan-European Territorial Security Force; a Joint Polish WestGerman Brigade, a Franco. -German Brigade, etc. Nothing came of these as Western Europeans saw, at least for the time, 10 alternative to NATO for balancing Sowiat strength and absorbing German power,
In May 1994 the WEU Ministers agreed on the criteria for Associate Patriarship and in November of the same year the Noordwijk (Netherlands) Ministerial Meeting endorsed conclusions on the for Tulation of a Common European Defence Policy. This opened the door for participation by CEEStates in WEU Council. Sessons, Groups arid Operations. This can be of value in the light of decisions adopted in Brussels (January 1994). Whare NATO of WEU.
O 14 INWEmber 1995, the WEU COLITICII of Ministers adopted in Madrid a document identifying the common interests of 27 EUropean countries", the risks and potential threats as WE|| as Europe"5 Tes por Sibilities in a strategic environment in which Europe's security is not confined to security in Europe and in which Europe has acquired the capability to make its OWI contribution to the building of a List and peaceful World order. The document illustrated the wide discrepancies between declared goals and general concepts. On the One hard and practical operational arrangements on the other. Consequently, LaLLL LLa LLLHaaLaLLLL LLLLLLaL S SLLSLCL LL LLLLL LHHL best of circumstances, Europe will in the near future be able overcome differing foreign policy orientations and flational sOvereignty concerns to became an international actor in its own right","

Page 25
There are political and economic reasons for this state of affairs. With the end of the aLKaa SLLKLL aHLH HHHHKSL LaHH aL LLLLLaLLLLK LLLLLLS fence sponding is gone, Political charges LL aaLLLmLL HHHH HLHmLuLu aHHL LHHLumL L0HLHHHS mants which the development of independent logistics, intelligence and CommuniCations systerTIS, as Wellas nuclear forces, WOLld T1E3:35Sität E.
C. WEU :TG D.Cfg|Tca Piaf Of EU7
LL LCCL LH LHL LLLLaLLaLLau LHHLH C LLCCLHH LLLLLL aa WEU in building European SBCLIrity is COnnected with changes in Frances declaration in December 1995 that it Would participate in NATO's military structures. Briefly stated France's position was that all important decisions should be taken by the North Atlantic Council as authorized by the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty and not by mechanisms established later. An attempt Was Tialde to resolve the issue through the Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF) within OLHaaHLH LLLLLL 0S LLLLL LLLLLLL LLLLHHLa LLL LLLLCLLL KLLKLLLLLaL LLLLLaLGLL LLLLLL aLLL LaLLLLLLL defence, Irider Article 5 of the North Alantic Treaty, whether performed by NATO, WIELU JIT FET COTIES,
On 30 January 1996 , the Portuguese President of the WEU Council identified two major issues :
חEaםםחf Euם חםEvaluati חם וחmםa) the G) security,
(b) the institutional implications for WEU of a European Security and Deferice Ideltity,
A study prepares by the European Strategy Group and the WEU Institute for SeCurity Studies envisages the possible intermeeting of the WEU and the EU by 2005, by which time there might be agreeTient om the political objective of building Europe. Its is the View of Tiany experts that "WEU, is the only European institution With a ContraCitu al link, With the Atlanti C Alliance from which the whold European Union can benefit, the more so the closer WEU draws to the Alliance at the institutiña||||||Egyes|."
Tha Crux of tha matteris that in the presert situation NATO's military structures in Which the US forces play a key role are the only guara Fitors of European security, US military withdrawal from Europe. Would LL LaaLLLLLLL LLLLLLLL00 LLLLLHHLHLL0L0SLLLLHLLLL the political debate in 1995 Centres on whether the Intergovernmental ConferEl CE (IGC, COTT CTI ly k T C W T1 a S Maastricht II) will make decisions leading to the WEU becoming the defence pilar of the EU
LLL L S LLLLLLaaHL LLSLLLLLLaaH LL LLLLaaLLLL LLLLLLLLS
eign Affairs and Def filed tatt Crist Europe Will be irnColf security and defenc goals and tasks ide përnd on IGC decisic
E3
(a) tha adaptation NATO partners to emarging under the policy of WEU and
(b) the inclusion of C In The Common, CO operative security C
The Crucial questic tional changes in NA ОПЕ О СОПtiГugi U Alia Cg = Should US Weaker, three proc would become sign
(a) en larging the Al
(b) forging a new Russia and NATO; ;
(c) 2 stabilishing tTar based on shared interests.
FOOTNOTES
I SEE. Fr:Efaite
2. The LSA, FLSS, d GEחH חrםKingd (Dשטח3)
3 MATCO, É FÉ ELJI, I, חWEU) H) חסוחU
d WEISTE TI Europë
ārā
5. "Study of NATO
ETL5555, 1955
5 Proporlerifs of Phi
MEP arc Forggrl Mirl,
7 From TFE politi CE EuropEarl State HeքLble, Hung: Ilfga Ball: 5: LifLHi! I'd
El Egged Jr. arte םal HחהחובוחIBחו
ց Տring iցքը Brita IHÉ: Pgregar). GL|| Ey Tāva Liris ir: חhEח בשוויו בטווח áriti 1 s faםi Shiם בץyם/רץ
WELETE (Caland, Norwa. (EFE ELUSIES I
EPTU || FEIERFTE ET7 äfo Parfriers (CE
 

čC || || C. W EU COT ruction of an integrated Tiplete until it includes 2, in sum, meeting the tified in 1955 WideIS WEİC FCO Weft WÖT
by the transatlantic
the European identity security and defence
CEE associate partnerS Ti prehensive and COoncept of Europe,
iltiWTC), EU ärld WEU, but SCOTTIt to the Z involyamEntbecoma asses would ECCOTC if (C:
fiance to the East,
ra lationship betWC On Ed
15:atlantic CO-OPIË ratiori JS-European securily
, Fra FCE, TE LUFT s'est irr Tary (ffe CFT (3Cf
Fine Westerri Europeari
| E CECE
PričLJE I TE LUSAT FI
Enlargement", NATO,
s Wär Trig Were DeserPCE ra CIFIEV (5 Jarl Lary 7996) fsfer YAVgg Griy PrirTalk:OW
pairit of view Central rIHPzgthחlaךָi artPr ryand Slovakia, The Es (ESoria, La vía and flavgлia,
S J Lublished in The r-ist TrELIFE.
in harl Евgл арвагаIIng Iл II was joined in 1987 Irn Franco, Italy Belgiurn ands, Willa TF7CFFFG de
1 METI III.
rs. 3-5SCL-korrherritors y, Turkey), 5 observaris
Austra, Derrmark, FirSvelderādās SciEESTES WIFE PE
f
芷
3.
f
|
■置 23、
agreements with EUp/Lis3 Baric States)
Slgan S. F. "NATO's fLITurg | Deyond Cosective defense", CRS REDDT for Congress (Cicongressional Fasgarch Service, Library of Congress, Washington D. C. 15 Sept, 1995)
In the framework of the preparatIdris for Frie 7996 revision of FFre Maastricht Treaty
TrESS fO Friissions Were fri (7) Kosova, Sandjak and Vojvodinā; (2) Skopje (3) Georgia (4) Moldova; (5) Tajikistan (6) Ukraine i (7) Sarajeva ; [8] Latvia; (9) Es forra ård (7 CO) CPTEC'i ryä.
SEPEC
TFG LISA, FL55 fā, Frän CC, TFTE L’r ffgd m and Gammarty (The ComfaritטRingtT Group)
NATC), EFTE EL, EFTE WESTETTI European Urior (WEU) and The OSCE
Western Europe includes the LSA and (CaF 72 fa
"Study of NATO Eriargaririt", NATO, Brussels, 1995
Pгоропапts ofiлis wаглілg wвгв Dвfвпce Minister Favés Gräfiglos S. Jan Laro 1595) and Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakoy
וfraחםf View Gם זimמים From Tha political Europeari State Sarea Polla Fld, FF7El Cize:CF НедшЫіс, Ншпдагуапd Slovakia, Іле ir Bāri 5ā 5 Ē5ā, Lafifā ā |Lithuania) and Slovenia.
fHEחarfigIEspLIb/shEdIחטBasad
rārā di TTĒ
Sir7CEE 7930 Britain Fiāld bĖër Opera fing III the Perssan Sulf. I 1yas Josned fri fG87 Eay na walLin's from France, Italy Belgium End HE WErnerin, Whe fn=FFGeחrramBaםhE MEdifזםs IםEd ShiיyטIם
00 LLYLLLYLHHLHHaGL SKLLOeOuLLL GHHKHtaaLSO (Cëla FTG, MOriyay, Turkey), 5. Cf5grvg|rs (TFE ELI STATES FAL's fria, Der Friark, FIr1/ärTad, /reg/ard and SWëder") and 9 associale partingf5 (CEE States WT/ch have agreелелIs wїїлELIд/шs З Ба/їc: Sľaľ25)
Slaar S. F. "NATO's furture Jeyard Cas| EC five deser SE", CFS FEpir for CarlgrESS (Congress filmās, FeS2ārch Service, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 15 Sept, 1935)
A'r ffile fra FF7ē Work Of The prepa räffans sar" the 1996 revision of the Maastricit Treaty
IIIHE GC

Page 26
Сопt, from page 9
a sort of accounting session for the past three-years as Well as a Preparatory ComiTittee fOLE Ext Summit, addii Ori, special Ministerial Conferences are held for specificissues. At the UN. Where Wirtually all Non-Aligned Countries have a resident mission, the group meets throughout the year on all the issues of the United Nations. This is thë great prOletariat of the Non-aligned at Work. There is C. Se Cretariat EOLJIt the CLITTEerst Chairman provides all services and Organisational assistance for the Work of |le Movement, a funcţion Which Wasi institutionalized during Sri Lanka's terITI of Office EEWg 1975 in 1979,
The institution of the UN Human Rights LaaLLLLLLL S K HHH L LLLL aLLLLLLLS stores of the United Nations and this is acknowledged by all states - NA as well as others. However, the proposal Was initially highly controversial; the wastriajority of the international Community sa W L L L L LLLLLLLCK LaLLLLLLLLH HKLL LaLKLS ous, barely concealed political motivation. Yet Curiously, it Was the NA Which "purified" the somewhat suspect mandate origina || y drawn Lupo for the High LaaaLHaHaaLaLaaLaLS LSLS LLLLLL aaLa 0aLLLLLLLaLu that the concept was acceptable to even those NA COL Intries Who Hawe, With some Calisë, traditionally opposed any UN SeCurity of human rights situations Ciri indiWidual COLIntribs, The High Commissicrë T Fias had a highly SLJCCessful PEriod of activity. Governments have Cooperated With him andhave, through hirt), established Working relationships with the UMI hILurman: rights institutions,
Similarly, the NA Working Group On the reform of the Security Council has helped, at least to hold back rather arbitrary charges which would not have been in the interests of developing Countries.
In general, the NAM has not recently had many sugh successes in negotiating agreements on Tiajor issues affecting the entire international Comill unity. The two exceptions howewer Illustrate What the NAM is capable of doing on CurrentisELJEE OF CHICERTI
Thirdly, the question of technical support. The NAM has failed to build Up institutional sLipport of a technical Crispecialist nature. The NAM has fought Shy of accepting even an administrative SECTEtär.
This is today a ser larly in respect of ec are increasingly. T NAM'S EJ3SiC thTLIGE Cal and SC Ciarat the G-77 has been I aspect.
There is both prom for the NAM in the g Currently in train, T to analyse, to ass T1CITIC a loi CIOTTIBI ing the inevitable ri dependence and t to the ITI, IS SerijLJŠ|
T. SOLE CIT Gamini Corea playS World ETT FI: thir 50 "Tg | İlkŞ With | Ildorie:Sia's ChairIT ment, DT Corea LIII. debt problem from developing Counts Luseful Specialized ing but suchirtëra an exception thana This Cortin LiëSIOE for the NAM when if tO integ Triationa | BCN no longer effective Wg || EGTE 5E3 th fer Ted Corn their priv "angine of growth": foreign investrTiant, and managerTiant. OLIl Collective po: armong the NAM to these fast - mowing Industrialised COLITII their approaches, f. irigiri de WellCp ing { Coming WTO. Meet POLITSILJE SLI Chlap) POTO abilish, OIT ETäsi UNIDO) at TFK, a 50 CECar of illa eCTIC T out a strong defen at the last NAM SL in the Way of Cons Cid grad. ProfĖS Egil NAM CLITT everadequately ha
Tilt.
CONCLUSION
Իվgrl-alignքd Edum EWE as CCISCOL: ad pāĪi: reā
 
 

ious liability particuOmic issues. Which lore complex. The Hlas remained politi"GF ||FläThị ECCTLTTĩç: - eft With the ECOromic
ise and perilin store globalization prOCESS The Gгошp's capacity iess emerging есоrcial realities, includgality of global intérna ability to respond y limited.
j55ig in Which Dr. a major partis a third Tik – tank and has had
the NA During anship of the Moveiertook a study of the
the point Jf wiěW Qf ties Which, pro Widgd inputs into NA thinkLis HS DEET) TOTE: nestablished pattern. ea serious disability aditional approaches jirrid relati) IS are - Most NA COLIntrieS Bir ÉtiOrlմrmies, COr1vate 32 Ctr t 2 titla ind have encOLIraged foreign collaboration Yet no clearly thought sition has emerged derive the best frOT times. By contrast, ries are Co-Ordir lating ir Examplig, CTiT WEISt= OLII tries, and at the ing in Singapore Will ECES. T. Efforts to gulata UNCTAD and E of the UN ECOSOC Directors for interiana ImageTernt bro Lugh|| Cig of the instit Litijos TIT, it and sortiething reta action is being sional ExpertiSE2 a WailEs has flat EtjēET HOWFrhessed by the MOVE
It TI S 3. title Et-TIEL s of the new political lities. A process of
assessment is taking place as policies at the national eval are being decided. The pace of interrational developments is fast Towing which makes the exercise TLC TOre diffiCLE, Orl e COECWE plane, it is therefore only natural that the responses Will be even slower and more Licentäi, dertification of CCTC, ilterests and co-ordinating policies among a large number of countries is a very Complex process. The TOWEITET E TE= mails an Essential frarework for developing Countries within which to project, promote and protect their interests in a rapidly changing political and BCCromic scene. At the very least, the NAM needs to stay active and alert in the arena of international negotiations lest the interests of the vast majority of developing countries are by-passed. The NAM is adjusting itself to a new agenda and some thought is also being given to new methods of decision - making and CoOrdit.
Speech delivered at a Teeting corrmemorating the 35th Anniversary of the foluriding of the Non Aligned Movement, held at the BMICH With the Hon Prime MiriistBF, SirirTiaWO - Barildä rar laike, aS Chief Guest.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Ail. Mai 1
Cal till: WIJS.A.
USS 65 or 1 year USS 4561115
LJ. K. Gнгтпапу, New Zealand, LLLLLL LL SLLLSS LSKLLLLLLL L L LS SSLS S LaaaaKS il-Iapal Iii. Hella lill cl. I'll Illi polities,
* Alls L Tial, N TWay, SAW:file:EI, CHill,
Irelarid, Switzerlild, Nigerii, B t:lgiLITTl, L). |'Hi; Lilli li bil
USS 55, for 1 year
SS35/frhis
II. EL FIL. SELLIITTI "Arab EFI Tiili Ballariri, Aribjin Gül Syrii, Sirig:Hբtյrt:
USS 45/ fur | year ԱSS 25y for Ճ Illuritlis
FiF F'iikki-, LIELIL
USS 40 for 1 year USS 22 (IG III. It is
IL ii
Rs. 375 - for 1 year Rs. 2 {} [i]W - for EE I In Cirni Ehis

Page 27
Will privatization mean the end of the union represent How Wilche interess of my members be protected
-Trade Unionist.
 

Privatization will in no way dilute or reduce the powers and rights of your union, British Airways was privatized in 1987, and the unions remain to protect Worker interests just as before. Some of the world's largest, most powerful and vocal unions exist in the private sector. For example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) represent over 100,000 workers at the three biggest American car companies, none of which are state owned. In fact, there is every likelihood that working conditions will actually improve in privatized companies, since there will be substantial investments made to upgrade facilities and training. You can look forward Lo representing a considerably more
prosperous union.
It is important to realize privatization is a means to an end. It is a means to improve our living standards, foster technological progress, Create employment and take our nation into a more prosperous tomorrow. In order to achieve these aims, privatization has to be executed in the
appropriate manner.
That is the task of the Public Enterprise Reform Commission (PERC). Its mandate is to make privatization
Work for Sri Lankans today, and for generations to come.
Every privatization is a carefully considered decision that takes into account the Interests of all sectors of society; the general public, the state employees, the consumers, the
suppliers, as well as the country's overal economic vision.
PERC's mission is to see that privatization works. In doing so, your interests are always being Well looked
after,
With privatization everybody has a stake.
P E R c WATCH FUL IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST PUBLICENTER PRISE REFORM COMMISSION,
Bank of Ceylon - 30th Floor, No.4, PC. Bay 2001. Bank of Ceylon Mawatha, Colontha | Sri Lanka. Telephong: 34 1.1 F75** Fry G. i 17.11.

Page 28
INTEREST FREE CRE
CONVENIENT RE
Yes. All and benefits are y
CEYBANK
Contact the C
CEYBANK C,
Bank Of
No. 4, BANK OF C
COLON
BE WISE CARD - WISE
BANK OF CEY
Bankcts to the UNation
TELEPHONE: 447823 - Ex. 418O & 41
 
 

DIT2
PAYMENT TERMS
OWEST JOINING FEE?
many more rours with the
VISA CARD.
entre Manager,
ARD CENTRE,
Ceylon
EYLON MAWATHA
MBO - 1 -
LON
35