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AYS DISPLACE
man VWeerakoon
The DEAS MAGAZINE
 

CHANDRA REVISITED
A.J. Gumawardana
GSING ENGAGEMENT
Siri Gammage

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CURRENT ICES
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N
EWS BACKGRO LUND
GED-STRATMEG) AND) PDILJATICAA IEC)
Your Excellency and I will reach an early understanding about the relevance and employment of foreign military and intelligence personnel with a view to ensuring that such presences will not prejudice Indo-Sri Lankan relations,
"(i)
(ii) Trincomale e or any other ports in Sri Lanka will not be available for military use by any Country in a Tanner prejudicial to India's iterests.
The work of restoring and
operating the Trincomalee oil tank will be undertaken a joint venture between India and Sri
Lika.
(iii)
Sri Lanka's agreement with foreign broadcasting
- Me
silence. Although th wсап, the pro-Aгтлвтің high-stakes Cold M wrong place at th Serious Studert Ó neglected current Gandhi's treaty Wit in particular. It Was of India" Who Orde CIA, to trair and Tigers of Tamil separatist Tamil gr.
Tiladu history armed Mı ConvirCing CaSLUS on Indian Indeper Tamil nationalist Föttu Sri Rämlu, i of the Mahatma, d. Tami state. Nehru staged a Gandhian DOrders: We TEE TE
organisations will be reviewed to Tamilnadu,
ensure that any facilities set up
by them in Sri Lanka are used solely as public broadcasting Indian history. i
facilities and not for any military intelligence purposes.".
Island's modern history, the British period in particular. But no leader, not EWE te EOxford-educated Bandaranaike, understood better the strategic importance of this small India ΕΕ ΕΠ is and t J. R. Jayewardene, That hе, Jayewardene, was fated to sign the Indo-Sri Lankan peace Accord, Was the sort of cruel irony which "J.R." was sophisticated enough to savour in
Many a front-line i Sri Lankan politician has been conversant with the
A diligent
Jayewardene nightmarish fears the fear of fragm
on a conference h
correspопdепt elsewhere around
of the Cold War the Sowiet. Ulion
eraser across the
Asia's security E exception being SI between TaTiils al
Presidet pay for Indiam mil in his mind the plu the minuses. But
 

NGDISTY
rvyn de Silva
e Americans finally tan J.R. had played War games in the he wrong tirTie. A f history, he had history, Mrs. Indira h the Soviet Union, that new Empress Ted R.A.W., India's art the Liberation Eelam and Other
UpS.
and its separatist S. Gādi Vitā belli. At the dawn dence a resurgent movement led by respected disciple manded, a separate panicked when he "death fast". State drawn to create
student of history, 1 particular, J.R. played on the of the Indian elite, ntation. In a report ld in Delhi, a TIME vrotē : "Yt ā5 the World, the end Ind the collapse of have swept like an lackboard of South quations, the only i Lanka's bitter feud d; the Sinhalese".
J.R. had a price to
tary assistance but
ies were larger than anot reCall a single
Conversation of the 1980's where he did not bring up the issue of defence spending, "the drain" as he almost always called it. He would put on his old Finance Minister's cap quite often. "I not only sawed Sri Lankan lives but Sri Lankan money.... I can mot understand how anybody could be foolish enough to criticise in y decision....... the Indian-Sri Lanka peace accord“.
LAST LAUGH
Needless to add, Rajiv Gandhi had his own strong reasons. The same Week Prime Minister Gandhi was in Madras Where he addressed a large rally. He said: "Apart from the
agreement which looks to the Tamil's'
Arra (GUARD)
Wol. 19 No.13 November 15, 1996 Price Rs. 15.00 Published by fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
No.246, Union Place, ColoTb002.
Editor in Chief: Mervyn de silva Editor : Dayan Jaya tilleka Photographs : Rawi Prasad Herat
Printed by United Publishing House (Pvt) Ltd.
c O N T E N T S Mervyn de Silva Dayan Jayatilleka Our Economics Editor D. L. Mērdi Bradman Weerakoon A.J. Gunawardana Simon Nawagathegame A.M. Macarl Markar Siri Gamage
I H E I D E A S M A G A 2 | N E
- -

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Interest in Sri Lanka, we also had an exchange of letters between President Jayewardene and me. It is in his exchange of letters that we have addressed the security problems in the region. With this exchange of letters, we will ensure that such hostile forces åre not allowed to come into our region",
On all this, J.R., has the last laugh. India and the U.S. hold joint awaii exercises in the Indian Ocean. India has opened an embassy in Israel. and President Kumaratunga's P.A. administration recently signed an agreement with V.O.A. As a young man J. R. flirted with the fashionable LANKA: SOVIET Friends but soon begär to Wave the StarS and Stripes". Whether it was instinct or foresight the man nicknamed "Yankee Dicky" by the local Left. was on the winning side,
FREE MARKET
J. R.J. may: not have been on the winningside in the harrowing armed conflict of the North-and-East but he was certainly the first South Asian leader to choose the "free market" road to economic growth and levelopment. Do nors, investors arid international agencies, the World Bank and the IMF, promptly recognised a politician with the guts and the selfconfidence to break with the past. The Accelerated Mahaweli Scher The and the 100 million pound grant from Prime Minister - Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government soon became a symbol of the radical change im, economic strategy. And now it is more or less the national consensus, with the "Centre Leftist" P.A. quite obediently responding to the global strategies mapped out by the Bretton Woods twins.
Mick Moore of the I.D.S. SLIssBx and the M|T mākBS an interesting point, if rather tentatively. I wonder whether J. R. Jayewardene, a serious student of Sri Lanka society and politics, would have agreed with the Moore thesis: "I at not arguing that the steady shift from statist to capitalist economic policies that began in 1977 and continues today is primarily the result either of internal political changes or, more narrowly, of
the changing cc Caste-ethnic idel enterprise. The ci eCOrhomic Strateg closely bound Lup : the internatio
elite perceptions : a private sector-le ideologies; ther wide of capital of States and labO LII the role played do norS is and - inte institutions", T proposed inquiry is of the impact of Sri Laka Societ implications of the by his
regime........ wh fore sa W or u
Consequences or !
THE PRESIDENCY
"Who WO ai|this power?" response to the q. P.A. Would irtıp
hawe WTCrna book published with pho and the binding is b
in the first part of the subjects dealing with Buddhism and the including articles
International person political parties, sup
shall be thankful help me to make thi about me and my bo)
LETTERS
Permit me to addin f (L.G. 2.9.299É) Asam ac and Mona Juul, the Not
the rise of Benjamin N
gone too far for a work a due ex Inachina ther Tamil people. Why tru:
 
 

nnection between pledge to people and parliament. "My tity апа capitalist government is comitted to the uses of the shift in abolition of the Executive Presidency are corplex, and as the centrepiece of Sri Lanka's with the changes in constitutional system and its na II e Como Thy; the replacerment by a parliamentary and hic growth in Asia ; cabinet system of government" bout the viability of declared President Kumaratunge in the strategy; dominant opening of Parliament of 6.1.95, J.R. lative power. World- has the last laugh, again. The massive the one hand, and I.P. K.F. presence opened a 'window on the other; and of opportunity" for the J.W. P. Sri Lanka by aid Mr. Jayewardene's SUCCÉS 5 O T. national financial Mr. Premadasa had to crush the ultrahe scope of this nationalist J. W. P. The P.A.L.T.T.E. surely an indication "peace negotiations' collapsed and the he "J.R. years" on EELAM war goes on, though the army , the multi-faceted has taken Jaffna, the i se paratist policies introduced stronghold. Defence spending in 1996 decade-long is expected to reach 50 billion rupees, ether he hir Tı self reports the Financial Times London. iderstood these The figure estimated was 38 billion, 1Լյլ: fւյլյr Էյl|litյri Titre tՒlarl 1995: Inflattijii is running at 21.5%; growth is likely to be 3%, down from an estimated at 5%, as against 5.5% in 1995. The uld want to give up F.T. guotes a senior economist with was J.R.'s instant Crosby Financial Services, Mr. Arjuna Jastion whether the Mahendra : "The worst is yet to enefit its Soleil Core".
entitled "Politics and Life in our Times". It is now in the pressanditis to be ographs and pictures in November 1996. The printing is byoffset process Section stiching
book, there are over 60 selected articles writen byme, ona widerange of
many aspects of nationalandinternational affairs, and studies on Hinduism, world religions. The second part of the book, containing over 120 articles, music, painting, dancing and Bharatha Natyam, Written by National and lities on various subjects, together with the policy statements of the National lements the maintextin the first part of the book.
you, if you would kindly help me with your advice and assistance, Please publication a success. I am enclosing photo copies of newspaper articles
otnote to Dr. Kumar Rupesinghe's excellent article on Internal Conflicts
demic exercise it is a tour deforce, but is of no practical value. Terge Larson
wegian couple who did the spadework for the Oslo' accords now know after
2tanyahu that Arab-Israeli co-existence is a mirage. Our racial conflict has
able reconciliation. Even if a settlement is achieved with the intervention of
is nothing to prevent the rise of a Sinhala Netanyahu sworn to "liberate" the tpalliatives? Perform surgery and be done with it.
K.Kanawathipillai,
Mainstreet,
Wisuwamadu.

Page 5
Lef us honour fier, the dialectical тал ..............
J.R Jayewardene was a radical bourgeois ; he and Ranasinghe Premadasa were the Jacobins of the bourgeois revolution in Sri Lanka, JR dealthariliner blows at the twirl fetters that kept the country a stagna Ilt backwater: semi feudalism in politics and a closed involuted state capitalism (not semi socialisII as the vulgarians would have it) in the economy. While the leader of the UNP in opposition, he moved swiftly to end the dominance of a singleland-owning family and, together with Premadasa, had, by 1977, turned the UNP into a modern mass party. Once in office JR initiated an economic revolution which entailed a great leap forward in capitalist modernization. While vastly developing the forces of production, it also tightly locked Sri Lanka into the global economic grid, thereby heightening its dependence. While generating yawninginequalities which ultimately threatened to bring down the system, this economic revolution also made deep inroads into the archaic and semi-feudalistic vestiges in property relations, and undermined the old, traditional social order of things as they were’, radically and irreversibly, The economic chain reaction so consciously triggered by JR Jayewardene has touched the everyday lives of almost every single Sri Lankan family, broadening their horizons and affecting-on balance, positively - the lifechances and prospects of many. This alone entitles him to be deemed the
most consequential Sri Lankan of the 20th century
ECONOMIC REVOLUTIO (RMJ M()RNI DIALECTICAL
DAYAN
Already in 1972, tl Foreign Investinent Foreign Investme) signalled the striw bourgeoisie to shift dependent acc defeudalizing the the i feudal-lgd SL. power, JR brought
into syrill II-letry wil 'base', Jayewardene economy was n without, by the Wa: and through a stro programme. It was as autocentric-poli of extrawerted dewi A strategic project. the prism of the constitute the 'po transnationalisatic the economy taken it - Would hawe neocomprador-Sei distinct from the bourgeois/urbanal alliance that Wast Jayewardene pri haughty attitud consumption II a. In mobility would ha economy underth narrowly based significanti degl democratic "mas: class) consumpt characterised the The SLFP's capita exclusionary of the have been to the
inсотротationist
"Prussian Junker
development W democratic "Am distinction-famous
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

NARY SER
AYATILLEKA
he white paper on and in '75, the Draft ut (Guarantee Law ing of the Lankan to a new model of umulation. By JNP and displacing FP from political the 'superstructure' h the needs of the !'s opening up of the ot iIIlposed from shington consensus' uctural adjustment internally gestated; cy wise-as a project alopinent could get is refracted through class fractions that wET bloc“. Had the in/globalisation of place via the SLFP, beeriul Inder a mifeudal alliance, as 2 dependent local ld rural middle class he main axis of the 2ject. The SLFP's es towards Illa SS ld upward social werendered an open eir aegis, a far more affair, devoid to a tee of the more s (actually middle ion society' that ayewardene project, list Inodernisation, middle class, would UNP's Tather more exercise, what the Path' of capitalist
as to the Ilore
erican Path" (the ily made by Lenin).
In politics, Jayewardene WS : 1 admixture of democratic convictions and autocratic inclinations. The Executive Presidency, which was and is structurally more democratic and more conducive to national unification than the Westminister model, in that it is based on the franchise of the Whole people, was distorted by its custom built in mune systems' - and the absence of adequate checks and balances, when contrasted with the USA and even France. Proportional Representation which is far more accurate a mirror of public opinion than the "first past the post' system, was marred by the bonus seats (and high cutoff points). Despite these structural distortions, the Jayewardene combination of a directly elected Presidency and PR is, as a systern, far more democratic than the one it superseded.
Jayewardene's political praxis was fought with the gravest errors. While he correctly adhered to the Rooseveltian (Teddy, not Franklin D.) dictum of speaking sóftly and carrying a big stick (something that the Present incumbent would do Well to emulate), he wielded the stick with hamfisted abandon. Too indiscriminately, with
disproportionate force, too often, and .
tous azimuths"-in alldirections of the compass. In a word, with extrerile unwisdom. His handling of contradictions, turning Potentially nonantagonisticones into antagonisms and conflicts across the political and ethnic spectrum, renders the auto-didact's criticism of him as a latter day Niccolo Machiavellior Kautilya, a compliment far too fulsome! His disastrous political mismanagement fed the latent irrationality, extremis In and fundamentalism of his opponents, armed and unarmed, swelling into a cascading crisis which made a mockery of the very stability he held a prerequisite for rapid economic development. Economic growth itself had slowed to a crawl by 1987, while unemployment was waxing; the former because of the bungling of the
ethnic equation. The separatist guerrilla movement was however, more his
inheritance than his creation.

Page 6
From the Political Parties Conference of mid 1986 up to the transfer of power to his successor, and the System's saviour, Premadasa, Jayewardene courageously held the thin green line against the Pol Potist challengers. His T.W. appearance following the handgrenade attack in Parliament, his helicopter incursion into the Deep South and his 'murgayo, Sarpayo' speech were high points of a crypto- Churchillian defense of a democracy, however straitjacketed (by him), against a qualitatively incomparably worse, sociopathic totalitaria Inis II.
In foreign policy, JR was nobody's puppet or prisoner, slave or satellite, The errors and deviations, of which there were many, III ostly inexcusable, were all his own, Herefused to play the American game when he took over the NAM chairmanship and join the antiVietnamese WCuban pseudomoderates, as the SLFP had showed signs of beginning to be manipulated into by the time of the NAM Summit in Colombo. The First Secretary (Political) of the US Embassy, Kevin Scott, was bundled out in 24 hours for a remark on local politics. JR warmly welcomed Pham Van Dong and won the personal friendship of Fidel Castro to the end of his days. In the JRand Premadasa years, Sri Lanka was represented in Cuba by an Ambassador and this level of representation was reduced by the present "progressive" administration.
The ban on rice transport and the restrictions of the eating of rice to five days a week by the UF Govt of '70-77 was surely one of the most tyrannical acts visited upon a people in a acy, in any part of the world; an act the arbitrariness and despotism of which were only matched by its imbecility. In the course of JR's civil disobedience campaigns against it, Ranasinghe Premadasahad emergedas his chief lieutenant. The latter was to become the cutting edge of the UNP thrust as was evidenced on May Day '77 and the election campaign. Premadasa's ideological trajectory was an independentone, stemming from his own Sucharitha experiment, A.E. : Goonesinhe's Labour party, early visits to the USSR and specially China, contacts with West German Social
Democracy and a II ( ideology of the Ap enlinciated at the economic model cor distinct from that of opposition in the 70 economy of a new ty in a speech to the R (and reiterated in an Society in New Yor SLuccessor, he was ab his own philosophy will be judged b. whether it objective second stage of th TeVL)lution set in trai "revolution in the rew revolution withii revolution, or was as following JR's own. V context of a bourge Illiniaturised to the was JR a Lenin to E (as the DUNF claime to the latter's Mao case, it was one of JR merits that he paved without hesitations, wacillations, for a trus and Olle froIII a SLIE background, to reac power,
J.R Jayewardene
foundation - the Op aedifice - the Presid required and I rectification, reform, The edifice may, som but the foundation human beings, and leaders, Jayewarder de Inerits. In any modernization, beiti CentreS Or, a Cent Periphery, is a con riven process'i ald
business, especially and tries to catch up for lost time and cha happened on Jayewa at his larlds
Lunderstandable, ewe pioneering exper spearheaded by advanced age made a touch of absolutis foreseeable, քն է: un forgivable, The criminal follies and c.

close study of the ril Insurrection as CJC-trials. His htained a:synthesis JR's, even while in s'. It was of a mixed "pe and was set out otary club in 1973 address to the Asia k in 1980). As JR's le tooperationalise of development. It y future history :ly constituted the le uninterrupted n by JR, or was the olution": the social the ecolonic Second Revolution, Within the confined bis revolution arld Sri Larkärl scale, Premadasa's StaliIlı d) ora Surı YatSerı " Whichever the 's greater historical the way, albeit not backtracking and 2 man of the people balterri class-caste :h the pinnacle of
left behind a en Economy- and ential system. Both "equire serious and improvement. eday, beabolished, is firmer. Like all certainly all great La had merits and avent, bourgeois in the metropolitan ury later, at the flictual, backlasha bit of a bloody when it is belated by a forced march, lices. Some of what rdene's watch and is therefore In Luna voidable in a ile:Int and o Ille a leader whose For impatience and m. Some of it was roidablė and 're were follies, rimes, which were
critiqued, resisted challenged and combatted bythis magazine (andalittle more radically though for less sustainably, by this writer, among others). But it is because Jayewardene's Illerits as an economic revolutionary and the greatest modernizer in 20th century Sri Lanka, ou tweighed his demerits, that History will judge his contribution as mainly positive if only in the lastinstance and the langueduree' The generation that succeeds him in politics and particularly at the helm of his party the UNP, is faced with the challenge of sweeping away forever the 'really existing' arcier regime, the
grotesque oligarchy that anachronistically besmirches the political landscape by having
dominated the other democratic formation since its Very emergence. That then is the unfinished task of J.R.Jayewardene's Long (Bourgeois) Revolutiol.
17th September 1933. Hig Excellery ffraesident J. R. Jayawardare.
four Excellerity,
On the occasion of your 3Oth
Birthday, please accept our Warrn CÓrgratulations arid
Beet Wishes for your good health and personal happiness.
Wlthough several years hawe elapsed since you wisited Cuba, the pleasant naments of the brotherly friendly excharges we had then remain alive in mind
FIDEL CASTRO RUZ President of the Council of State and Of the Government of the Republic of Cuba.

Page 7
"So sweetly mawkish and so smoothly dull" (Alexander Pope) (and so dangerously inadequate)
Budget '97 is an embodiment of everything that's wrong with the economic thinking of the P.A. regime. In fact the following statement from the budget speech amply demonstrates the raison d'être ofinot just Budget 97 but the economic strategy of the P.A. as well:"...Our economic programme centres around fiscal consolidation - the key to restore economic fundamentals and maintain macroeconomic stability". (Daily News - 7, 11.96)
since this үеаг "s dвfeпсв expenditure is a massive 47 billion rupees more than double the expenditure in 1994), the govt's self appointed task of fiscal consolidation will indeed be an uphill one. The question is who (i.e. which sectors of the economy/ Which seg The Tits Of Society) Will hawe to pay the porice of this fiscal Consolidation. THE ä1SWEr to this question will give usan indication as to the political and socioeconomic prospects of the country and its citizenry.
Contained in the gowf's artemprat fїsca/consolїdatfол are the seeds of higher inflation. The extension of the National Security Lewy and the
- Save the Nation (
more year, couple in turrower tax rate to 7% and 11%, in an across the prices. This to substantial price effected prior to bread, petrol and C Others) will cause significantly. This of the gowt's beli
and may be the if|Etio iSG * th { therefore the Te déficit is the On controlling inflati makers (true to t lil Eartherie S), Cd) Sortret"irres rrheadSIL the budget desi impact or infall Mirrorymedia felly. This (exacerbated furth as the 5.). Certs
postal rates), W disproportionates burden is placed
the poor and the
Another Budget 97 is tha' Ole had it more t the other. For exar ir Crease Would bE thig · dgis ion.tt Writime il thė StE f|EtiDT1 W| B|SC the STUdi
 

Bij Incidentally, the poorest of the poor LCCC LCCLL LLLLL LCLLLLLLL L LLLLL LLLL SLLLLLLL
component of 1458 - of which they were encouraged to save 458-; this ensured that most families had a total saving of 12000/- in the Bank at the end of the two year period. Under the Saturdhischeme, their total grant has been reduced by almost 1/3 to 1000 - per month, of which they have to set 0LLL LLLL CLLLLLL S aLSLLL LLL 0LLS as Sawings.
MICS EDITOR Contribution by one ` : With aircrease 5 from 5% di 10% will inevitably result board increase in gether with the hikes. Which were the budget (flour, :ooking gas - among inflation to increase is direct OutCOThe efs that the primary only) source of budget deficit and duction of budget ily correct way of an. The PA, policy heir half baked neoTot Lunderstand that rras taken-fo reduce сїї сап пеgatїve/y ion, directly and increase is inflation er by measures such increase in ordinary Fi||- en 15 Ure that a are of the econotic Of the shoulders of middle class,
emarkable feature of what it gives with han takes a Way With mple the 300/- Salary more than offset by drastically limit ate Sector, increasing | BrOde the Walue Of
grants further,
"In other words the poor and the Tiddle
Class hawe not been give anything tO compensate for the debilitating effects of increased inflation. TherefÕre lewe
if the economy grows, that growth is
likely enhance inequities instead of reducing them. "།
What of employment generation? One of the defining characteristics of all P.A. budgets so far has been the complete absence of large-scale development programmes which generate employment in the immediate/short term - such as the Maha weli and the 200 - Garment Factories Programme. Employment generation is today left to the private sector, in the main (this is despite the fact the шпеппploуппепtrate increased between 1994, and 1995). The package of incentives to the private sector is supposed to result in more investment leading to enhanced employment generation. Even if these in Lentive 5 caLISB the expected
increase in investment and growth, this
doesn't meain that the Employrnent generated as a result will be sufficient to keep pace with the rapid increase
* in the laboLur force. In ther Words, Swef
if there's more growth it can very Well be of the jobless growth' Wariety. (As for the two main employment/self employment generation schernes mentioned in the budget, even if they record a success of 100% - which is highly unlikely - the maximum number of employment/self employment opportunities created would be a meagre 27,000).
As did Budget '95 and Budget '96, Budget '97 too places a great deal of emphasis on the expected income from the privatisation programme, So
far the govt's record in this area is rigt Confilon page 24

Page 8
"HE MIN EELAMAND THE INTER
In a changing world, the viability of Tini-states is a Wexed issue in the international community. It is of particular significance for Sri Lanka, because there is a vicious armed conflict to establish a Tini-state in the North-East region since the anti-Tamil riots of 1983. In this article, it is proposed to ascertain the viability of the proposed mini-state in the NorthEast region in the light of problems encountered by mini-states in the international cortunity.
The approach is espirical and deductive. It takes into account international law, international relations and international economics in dealing with the issues relating to "viability", S0 that any person who really believes in this idea (or to put it crudely in the "myth") of a separate mini-state in the North-East of Sri Lanka could judge in a realistic manner whether such an idea is wiable.
The meaning of the term "mini-state"
The term "mini-state" has been defined operationally by the international Community as a State with a population around one to two million or less. The term "mini-state" is not used in a "pejorative" or "diminishing" sense, but only to distinguish it from "small states" such as Sri Lanka, Senegal or Sierra Leone in the international comtunity.
In the last 30 years, the number of mini-states has increased as a result of the decolonization process initiated Lunder the auspices of the UN. The recognition of the right to selfdetermination in a colonial context has contributed to the increase in the number of mini-state in the UN system. It is unlikely that the international
(Mr. Mendis is a grac Ceylon and the Unive als Wlsiting Sch telatina:Stud University, SimCE la Mr. Temidis has hig abroad through th Farliamentary Cou Parliamentary Divisio Adviser & Expert St.K Legislation Consult recently published an апјthe LMSystЕп" i Bulletin (1996)
Cor 777 7.Lf7ffy WïYW re: Self-determinario, солtext excepr for If it were to do: have 400 mini-st and as a res organisations suc be swamped by extet that the de UN system could Despite different resources, per Ca development iride: product (GNP), mi ап interesting am: international Com States are por OS per beCOT80-viable Order. It is for th Colonies of the Bermuda), and de (Guadeloupe and Self-governing Netheralds Aru Antiles) have re remain as colonie Self-governing ter wwealth апd capac status. It is theref in this Context wil viableby referen CE not from narrow purSued by Our pC broad internationa

ES,
NATIONAL COMMUNITY
Late of the University of
sity of Cambridge. He was Iar to the Celts of lies at the Cambridge Ving Sri Lankain 1978, Several high positions 3 I UN ad CFTC - First Sel afid Head Of the n (Sierra Leone), UN Legal its 8.Nevis); ICAO Aviation ant (Pakistan). He has article Etitled"Mii-State the CTOWBaltity
!cognise this right to f1 frї а пол-co/огіїä! WEDYW COgĖf?f reas or 7'S, so Africa alone will ates on ethnic lines ult international h as the UNO Would ini-states to such an cision-making in the become impossible. :25-irl Size, natural pita incorne, human x and gross national ini-states Constitute algart of state in the munity. Some miniÖllus While Other hawe 2 in a changing World IESE. IEH5-15, SOTIE UK (Caymans and partments of France Martinique) and the
territories of la and Netherlands solved recently to s, departments and "itories despite their ity for independent reimportant to see hether Elam. Can be to other mini-states national politics liticia 15 but from lä il perspective in the
D. L. MENDIS
emerging World order.
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS RELATING TOMINI-STATES
In order to assess the viability of ministates, the major problems encountered by mini-states in the international community need to be taken into account. They are, namely: (a) the principle of one-nation-one vote; (b) the security of mini-states; (C) the participation of mini-states; and (d) development assistance to mini-states. These problems will be accentuated if a mini-state is not fully recognised by the major actors in the international community or does not have the prospect of becoming a member state of the United Nations system. The proposed state of 'Elan would fall into this category if it fails to obtain recognition by major actors in the international community.
(a) The principale of one-mation-one wote
The phenomenal growth of mini-states in the international community has generated heated controversy in regard to the democratic principle of "onenation-one-vote". The arguments made for the retention of this principle is based on the equality of states. This idea is well supported by the famous international lawyer and jurist Wattel in the following manner: "Dwarf is much a man as a giant". The arguments made against the retention of this principle is based on the reasoning that it is unfair for a state With a population le SS thar two Tillion to have the same wote as a Country with a population over one hundred million people. The former Secretary
General of the UN, U-Thant in his ational community. However, there will
be a natural reaction to extend the right to vote to states not fully recognised by the international community.

Page 9
address to the University of Denver on 3rd April 1964 said: "From a purely practical point of view sit is difficut fo envisage a workable alternative to гhe orie-vote-рег-country system. whatever frs аддarer7fї7едшїїїes шл/ess the World Were to refur fo tfie DMC'sidea of Might is Right". It is it is likely that mini-states will enjoy the principle of one-nation-one-vote, so long as nation
(b) The security of mini-states
The Security is a major issue relating to the viability of mini-states in the emerging world order. The term "security" is given a Wide meaning so as to encompass political, есопоппіс and enw ironmental Security. The security of the proposed state of “ЕНапп" is therefore – ап – important consideration for those who advocate such an idea for political reasons without considering its implications. In this context, it must be noted that the demise of the Cold War, the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the triumph of free-market economic policies, the liberalisation of international trade and globalization of financial markets have accentuated the security of mini-states in the international community because these states are unable to adjust rapidly to global changes,
The political security of mini-states is not simply the absence of threat from aggressor states. It sterns from threats such as economic instability, institutional incapacity, narcoterrorism, is money laundering, environmental degradation, natural and Tan-made di sasters in a manner un precedented in the history of mankind. In the absence of good institutional infrastructure, it is possible to say that these problems could not be handled by a mini-state without the
- co-operation of the international
community.
The viability of mini-states is also threatened as so the mini-states in the international community display economic insecurity due to lack of natural resources, transport costs, high unit costs of production, institutional incapacity and remoteness. These problems are enhanced if a mini-state is geographically located in a poor
region as in the ca state of Elam. In ai are called upon to the emerging Wor playing field witho larger developi economic insecuri further ertha CeC ässistance to mir dramatically redu geopolitical insig some of the mi interational Com able to grapple W challenges international oblig them unless finar assistance is international Com Which is 10t Te international COT1r any -- assistance tC relating to econom
The environmental important area Considered Serious wiability l of rIni | inte Tational Cor bluntly, One Cân le following question Cease to function : in the interation Were to el COunter di Sastr?". This is tO answer bëCaUS a C: COunt i Seri Ou problems encount in the field Enwironmental ris are likely to con transnational enwir internationa l lew change, sea-level nuclear Waste dis dапnage, natuга disa sters. The Enwironmental compounded as s situated in the hurricane zones. S increase and Ca effects On th wulnerability of m Tini-states can ameliorate their pl co-operation and neighbouring Stati such co-operation Of Ela T WOUd

7
se of the proposedi
difficulties to survive as a viable unit
ldition, mini-states in the international community.
lay to compete in H: Orderon alevo her developed and gStates. This y of mini-states is as development i-states has been ced due to their nifican Ce. HenCE, ni-states in the munity will not be 'ith the myriad of burgeoning ations imposed on Cia and technical row ided by the unity. A mini-state cognised by tha munity will not get deal with issues ic-insecurity.
security is another that feed to be ly in relation to the Ti-States the munity. To put it agitimately ask the : "Can artini-state as a sovereign state all community if it a serious ecological a difficult question B it "LISt takS ILC s environmental ered by mini-states of translational (s. The mini-states front wery serious Tental risks at the el due to Climate rise, hazardous and posal, oil pollution | and Than-made Se transnatión
isks are further Te Timi-States are
еагthquake апd uch risks are on the I ha Wedisa Strous environmental ini-states for which do very little to osition without the assistance of her is. In the absence of the proposed state face innumerable
(C). The participation of mini-states
the international system T
Many difficulties are encountered by some mini-sates in regard to their affective participation in the international system. The participation by mini-states in the UN, specialised agencies and other UN bodies is an expensive exercise both in terms of contributions and representation. Many
mini-States find it difficult to Contribute
financially of all regular budgets of the UN, specialised agencies andtreaty regimes in the UN system because they operate on a small gross domestic product (GDP). Despite the principles of universality of the UN system, some mini-states such as Tonga, Tuvalu, Kiribati and Nauru hawe not i beConTe member states of the UN, but have joined Only a feWUN specialised agencies. The proposed state of Elam will certainly encounter such problems in regard to participation in the international community.
(d) Development assistance to TiniStates
The development assistance to ministates has been drastically reduced due to their geo-political insignificance in the post cold War era. In particular, the UN development assistance, which consists mainly of concessional finance and grants provided by the IBRD and IMF and technical development co-operation programs initiated by other specialised agencies and subsidiary organs such as UNDP has also been reduced drastically. Such UN development assistance is essential to the majority of mini-states due to lack of Capital, natura | Tesources, technical expertise and personnel in public services. A state which cannot be a party to these international organisations and is mot recognised by the many states cannot benefit from development assistance. Hence, Elain, if established defacto would encounter tremendous difficulties to survive as a nation-state in the international community.
Cord or page 7

Page 10
THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
In the present international system there is no single operational agency that has responsibility for the internally displaced. Although UNHCR and to some extent ICRC in the Sri Lankan Context are engaged with the problems of displaced people, UNHCR's mandate - being an organisation concerned essentially with refugees - does not include IDPs (Internally displaced). ICRC : Whoseo prirTmany Brationale listo bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield also attempts" to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found" a principle which permits it to assist civilians displaced by armed COfficts. Howewer UNHCR Hä5 become increasingly involved in global situations of internal displacement at the request of either the SecretaryGene Tal of the UN or the Genera Assembly,
In 1993 UNHCR adopted criterial for its involvement with IDPs given two specific conditions, Firstly, in situations where there is a direct link with its basic activities in respect of refugees as for example where returning refugees are mingled with IDPs. Secondly, in situations where there is a significant risk that the internally displaced will become a refugee problemi.e. in the naturе of preventive action. This is clearly the principle on which the UNHCR became involved With the protection and assistance function of IDPs especially in the Mannar District of Sri Lanka. The Concept of Open Relief Centres (ORCs) which were established at Pesalai on Marina island and around the Madh u church are indicative of initiatives in this direction. The rationale for this Exter SiOn Of ther Ole Of UNHCRCOTTBS out clearly in a recent report to
BRADMAN
UNHCRs Execut is composed o States of the UN
" To t flows and interr the SäTE. Ca LuSE to deal only W.
Spects of TOW lets it iTTiBediate humi, seeking solutior point of UNHCF agency resропsi clearly preferab obviate the nee their country a refugees in orde obtain vital hurl.
A Tajo international ag
BCOTheSir WWE situations is the standing as a r entity. These se to a head or Se Sri Lankan Conte is the reportec rmilitary authori tra STISSIO fa:
-- staff operating OL
COr Sequent stro "intervention" of in the Country's
Sri Lankan Foreig previouS Adminis delicate situation sorted out. On objection to the supplies to the M behind 'enemy" li attempt to ope Civilian:S to mowe tle : Jiffra P Pooneryn-Sangup service using th the TOWright. Ir
 

N WEERAKOON
iwe Committee Which f is orTme 35 Therber
system.
e externt that refugee al displacement : hawe sit makes little sense ith the tras-frotiet Oërce d population 1 er irħis responding to alitäriär reeds ' Or i is. From the Wantage as the international ible for refugees it is le Where possible tO di for people to leave nd thus to becormë s to find safety and to anitarian assistance".
r difficulty that an Cy encounters as it 3d in internal conflict Thaintenance of its leutral and impartial msitivities hawe come Veral occasions in the xt. A recent example reluctance of the ties to permit radio ilities to UNHCR field It of Killinochi and the ng disapprowal of the
SOTE UN personnel internal affairs by the in Minister. During the tration too there were Is Which needed to be e was the military JNHCR carrying food Badhu (CRC: which W35 rles and the Other the
a 'safe passage" for
back and forth from insula through the Jiddy bridge cum ferry UNHCR to motor the Tidst of War and
ethnic rivalry both UNHCR and ICRC
The overal picture regarding the number and distribution of IDPs in Sri
have faced difficulties in being perceived as fully upholding their neutral and non-partisan status.
THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lanka has significantly altered during the last two years. Official statistics available at the end of 1996 show that there were 128,852 families displaced, 4-1,609 housed in 487 Welfare centres and 87,243 families living with friends and relations or in - other accommodation found by themselves, While there was a marked reduction in the lur Tibers during the Cessation of Hostilities - January to April 1995the numbers of displaced began to increase after the outbreak of war on 19th April 1995, Official information in September/October 1995 estimates that the number of IDPs was around 600,000. Of these around 200,000 were in camps in the Jaffna Peninsula in the areas controlled by the LTTE, but having their food and other needs supplied by the Government Agent under the unique system of "dual control" then in operation in most of the Northern Province. Outside of the North and East there were around 40,000 Muslim refugees who had been evicted from Jaffna and Mannar by the LTTE in 1990 and who were now residing in Puttalam District. The Welfare Centres in Colombo which had housed a few thousand Eastern province Tamils, had been closed down by the end of 1994 and the displaced persons relocated in the Batticoloa District. The Tilitary take-ower of Jaffna city at the beginning of 1996, the consolidation of government Control ower the entirety of the Jaffna peninsula and the capture of Killinochi in September of this year hawe Taterially altered the picture in respect Cof the Lumbers and codition of the IDPs. The strategic push on Jaffna city - Riwiresa - was a period of intense fighting and lead to the displacement of an estimated 500,000 persons, firstly to the Thenmaradchy and Wadar Tharachi divisions of the Peninsula and | later of sonTma is of this nurnberoi to the mainland area around Killinochi across the Jaffna lagoon. It was reported at the time that the exodus

Page 11
from the Jaffna city-it was emptied within 2 or 3 days - before the military moved in was under coercion by the LTTE anxious to retain with them their "humanshield". The position therefore in February/March 1996 was that the number of IDPs had risen to over 1 million with many of these living under very difficult circumstances.
The situation of IDPs is said to have improved rapidly with the liberation of the whole of the Peninsula and the return of over half a million persons to their homes in the city and cleared äfBä5, HOWB wer a few hundréd thousands now located in the Warni area have been unable or unwilling to return to their homes are reported to be on the move south-westwards away from Killinochi to the remoter villages f Akkarayankulam and Malawi, West towards Mannar and south to the borders of Wavuniya where properly equipped welfare centres capable of accommodating over 125,000 persons await them. The implications of the changed politico-strategic situation in the North is that the obligation of providing relief and rehabilitation to the displaced is clearly that of the Government. The newly constituted Northern Relief and Rehabilitation Authority in addition to the Rehabilitation Ministry will carry institutional responsibility for restoring normalcy and attending to the manifold problems of the IDPs. A matter of immediate concern is the reported amage to housing in Jaffna and other built up areas where heavy fighting including bombing and shelling have taken place. Apparently 80% of the homes have been affected but reconstruction work is unavoidably slow as transport of building material in the absence of a land route to the peninsula remains a major constraint. Although an ethnic breakdown of the internally displaced is not officially available the best estimates indicate that in the 10 year period-July 1983 t0 DECET ber- 1994 - the eithri C breakdown was as follows;
TAMILS - 75% MUSLIMS - 13% SINHALESE - 8%. OTHERS (Tamils of recent Indian origin etc.) - 4%
A noteworthy feature of the Sri Lanka Eproject of relief to the IDPs has been
the Unique situa Tici e Set, Wer territory-as-fr Considerable cost of these supplies i in the hands of the ASDr. Francis De report om the situ 1992:
"Sri Lanka pres Situation Of a CE providing relief aic the control of th group. In a World re of government and food as a weapс populations, the si is that ang that attention if not m important precede
Ole Of tg mOTE relating to displa resettlement. The ambitious ΓΕΕ rehabilitation progr the "repatriation" () to theirformer plac thOS8 as8äS are II family "resettles' it in allowances and Construction. Foot rations for a period facilities, school employment is org District, and administration. It
Tilitary authoritie: reSettlement proc Who clear the area thereafter. This ha the voluntariness from Welfare cer original places government guide according to Dr.D Representative. N explicit about the E to safeguard the the reSettlement, basic principle international hurt the freedom of Tic personal security employment and
Another importan displacement is
needs of Women majority of the di:
 
 

ion where food, a sent to rebel held se supplies at by sea, Some part nvariably ended up rebels themselves, g observes in his tii0T i Sri La ka
ents the unusual intral government to persons under е ппаіп oppositioп plete with examples
rebel groups using n against civilian tLuation i Sri Lanka
deser Wes - CloseT,
NEW AND EMERGING ISSUES:
ore publicity as är ."tח
significant issues cement is that of government has an etteet а по
amme consisting of f displaced persons
es of resideCe O'Ce ormalised. When a is entitled to settling a subsidy for house d in the Iway of dry
of 3 months, health. ing and self help Janised through the Divi 5 i Ol lewe | is reported that the splay a part in the ess since it is they and provide security Si Taised the iSSUue of of the Towermet tres back to their of habitation. The lines are laudatory, eng the UN-Special While they are not bsolute requirement voluntary nature of they do contain the si deriving from an rights norms: e.g.
vement, the right to the right to food,
adequate housing.
t concern in internal that of the special ld children. The placed in Sri Lanka,
as in other parts of the World, are women and their dependent children. Displaced women face serious security risks and many are found to suffer fron sexual violence and psychological and physical trauma. Many women hawe become the sole supporters of their families, their husbands having been lost in the war or having been recruited into the rebel army. Displacement also causes serious effects on the children. They are the first to suffer from lack of shelter, proper food, schooling, health care and affection. The work of several NGOs both international and local, in satisfying some of the critical needs of Women and children, is particularly commendable.
An important issue, new in the present phase of the conflict - Eelam War 3 - but one major consequence in the past, especially in the period 1984 to 1991, is that of the possible "spill over" of the internally displaced to South India as refugees. Such a movement in large numbers has potentially destabilising effects of the bilater a relations between India and Sri Lanka. It has been the cause of tension in the past and can bring a new dimension to current interstate relations.
According to official reports there apparently yet remain in camps in South India about 50,000 refugees from Sri Lanka who originally went out
with the outbreak of hostilities in June
1990. Another 50,000 or so, are said
to be out of the camps but yet residing
in India. Repatriation back to Sri Lanka with some monitoring by UNHCR took place in the years 1992, 1993, and 1994. In these years the outflow of IDPs to India was minimal. Owing to possibly three reasons. Firstly, the fact that the Jaffnia Peninsula Which Was under the virtual control of the LTTE, constituted at east for the Tamil internally displaced, a place of relative security - (there were about 200,000 displaced living in official Welfare Centre in the Peninsula Who had midwed in from the Islands and from Districts Such as Maar and Mulla itivu). Secondly, the fact that the then Tamili Nadu GOWEF1 Tent strongly discouraged the entry of any more Sri Lanka refugees and had even

Page 12
10
threatened to close down the existing refugee camps. Thirdly, the fact that UNHCR - a neutral party - Was present in a practical way in overseeing the return and resettlement of returning геfugees.
The current position is that, after a considerable lapse of time, a reported 3000 persons are said to have reached South India, presumably taken across from the Mannar coast by India fishermen for a fee. Some have been
captured on the high seas by the Navy
and a few of the boat people' have perished at sea. Some media reports have alleged that the movements to India has been orchestrated by the LTTE to for Tent tension between India and Sri Lanka. Whatever the cause, and although only of minor proportions today, the movement of IDPs, were it to increase, has the potential for interstate dissension. The emerging situation also has implications for UNHCRs own role in regard to those who yet remain internally displaced.
THE SEARCH, FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS - ADDRESSING ROOT CAUSES
Effective and durable answers to Thost of the problems of internal displacement, rest on the peaceful resolution of conflict. The root causes need to be addressed and political solutions to the conflict found. In Sri Lanka the need for a politically negotiated settlement has been widely accepted. Yet in spite of some promising starts, the anticipated peace has not yet been ushered in. The comprehensive devolution proposals and the Wide ranging amendments to the constitution that are now before the Select Committee of Parliament constitute a serious attempt at addressing root causes. There is lo question that Peace and the TeC On Ciliati Om between te Communities that goes along with it, is the essential precondition in resolving the complex and multifaceted challenge of internal displacement.
ANAGENDA FOR THE FUTURE
1. There is the need for the development of a legal
framework displaced. formulating fra The Work gÖVerriment
Since the | displaceme Countries of Of the sit, a pop TO a Ches problem in Such a Stu desirability regional Would prowit containing principles,
UNHCR a intergovernr NG (OS Sh D a popDTO a Chile assistance a internally di
A quasi principle for displacemen
Since the Society are ffCt : Human rig COinSider tak WOL d 8 dW internally dis
StätBS Vựhit: dÖrıe 50 5 consider the 2. Additio CO Wention:
The resoluti of the it depends on Conflict it political Sol addressing displacemen enabled to re and resume
The inter|18 Should Tot 0 aSSİstance 1 relief, and internally dis ensure that a dwa Ceth

for the internally The Olu S for SUch a normative falls squarely on
S.
roblem of internal it is Cotton to all South Asia, a study ation and CormiTmon to deal With the ay be undertaken. ly also examin e the of mowing towards a he chanism which ille, a code of Conduct SO T1E guiding
lo ng with other mental agencies and uld develop new
S tCo - il CreaSee nd protection for the splaced.
ni Corm-re fou | Tet situations of internal it sould be clarifid,
DOOrer Sections of the ones mostly y di Spolā CenTrent. hts NGOs should ing up issues which ersely affect the pola Ced in the Courts.
hi hawe mot already hould favoura bla : signing of Protocol all to the Genewa
on of the problems era II y displaced the ending of the Irough a durable ution. It is only by the root causes of tthat people will be tur to their homes
Or| if.
tional community nly provide financial For the protection, ehabilitation of the placed, but should : such assistance Cause of peace and
Security.
Bibliography
1. Francis Deng. Internally Displaced
Persons Report to the 51st Session of the Cornission or Human Rights 2.2, 1995
Protection Aspects of UNHCR activities on behalf of Internally Di Spaced Persoms, submitted at 45th Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissionars Programme. August 1994.
Refugee Survey Quarterly. Wolume 14. Nos. 1 and 2, 1995
The Refugee of Sri Lanka Law and Society Trust, Wol. 1 issue 77 May 94.
Repatriation of Refugees from India to Sri Lanka, Report of September 1993 and February 1994 of UNHCR Colombo,
Sunda y Times 11.8 , 96 and 18, 8.96; Sunday Observer 18, 8.96: The Island 20.896.
Солtd from page 7”
CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to concludas that Ela T1 is not viable, as the world has changed rapidly in a manner prejudicial to the interests of mini-states in the international community. It is not possible to compare Elam to prosperous mini-states such as Bahama 5, Brunei, Baharain Barbados, Nauru, Catar, Fiji, Luxembourg or Cyprus, as these ministates by virtue of their geopolitics, Thineral Wealth or special ambience stand on: a different level in the international community in relation to the proposed State of EITT.
Hence, the big question is not whether "Elain" is justified, but whether "Elain" is viable. The hard-core followers of Elam must be convinced that the establish ment of a Separate:Tili-state
Paper
鹬
in the North-East Region is out of step
and prejudicial to the interest and wellbeing of the people irnl the North-East Region. It is only then that the "first steps" towards a peaceful settlement through deWolution - of poWer r Thay eʼWol We", in a deeply divided Sri Lanka.
"

Page 13
Sarachchandrasang palinstak
KKaaa LaLLLSS S SLLLSSSSSS ares showed no discernible revival
E.
Saccharida indigitary wish to re.
suc and TE
establishion the modern stage Indeed, used no particularatection for the | naidegra, and vierecogning itse. factivenes as theatre, regarded it as a insisticated 蔷 engaging With the traditional Gciāli hala several purposes
Friini and less can only be described as a highly complex sist of aestheti Ing tulitIT3 Ents: nā werd he warted
Erst felicitus dio
Wocabulary for the Sinhala stage The approaches CEE the | երեքիրոք performance forms generally fall into two distinct groups. One is requivocally conservationist and vai Infort
Eštenis from the assumption that the
forms subject as they are to
a variety of marginalizing forces innod air society have to savet" sшр
PDFliegendered functional, conseTVE
Eiriught back into the TaistrealTi Alwi fer their own saike, but Elst
For instance, nowhere did
they ETE Si
E LLUIT
Othėrapproacha
b'W FËVivalists, perca
farms of performan of raw material av
in modern theatre an
aprich, no atta
Overly "faithful" tot Efy hie CEпtга|рго| thE traditional fցքոր:
Stitute. El gris
perfformanage
Sembled togethern expressive ends.
Sarachchan the Secondapproac circumspection and
of intensive study. Scarcely have taken withstandings de about certain aspects
GITT drBITaturgy, and
CiSEEEE
iTIEWEtiopisah
Lankan culture, Sara
signitial || Wanders
espect of the is
թաքErit in Eթյքի քիչ էր Relating the
 
 
 

Intifying Elersets r people. E tally frowned upon
Eisin the traditional Fichistorehouse labela dance within Լիլի:
pt is made to stay adition. De the Gein
Positions that
have tabe recon
hed for the modern
or their parts as
niew ways for new
dras Lubscribed
handid so with
are after a period
Arguably held inother route Not:
caredreservats
modern WES
his general SCE
soft West
Hբing circle in
chandra was as Ind թtionalis: This disposition
i. Hրքի I-իը ու
|Egi:: epistրիt ըr
"Յբit: |ranetic naոքր
haracter tradicina 터리 . Sarachchandra Comtechimself TY to theirear focation the կրոն, Knit, clearly lated
Essa Jenis iais
mainsteam Wester ra Bill
In the 1950s, the hadagan wait have
appearва g iästi traditional
a came closest answering is
playwritting reeds
The Folk Dana o cyan
sacers scholarly accounters
Lanka's traditional performance wild first Carmie out in 1952, contains severa
custo the directions would
take samakarofstage plays and
the contours on his thinking g। dनिrात
AGNVADE
and culture Consider for instance FiS
description Nadagama
Madagam could be termed foi para
the sense that they are enacted a
rn9stenfireliyin thenniedITLITIni ofisgong. Bir.
In the WEGegentheres, bes es içEtain elemän. 。 Eccles ce, danceir aparella ind al the Gothar charactarsawa se nove
ment operem Uplofeniary. Sylgeria
ment is also used to deparian
ர்ே:

Page 14
C.W. Çelebrated representativ from all over C. M. Maddu CCDr. LЕПka (PEra product of educational p note address
WE late Kannang cannot help it extraordinary Fifth Stad iraugurated. PIiv Erit S. | יחסsitiםםםם
TH
Javatilakas Mr.S.W. R.). Tove Maybe opposition. Cultivator al
We eer ח חם rkingםW tiITE Wittle anda folk pi Каппапgaгa? has rTma de aj thriving on CultLTES I än
| CorTurmerciali
baked intelle
Fort happenedit Cardidates Stälf SC FTIT WASt ElECtOriteS O Ana T1 a du W, Нігіyala, Wa
I hope the fa ir Cectio Er ei addedical greatптап С.
Nawdgathlith HBathpat tuy, Officer Pitt-A
 

W.Kannangara Day was this month by
"es of Mahla, Widyalayas
the Country. Professor T1353 dB TE Wi:C) if the University of Sri aniya), a distinguished the Madya Widyalaya rocess, delivered the key
ever, see ore the ara's name mentioned, 1 hinking of Tyself and my experience of obtaining ard Scholarship which he art told by Widyalankara |L|rc:G5 that H E fECEd From the Sealayāka S,
E MAN FRO)
mysterious horizon, the tanks (Kulams)
wild elephants, bears, leopards and follow beasts and birds refused to
accept this boundary and roamed all around our jungles along withius, the descendants of Yaksas, Nagas, Aryans, and Dravidiyans, keeping our old social relations intact to the last letter of our tradition of peaceful co-existence,
There was a huge rock-cave temple in the jungles about three miles away from our village. When WB children climbed this rock every full moon day, we could sae up to the blue
supposed to have been built by native Yaksas, Nagas, Tamil and Aryan immigrants (according to our fathers). andalso wild Chena fires. In the
and personally from Bandaranalike Edgainst his : they were correct in their Being a son of a Chena Id tenant farmer, I would East healthy ly native soil, having more wild-life as a great hunter het famous in the willages. sidealistic political TOWe pke out me now a parasite täTSC Ortigt I CITOSS "CITO SULTET sm, hypocrisy, and halfctualism.
Lunately or unfortunately, o be one among three to "WEWO, the Fifth holarship at the year 1946
area now covering the fYapahuwa, Nikaweratiya, ra, Puttalam, Kaladya, riyä polā, Galgamu Wä, etc.
scinating incidents recall
n with this Scholarship will tion to the late of that
WW.Каппапgara,
WS i вgama in KuпаганWаппі was bordering Wilpattu. narcated the border by the uradhapura Road. But the
distance. These audio visuals were one source of information available fols about the existence of an outside world. Myths associated withstars and planets enhanced our awareness of the heavenly world of space and time. Travellers who stopped to drink from the Pinthaliya installed in front of our straw thatched hut and to have chats with my father, sometimes over a chew of betal, gawe ilus some idea of life in distant towns and villages. One day a small radio and talantenna Were installed in our village school. The Head mistress - Ranmerike Hamire thought this instrument to be an Rewi ancroachment on the minds of children and adults who thronged to see and listen to it. She enclosed it in a wooden box and opened the padlock only to allow us to hear Siri-AW Wa's (Lamapitiya) Children's programme in the evening and for adults to listen to Bana at night on every Foya Day.
We had a very contented and happy life, nevertheless, in the absence of comparative relative knowledge of the life and values of the outside world. We had miles and miles of jungle full of rich vegetation, mysteries and Wild life and a hoard of girls and boys-blood relations all-to-roam about together with after school in distant "chenas“, and vast tanks to swim and bathe to

Page 15
Un hearts content, Adults exerted no
hard discipline, for WH kids were strictly
tund by custo IT and tao o tila
sely knit village family.
Bound by die of 115 - stoms, my mother and I Were tening from behind the HILLS. TOT tting with male elders, when Hierd E day about the Fifth Standard holarship being mentiопеф Еју Jur
= lei Tisī LC ' far, III an earlier year he had trained a girl
called Menuhamy for this scholarship,
The parents, under the influence
their relatives of that village, refused to send her to be boarded at Maho Central College, just ten miles away
through the jungle trail. THE HEE id
E VILLAGE IN
Experience of rigorous studies throughout the da" | rrissed my fejre:St. poly a Til play male - ITY SI: |KIRISI, LFLU), │ m'y Self h the School boundary tij (:Lil which was cared even f of li minista kE irii r ii W SLIFT
E551'''5.
Ewr term. If a ddi subtrations of COffEl For not marking + 0 = : na correct r:SL, it | ia! sEH QI ari i the të Mr. Ratnayaka and his wif Taagligt provided TIE
M5 Ramërik E: WES 'W' applying some herbal Eir
Master was asking my father for permission to allow me to sit for this examination and also whether, it successful, I would be allowed to go. Being the only still TY Fair expressed reluctance. His T10 st Vehement arguTTient Tam thus. "if / MGS2 This la Who Wremar even ro goar Garrie, for Fre Who vil CLrrif befrd friel, with the plough?". Anyway after many persuasive arguments. Ty filter relented, With many Tore Whispering erstations vitt Tyrnather betifld our loft. I am sure my mother had the last say,
| ima Td|y Linder sitt id thi t
significance of this scholarship at that
time, but was fascinated by one factor of the civersitif. THE IST ET TE
examination Cerr ES in Llull Cc Of E
I'STETIOLIS It is called AFDALAM KAWA. I rimi'y "mind Ft Thail the this was a mother 5 land si The where Close to the maon, ri Space, inspite of my grarance, my Wrked itself into a frenzy, urgency and er Flusia 5 m just to visit this Other | sind form another pola riet. Wheth? Ef | failed or passed this equally mysterious fixăriiratIIl
Afte our eiders rima de the fi T13|| decision, I was treated as a closer ПЛР and was dish Ed Out am dцGпISIПg
back to Heill The WILInd: Inflicted after CorrëtTirg during the course of In tra Imifing and t Liit in för great Fifth Standard sch
At last the gif tij i papart for fitë lës I, V, coris ulting al The Gods änd öff Ering all thE 1:45 T1Cst i Lu5 prFlysis ES S.) La cgfrit foot Out Of the corre:ri:Tir |au Sir: if?). J.5 bicick, [ca 1 of fear ed by Wo. Fair was late. Ewell g|Lurin. I was pārticularly | colul träwel to SäTidal in Hic microrrh by this bl. the sever: ethical Coci
El 11 y 55 de 1.
By the time Figu r:181 Er "jLike: rslD | rii:: ltյմա | 1 - (ifilgarilLIա: | Haiti Era Ii ii rmew li fell WW was greatly disappoir 5ät it is rict Sandal är Galgqarm l, I'Wa. 1"W,'E2lʼ.'3 TT rily willage, thrgւյgh th,
| forgot all E w1 I saw the engine of the tra in witch it far tot lČIlg pushed into one of th
 

isciplina of and light. dry special : te I - In-liv, 3rd To g0 t() sticks, with OT : TH IIIIII SG är | 5 || C. It
til s Frid
Writies Eta Brid Of 11 stav after Fir TTT:ISTEr É: Fl:||1|r|'''[: ||k E! Joy It F ( ! | Triero. er y k: EEF IT ITIET LE FI|'''
showing the guard a 25 cents half ticket bought for Tie, My God! The experience of the first trail ride, especially a train pulled by a black giant of a coal powered engine!
Fina|| y we ended at som E EXHIT Centre Hit Balalla – mot evern Maho, | lost contact with all reality. Invigilators, as I know them Tow, were order rig all of us arouncil. For the first LLLLLLLLSS S0SaLLLL S aaLLLLLLLLGL SSSLL SSSLaLLGGH SSLLLLLL YLLLLL LSLLSS LHHLDS LLaaLLLL S LLLSS aaG OHLHLaLLLL LLSH LLLLLLSaS SHLL SSLLLLLD HLLLLLK S S laLaaS "via SS18 Call Wattrict: Ey Ey o OrtifEE girls is a corner. But they seemed to be krīg āt Te Brīd gling vās near i=2| Lussed. At läst. I T2H lisei that they wաera laԼIghing at my harting, Darliari,
THE JUNGLE
E FICT | Ustjäid tly exercises.
y DrofessiÖTä. This SI-: || 3rd | clarship!
at day arrived ith my mother | find a 5 trologiers test food and that I stially put The village at | Ling, But I ng a friend of Ty Wbüdy looked Worris. How i kH , YW LI KIH | k := rT EL
of the Willage .T5וLIEJIםh:
1 y flitter II, id p, we were in tle first town Il-Faċir TITI | Ed Wile they awa, but Iյոly |Յs away frմm | Li rigla träd ils.
out lie Owl, TWe : O LITE to being Wirtually :Ճmբar trT1Ents:
SMON NAWAGATHTHE GAMA
Īr : rīk rī5 rena Wried aware garde novelist and pia, Afright. His literary style is rвrr7//7isc:erтг of Gађгтв/ Margцё2's Magica Realism"
shcel 3GS feet, and the tog koride | Was wearing, Those days our Willage LLaaLaLaH LLLLLL LLLLLLaL LLLLLaLLLLLLLLK LLLLCS LaLH KLL LGGHHHH LLLL LHKKLL L LaLL LLLLHH LLLLLLHaHLHHL except as an Coiffering Hiri "ibaloi periodis of title' to Godsly yanayaka of Wishful Besides, even my fost loved one, my pola'y matE a riigi Cousin, Was jeälOLIS COf TW körìđe which was fill:h bIgger tham hBrs)
| wwas fortfläTE for H T O TEt | Withdrew to a corrier in hiding from those beautiful but embarrassing eyes. Then I began to remember all the sums and exercises camed into my head by m"ự qLIrụ8, to pass this mW8lEfiçus Fifth Standard scholarship examinator And | Jā55ed II Pas SC IntC: The life of the Wide World of those giggling young |latdIES FATI EI I til Emi Er...

Page 16
CTT ST S LL0LHHLLLS SL H SLS SLSLTS KLLLLLLLS LLLLLLLLSLS gag:Bised by the centre for Politic coming into di LSCTTTJSLLTSTTTTTSS S SSSLSSS LCCma0LLSS LLL TJS TS ETS SS SS SSLSLSS CCCL CCHCCCCaLL LL : have stopped b. | 77/75/ Ing WS was srity erforce disfart. Ar
acquired a new SCSTSYYT S aCCT SLLLLLLaSL இரு ESோக EarthEvery YYYYS LLLTTS LSTT S TTS LL LLCLLCL :A in fourceferen TTTLLLLS S SGGHJS0STYLSSSJLLLTTTTJS LLLLmLTa LLLLLL LL
CBSE, the imprisor this case, having understand that not everybody here that one could ine saurialist. That there lawyers one Wanted to be S LLCKL K K L L LLLLL S SsS S aaa aGL LLC TCL LLCCaaK LL aaaLLLL GGTTTTLLLLLLL S CCCCCCSYS YL S LLLLSSS LLC LLLLL LLLL L LS SSLLLSS SSHLLLLLLLS LLLLLL gonjournalists would have made ait only happeris whe gray into the word of newspapers decides to venture LLLLLLL LLLLL tt L LLLaS S S S S S S CLLLLL S a LLLLLLCLLL DDD LLLLLLLCL S T S LLLLaa LS TTTS SS LLL LLLLL LC CLLCLLG Sight forward situation report on Suffering the cons aaaaaaL Ga aaaaLLLLLS S SLLLLLYS S LLL CLa LLLLLLL aaLu u Ya LLaaL S YLLLLSLYYYSLLLLLLLL LLaaa DDD LL S LLLL a L SLSLSSS LLLL LLLL LLS
mLLLLLL t LLLLLLSaa CCC uYY LLLLLL LLLLLLLSLS S LLaaLLLLLL STLCLLS KK KLa aGHGaaaaaaa LY S S SSS S S LL LLL LLLL SLLLLLLL S Caa a Laa a CCLL LLLLLL a LLLSYYStS S HHS LLLL LCLLLLLLL
KL LLLL LLLL L SYS LLLLLCS LLLL CLLLHG | IEE|քy that is in the news | his fa
There probably would have CENSORSHIPAS իցքը, ցցcasions, though, when the
LL LLuKSLSaaLLLL SYS LLL S LLL LLL LL K aaLLL LL LCmmLLLLTSJS S S LLLLLLS LLL L S LLLS S LLLLLL 0SS LL LLL LLL LLTlS S S LLLLL SLLLLLLL aaaC LLL LLLrLlLLLYYA S LLL LL LYS L S aaS SSLLLLLLSLS S SLLLLTL LLLLLLLLS aaL aaCYSSa uua LSSLLSS S 0LS LLuCHSLLL S LTL LLtttLLLLLL tt L0SYYSSSS S LLLLL LLLDD LCLLSLSLLLS LL S S LLL KS LSLS S aaSaSYS S S LLLL S S aaaaLLLLL K C S S S S LLLLLLSYS S S L LCCC Ca aaaL SS imposed by the government Policiairs (CTElle
Estership in this lig LLLL LL L 0LLLLLSS LLL SLS LS K S LLLLLLLLS LLaaLLLL LLLLLL
Incomments. We I WILL CYN DW:
Video as You Want to
 

AN WAAR KAAP
TlILIE E:Eriere El Conta GSE W
ld certainly ave hen the wird Would
Enlig Elbista
When twDUIGHaye meaning. The true Uring that state of
El mighthawe been
stwowa BEDIEË WEER W
word prison this igof Spec to endure the fact tSayyim print wat
Cause of the vals The the was of
risonsentence
rary one. Because
in the non-journalist Beyond hiš Ghosen
elepublishad. Ang of not writing and Buences. He has ing at his chosen such inhibitions o, thus staying om Writing, here censors can do to p will
ea distant fact in
PRISONMENT
for those of us I GT, i 555 dinto, journāls
scensorship tirrimporistiment direct assuto denied this right
Td Teddilësoma |ds Offersitar h: One needs to Eiff füeans When 闇
B'eise nice of some governner Էքօլիy:
| Bermissible Eրը What is no
forces a stols Oditions that dictates what kind
| shall not at this point discuss the mean dangi Band00 | aurnalit. Ng Sքent inte toԱging elnie Psyetlegelimpecölibái :en:ure SԱքիan oppressive state : fairs ones workplace Ratheր harawalparallel to elaborate is positionfurther Ale for that sur Penedicinemagne for rigյրեր that some smart assingle given decides to interfer with the way doctors treat their pians image in such a situation that |th
an only with smartisans herto ritissgerario
oppines Tantoning such a ting as the Hippocráticolatin er Presby other principles of medical ethics, And equally edundant would
that the doctors have learn in
nedical school and thereafter F is have told you, the doctors have been forced to follow the ordes f governmentraño tréia paներ:Եի this way sens they should be e o atendolyto nos e identities. In shortobey
Now this situation would also піват Porolamont imprisoñTient fondoctors
"Would belasituatienthey wouldhave
endure day and right in the rating theatres in the ward in the OPD units. Asiation wie tly Would have norepiya itay ang ! continile I the vocation o italig: Ardin this clinates failie would have to ventistina
the prison was bit around then by
thĒSTEt assare երնացիի մը իր
ancertain doctors would no want to experience such all N. for that matter lawyers No. academics, Northose in many of the other professions advocations city.
the same is fjorālists
toe. I have spoken lar who PPPsed to being permanent
prisoners, and consider
99Wernment Interference In theft | an anaera, it is for season Sycensorship is a bad word

Page 17
LLLLLL LLLL CaLLL LaLLC LL LCLCLLa CCCC SLCCmLmmLLaLLLCCL LLLLLL about the suppression of press. "The essential asp freedom here, For one needs to be speech involves aware of such details, too, to realise criticism of the bu just how insidious things are. It is only government. It is t then that one can fully understand the Einvolvement of it prison experience I am thinking about, discussion of cabi For it is nothing else. aessentia part
structure in a free st Let's take the last 25 years. At the therefore to remo beginning we have the United Front such matters is func regime under Sirimavo Bandaranaike to the freedom interfering with journalis Tn in an discussion in a den unprecedented Tanner. There was the take-over of Lake House. There Was the This O'We shutting down of the Sun Group of was done by the J: newspapers. There was the passing of to suppress journe the Press Council Bill 1973. And while years. There was n doing all that, mind you, we also have of the 1978 am Mrs. B and her men saying time and Parliamentary (Pow again that it was all being done in the Act. Here, accordin interest of Strengthening dET OCTad Cy. book, Sri Lalika: W
Jayewardene Was Well, how do you think the get the change th Opposition of that day, led by his Cabinet justify J. R. Jayewardene, responded? They in the national inter said no to everything. They began to this gem about? We champion the cause of press freedom, newspapers if they Andon one occasion, to demonstrate in their coverage their commitment, the United National parliamentarians. Party parliamentarians even staged a legislative assen walk out. That was when the Press powers of the judic Council Bill was being discussed. So were wictimised as by the time elections arrived in 1977,
who do you think was perceived as |ן חtו". סוח the great defender of a free press? wiolence becoming JayeWardene. media suppressior included the force
THE UNPREGIMES in JaffThā ānti in Cỡ
Ernergency regulat
But no sooner his party won in a free flow of infor landslide, he meta Torphosed from such acts as th defender to suppresser. He took over Terrorism Act, whi the Times Group of newspapers. Het Minister of Defen did not free Lake House, And worst of distribution of an all, after some years in power, he contained articles announced that his government felt a committed under 1 need to enforce Section 16 of the Press Ranasinghe Premi Council, which, it has to be noted, Was President, We
not even done during the Bandaranaike suppression in the regime. This section Trade it an offence attacks. Probably for newspapers to publish details of this was the mu cabinet proceedings without approval. Zoysa. There was It provided the conditions for the years, intimidation establishment of a secret government, another kind: ther And justin case one is not aware of of different gover how dangerous such a condition could to newspaper offi be, let The quote from what who may have
Jayewardene's lawyers said about it feature, let mere during a case they fought in the visits of the tax m

15
: in the early '70s: ect of freedom of the right of free reau Cracy and the hus 3: Seem that the he press in the Et Titte'S IS EOLlt of the Cratic ciety. Any attempt "E from discussion lamentally opposed of speech and Ocracy."
war, Was rot all that
yewardene regime.
alism during those Te, Take the CaSe ledet to the ver and Privileges) g to W. P. Wittachi's hat Went Wrong?, in such a hurry to rough that he had it as being "urgent 35t". Adi Whāt, Wās all, briefly, to punish stepped out of line of parliament and nother Words, the mbly being given iary. And journalists
a result.
805, with State
a fact of lifetire Was recorded. It di closure Of paperS lombo to the use of ions to control the Tlation. It included E PEW'E ti Ol Of ich empowered the ice to prohibit the iyi newspaper that
exposing offences EPA. A. W. dasa took over as
began to hawe form of threats aid ha best example of de Of Richard de
also, during these
and harassment of egular visits by men ment departments CES. A difOT tOS forgotten such a Icall some, like the han the CMC man,
the Labour Department man, the water Board Tan, and the Electricity Board LLCLLLSLLLLLLLS LLLLLLLLLLLS aL aLaaLLLL0LKS justified it all as a case of efficient gÇOWETTI Tlernt.
But what did the Opposition do during all this? Well, they began to make the sate noises that Jayewardene and his men had done in the '70s. They identified themselves as the champions of press freedom. They promised that when they came to power journalists would never be suppressed again.
THE PA.: BEYOND THE UNP
Today, it is two years since the People's Alliance won. But as we know, not all thathas been promised has bean Tiet. There Continuesto be interference in the craft of journalism. And probably the best example of this is the Way in which the present regime has restricted in a maner even the UNP did not, the reportage of the conflict in the north and east. We, in journalism, are still permanent prisопЕrs.
lf Was asked whether there would come a time when journalists would be able to enjoy a complete sense of emancipation in the Way people of other professions do, I would say not in the immediate future, not unless there is a radical charge in the minds of our politicians with regards to the media. For What has become the norm, as seen in the last 25 years just highlighted, is that when politicians are in the Opposition they start championing the cause of press freedom, but no sooner they triumph at an election, they change; they forget what they had stood for before; they become suppressers. Such hypocrisy, of course, is nothing strange. It is a further confirmation of the farce that our politicians have been enacting in the name of democracy. The UNP and te SLFP TE O differt. It is fritt reason, say, our emancipation is a long way off. First, the farce has to stop.
This does not mean, however, that we should sit still and Wait for that glorious moment. This dO Es lot mean that we should resign ourselves
Cortal or page 23

Page 18

---------
∞:(-~~~~

Page 19
MWELW i 50 OCAL MWOWENWENWTS INW THE SOUTHEMWPOWERWG THE PEOPLE gdfred by Poona Wignaraja (Wew Delhi: Sage/WIstaar, and London: Zed Books, 7993) - regview by Dr. Sifrif Gar77āge, Uniwersity of New England, Austrafia.
This book edited by Wigharaja is a collection of essays written by Several scholars embodying the "new thinking in the South' based on new social movements. This new thinking is about human development and participatory democracy informed by Southern cultural values grounded in Southern reality. The new thinking discredits conventional Western paradigms of national liberation, socialism and economic development (eg. Marxism, meo - classicistin). It is not developed through a priori formulations. Western models left out masses of Citizenship and civilisation, and created dual Societies in the South. The methodology adopted by these scholars is praxis (reflection, action, reflection) and the research focus is on Ticro-problematic which calls for re-evaluation of fundamental values in Southern cultures, intellectual tools and resources. The book is divided into two parts; the first deals with the macro conceptual issues and the second includes case studies to illustrate the arguments.
According to the authors, there are some underlying assumptions to this new paradigm. There are: building counter wailing power to the old do Tirant Structures: Social and political approach to social change rather thar tech OCTatic Or SeCtOral; need for a coalition of groups (i.e. single issue towerTents) for a long revolution; conceptualisation of the poor as active participants in an accumulative process which is not exploitative, consumerist
or predatory of nat examples of this n
Su Ch - as "the
dependency thesi thesis as Well as M Ola do FSBOTE
Kothari argues South BT COL urtrie Tolle of de ferdig betrayed the mass become a prisoner The State has be
ם GBרBrםw Briיחס ט technological and developmentalists, man agers. Behin corporate capitalis by millions of h; Class confrontatio by ethnic and unleashing art wulnerable comml Caste and class E are undermined. below the technos has broken down civil War has erup exists a regime Of 1 Masses are on thi hegemonies, and injustices. The horizontally to dea of a vertical kind шпогganised, aпd Traditional institu. exргвssing oppos political parties a corrupted and
ESSS
The W. To WE Counter-trends politics, state confrontation bet, rots. HoWegwerth process is consid as only supplem politi Cali porOCESS.
 

GIRI GAMAGE
iure Wignaraja cites Iew line of thinking Latin Aterican Б, Centre-регірhегу Writings by himself, , and Rajni Kothari.
that the state in S has abrogated its civil Society and eS. Leadership has of dotitat classes, en captured by a fi class, ethnic, military actors, by Communicators and HF. States 5tards rt which is being run 3rd Working people. in has been replaced social conflicts sign of terror- on unities and regions, asis of interactions Tħe - SC Cial fabric cratic Superstructure arld in SOThe C8SES ted. At the botto T error and repression. e march challenging protesting against W are mobilising with an oppression . However, they are | lack politicisation. til I CHITTIS for itiol and unrest (i.e. di trade UiO5) are if little use to the
ementS represent outside electoral power and the Ween hawes and haweis non-party political lered by the authOrS entary to the party In their opinion the
former is also not a derivative of elite politics. A macro-challenge to the established power can come only from a convergence of class, Culture, gender and environment, Counter-culture and alternative movements, nationalitytype regional autonomy movements, Sovereignty which is appropriated by a certain elite group at present has to be restored to the people,
Armirn, i a s contributor : to the Wolume, emphasises the destructive aspect of une qual capitalist development (i.e. creation of inequality and polarisation of the world system). The challenge faced by states in the South is between 'adjustment" to the World System of "de-linking" from the same. The adjustinent proposed by the dominant liberal ideology is one-sided. The state in post-colonial societies embody either 'popular national or "compradorised" power, Critical thinkers should look at alternative Ways to get out of the vicious circle inposed by the market. A polycentric world system is what is necessary.
Bourgeois - dе постасy is an impossibility in the periphery. Industrialisation and modernisation have brought only dictatorship in the periphery. Democracy must transcend capitalism, Countries of the South need to move from a bourgeois national project' to a popular national project'. Sheer installation of bourgeois democracy is not sufficient. Masses are to be democratically politicised. To achieve the aim of popular national power, a convergence of objectives oп the part of diverse social movements is песвssary. Revolutionary intelligentsia is the social force which cerT1 ents this ' popularo al liance, overcomes its internal conflicts, leads the popular bloc to achieve power, build the new post capitalist state, and arbitrate conflicts between capitalist, socialist and statist tendencies.
Thus these writers conceptualise a popular revolution organised by a coalition of groups of activists and masses instead of a particular classbased revolution. In the conceptLial chapters of the book Wignaraja, Kothari, Amin and others conceptualise this "macro project, the challenges it
Corfdor page 27

Page 20
18
Сопtd froлт раge. 11
1 15-1 ܒܐ
actions, and there is a Narrator who de
scribes incidents that cannot be brought
tin the staga," 1
The use of the Western term "opera" to convey the assence of the
"Nadagama' as a theatrical form sug
gests Šarachchandra's intelectual orientation. Sarachchandra's analytical frame,
in so far as it applied to form and struc
ture in drama, was essentially Western.
At the same time, however, he was a
firmadherent of the rasa theory on which South Asian aesthetic philosophy is
founded. Like Tagore before him,
Sarachchandra found to contradiction in
this mix. It is worth noting, furthermore,
that opera, as understood in the West,
bespeaks "magnificently heightened
drama" where "joy and sorrow, heroism
and Willainy, lowe and hate, are experi
ēnced at their nost extreme." These
were precisely the themes that
Sarachchandra was to depict, also in a
poetically heightened Tanner, in his
Нгаппа.
To quote Sarachchandra again:
"Тһе лadagалп is a Iyrical play
consisting largely of verses and songs.
The verses are in Tamil meters, and they
are chanted without measured title. A
large number of meters are used, the
commonest among them being the
Wiriduwal (Tamil vir Luffanm). Other Tamil
meters used in the Sinhalese nadagam are the Innise, Kalippa, Kawi (also known
as Kavirage), Kochchakarn, Wenba (Tamil
verpa) and Parani." 2
"The folk music of the Sinha
lese village provid
which Wadagan m measured charts o' similar both in the
Well as in their st
melodies that were
here - and which, tot
their inspiration o
music. Besides ...t
familiar to the Sinha
notes of langthy dul
ally possessed mac
much like chants.
Wadagan Thusic fitt
tural milieu " of this C
day, never fails to
sponse in the hearts
sical of village lister
ETıbedded
are two points cruci:
of the Sarachchand
Sarachchandra embr
in full awareness of
ness to Tamil Cultul
involwgrment With tra
it had a nationalist
untainted by any në
rochialism or ethno
Non Populist
BLIt the mö
eration in terms of
to make in drama
fact that "Madagan
evoke a note of res
of the most unmusi Eers." This accessibil
sic to a wide, udiffe
of the utmost impo
 
 

ld a ready soil on
sic could grow. The
the Nadagam were
style of singing as
ucture, to the folk
already in existence
o, probably derived
iginally from Tamil
|e ... rhythms were
ese villager, and the
ation that they usu
e theпп Sound veгу
For thвsв геasoпs,
Bed Well into the Cul
ountry and evento
awoke a note of Te
of the lostulu
er 5, "3
in these passages
alto an appreciation a project in drama.
aced the Madagara
its patent indebted
'e, Sarachchandra" S
dition, to the extent
it: dirTmension, Wä5
rrow, confiningpa
entrist in culture,
esignificant consid
he choices he was
iad to do With the
Tusic ever fails to
Olse inthehearts
cal of village listen
ty of Nadagan mu
entiated public was
tance to him. One
of Sarachchandra's main objectives in his drama was to reach out to the garieral audience, not to a demarcated SIC=
tion of it. This he wanted to accomplish
without resorting to populist strategies
or 'pop' devices. The idea of 'speaking
down" to an audience, making things
"Basier“ for Consumers, was anathema
to Sarachchandra.
The Wadagan style of Tusic,
close to the people despite its cultural
"impurity," or perhaps because of it) of:
fered him this advantage, Besides, it was
a style of music that possessed a high
degree of dramatic expressiveness. As
Sarachchandra motes, Madagaran music
has two different rhythmic patterns
within the same time Teasure. These are
"called Ádu Tala ärld Wadi tala, both of
which are played simultaneously by two
drummers. Most Wadagan songs have a
section rendered in double time, and this
is styled the Uruttu."4. This rhythmic
feature of Madagan music was specially
attractive to Sarachchandra because of
its inherent dramatic energy,
The radagan, though nurtured
in the folk domain, bears close formal
affinities to classical Sanskrit drama.
lts Well-established Structural Codes and
narrative conventions are built around
the central figure of the Sutradhara or
the Presenter. The radagan's structure
is comparatively rigid. However, it is a wholly secular form, although it was
originally employed to dramatize religious
stories and tales of the sacred.
Sarachchandra exhibited an
unerring theatrical instinct in identifying

Page 21
the fradagarn a5 the proper Tedium for
his first major experiment. Yet, as both
he and the Sinhala stage was to realize
before lorg, it was also a form that
ԷյrDւյght with it practical burdens of a rather special kind. Being song-based, or
"operatic" in a broad non-defining sense,
the radagar demanded musical com
position of a high order. The existing res
ervoir of traditional Thelodies Was not
inexhaustible; nor could the same melo
dies ba Tepeatedly used. 5 The musical
Iode of stage articulation entailed a
further requirement - the players had
to be proficient-in open full-throated
singing besides having some ability in |dancing as well. This was somewhat of
a tall Lordbrina rTmilieu Where the render
ing of songs in the style required by the
Nadagama was being replaced by the
increasingly self-conscious the art of
nuanced whispering to sensitive Thicro
pohorie:5,
Apart from these performance
and production challenges, there was the
question of the playtext itself. The lan
guage of the radagan had to operate
on tonal and Werbal registers recogniz
ably different form those of ordinary "pro
saic" discourse, it was a language which,
by convention, was expected to func
tion on a musical and lyrical plane that
fused with the melodic content. At best,
it had to be poetic.
These factors explain, in part,
why the nadagan77 idiom so eloquently
and so pDwErfully demonstrated in
Manarie and subsequently in Sinhabahu
(1961) failed to engender an authentic
TOWernerit, Enlista produce a substant
in the same style 6.
himself. Out of the
ter Shabahu to
single time in gra
the late Eighties. He
dramaturgical fram
орвп, less rigidlү с
m[]WemB'rit tham thi
noted earlier, the m'
remained Sarachch:
of theatrical articul
Structural FefineIIli
lt Tust
Sarachchandra did
atrical idio Tn or gen
to structurally ref
fully assimilated ir
employ it to articl. Why this age
Sarachchandra's de
ried prescriptive Cow
led to 50 Tuch deb
bad blood is a That
carefully and object
Despita hi
thetic preferences,
liberal and open
DOut the tTjC for
ligent -- and to O C
that his was the ic
Or-C0Ctrl Eire StB
tion he generated in
altogether excessiw
But, at the same ti
Was a fairly "nature
small, post-colonial
as Sri Lanka's wher
 

large following and
ial Corpus of drama
Sarachchandra eased
rmadagarra Tlatrix af
pick it up only one
Warsa Wafa ka during
moved into a looser
I - Which - WES - TOT
odified in music and
B : r]äadagä9r77. : But, aS
usical and the poetic
dra "S ChOST TOE
ation.
ent
be stressed that
not in werf a new the
re. What he did was
real antique form
to the Culture and
ulate his Worldwiew. nda, Which in
clarations newer car
entones, should hawe
tE, Controwersy and
ter that needs to bg
tively examined.
is undisguised aes
Sarachchardra Wa:S
ided in is views
T. He was too intel
iwilized - to declare
inly way. Given this
ndpoint, the opposi
certain circles seems
e, if not unjustified.
The Such Opposition
l" circumstance in a
Cultural milie Lu Such
e the personal factor
plays a decisive role.
The criticist attracted by
Sarachchandra falls into several broad
classes. THE ArTnaraseka ra
Warnakulasuriya diatribe belongs to a
Tinor (and negligible) strain of anti
Sarachchandra rhetoric deriving from a
total misapprehension of the theatrical
mediuIT. Mure serious consideration has
to be giver to strictures that Carme from
other quarters. Looking back upon the
objections voiced against hirl, it would
appear that Sarachchandra's principal
LLLCLL LLLL LLMGHCLL LLLL LLLLL LLL LL
not fit comfortably into any previous
model of theatrical expression or pattern
of thematic concer in Sinhala,
At least three i recogniza ble
streams of Sinhalatheatre were present
at the time Sarachchandra embarked on
his playmaking career. Of these the lost
intellectually prestigious was "University
drama." Which in practice Teant the
translation or adaptation into Sinhala of
SLuitable works from the English and Eu
ropean repertoire. No original writing was
undertaken. These productions tended O te whole to follow the comical and
farcical track, Moliere, Chekhow, and
Gogol were the favourite playwrights,
Next, there were the "social
dramas" which were akin in Structure,
tone and style to the first of Madras
and Bombay. Best represented by so
called Jауаппаппе plays, they had song,
dance, comedy, satire and a high emo
ti Oral temperature, But, 日空
Sarachchandra observed, "the charac
ters, who were Teant to be ordinary

Page 22
20
people werTeet within daily life, looked
incongruous when conversing in a liter
arly language and bursting forth into
song without warning."7 By the mid
fifties, the Jaya Thanne plays had found
their natural habitat - the Sinhala
screen. Their structure was thus kept
- alive in the popular arts.
Thirdly, there was the waning
tradition of the Wurf - the musical
melodrama geпre that had been Concocted in Bombay during the last de
cades of the 19th century and had taken
root in Sri Lanka as elsewhere in Asia.
Its sweet airs were still popular and Occasional revivals of Wurf plays in வ their
timsel glory could be witnessed in
Colombo and the major cities. The Wurt
plays, however wanting as drama, were
accorded praise and respect because
they voiced anti-colonial, pro-nationalist
sentiments. They were inseparable from "the independence struggle." The Wurti
plays are also credited with the intro
duction and popularization of North Indian style music among the Sinhalese.
The theatrical culture, then, was
fully accustomed to the ingredients deployed by Sarachchandra in his drama. Music, song, dance, formalized speech,
heroic figures, myths, legends, etc., historically dear to the Sinhala stage. Yet
what Sarachchandra did with these in
gredients, what he said or seemed to say, was quite new to the Sinhalathe
atre. He spoke in a tone and timbre that
had not been heard before on the "wer
nacular stage,
Emotions, not Messages
Here was
chewed the black i
tion of character-ar
so relentlessly prac
stage, a playwrigh
from debate and dis
political issues an
Complex nuances 0
ing. To eппploy a
phrase, Sarachchanc
"structures of feelir
were soft, gentle, d
contemplation rath
Ward acceptance or
no Trioral - or ethnical a:,
la Tlations in them,
into the auditoriumf
lights.
Audiences
With the contempt ati Maname and its
Sarachchandra's pel
the audience were q
ter into that mood al
experience which S
erated on stage.
Sarachchandra did
satisfy all the expec
the tedium of the
dress the social and
that were part of th
ence of people, He
the present or encol
ties of everyday exi
appeared to coпсег
moral and ethical as
emotions such as
hate - isolated fros
compulsions of ever

playwright who es
ld white configura
situation that was
iced on the Sinhala
who moved awaү
ussion of social and
instead addressed
emotion and feel
Raymond Williams
ra was erecting ngw
g" on stage. These
alicate; they invited
r than straightfor
ejection. There were
(hortations and dec
mo Statament:5 firgd
for T1 across the foot
had no difficulty
iwe mood invoked by
s UCC e SS Cors from
1. The generality of
uite prepared tu en
ld participate in the
arachchandra gen
But, of course,
hot, and could not,
ations placed upor
tra - He I did not ad
political problems
| irnmediate experi
did mot interrogate
hter the harsh reali
tence. Instead, he
himself with the
ects of "primary"
vë, lust, ambition,
the pressures and
day living, And so
Sarachchandra came to be dubbed an
aesthete - a term of opprobrium and
LLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLa S L LL LLLLLLLGLL
which had been schooled to look for an
unaппbiguous *пп вssage" : [ралfvшdaүa)
in every piece of writing and in every
performance.
Sarachchandra's plays are not
easily reducible to "Tessages." They are "open" texts that dermand wariant read
ings and induce different interpretations.
Manarne is a good example of such
multivalence. A recenti analysis, given at discussion in which the present writer
participated, argued on the basis of tex
tual evidence that the Princess was newer
actually in love with the Prince. She only
says that the Prince lowed her "mata
pem kala e ManāmB rajinda"). The Prince
was no doubt a wery desirable match,
nevertheless she had no choice in the
matter but to obey her father who had
decided to gift her to his most brilliant pupil. Later, was she truly attracted to
the Weddah King or did she merely pre
tend to "fall for" him in order to win the
protection that was necessary for her survival? Such readings, which locate the sequence of events within a patrimonial
system of values and relationships, dem
onstrate the openness of the Manarie
text. Or, to put it another way, lay bare
its social and cultural implications. In
brief, there is more to Marame and the
Sarachchandra Oeuvre than Theets the
eye. It is the eye that has frequently
proved defective,
Many critics, including the
present writer, hawe - sometimes beën

Page 23
gLility Lif overstepping the legitimate mark in their probing of Sarachchandra's the
atre, FOUT de Cades Efter the 9Werkt it Carl
well be argued that this tendency reflects
the islaturity of Sri Lanka's theatrical
CLulture -- CultLrE' Which IŠ TOt brČād
minded and secure enough to acknowl
edge and tolerate plurality of motive, intention, execution and style in the stage
Tedi.
Therga Te Other symptoms Cf
immaturity in Sri Lanka's theatrical cul
ture, For instance, no critic has yet fully
analyzed Sarachchandra's plays as texts
meant, and specifically designed for
performance on the conventional
proscenium-arch stage. They have cus
tomarily been treated as pieces of litera
turg, and hawe received only literary ex
egesis.8
Perhaps the most glaring sig
of the theatrical culture's restrictive Com
plexion is the unristakable prejudice
against works that induce the quietly
contemplative or meditative frame of
Tirld, The Sinhala théâtre and its Chroni
clers glory in declamation, in loud Cries
and assewerations against the ills and
iniquities of the social order. Whether
such "discourse" produces greater knowl
edge and walue clarification or merely
reinforces and consolidates prevalent
assumptions is a Tatter that is yet to be
properly investigated. But then this phe
homeon is not confined to the Sinhala
stage; it is evident in other arts as well
and most particularly in cinema and lit
ELIT,
Saгachchaпdта"s dтаппаitшrgү
It Tatra l bf
evokedhold a miri
kultu,
ate scrutiny of the
might disclose th
Sarachchandra Wa:
a universalist
parochialistS, -
Corrego)
E.R.Sarachchand
Ceylon" (Colombo
* Sarachchandra, 0
* Sarachchandra, o
“Sarachchandra, o
*For Sirhabaru (1
critics as Sarachch;
ment in stage di
nadagan style nel
From that time on
came to dependen
sitions,
*Poetic talents oft
Sekara essayed the
the results were älv,
tory. All that i:
Κιμπιαία έξι (196
Jataka tale, is just (
Sanda") which has
the popular canon,
"The Folk Dram
8 It 15 |EäIIlt hät st
C.E. (AL) text for
has spewed thirty
during the past ye;
as theatre.
 
 

the responses it has
or up to modern Sri
tailed and dispassion
e image in the mirror
ia simple tr Luth that
s, among other things,
troW
"a, "The Folk Dra Tal of
1966), p.95
p.cit., p. 110
p. cit, p, lll
p. cit, p. 110
261), regardedby some
andra’s finest achieve
rana, several new
odies were composed.
wa Tids, Sarachchandra
tirely on fresh compo
he order of Mahagana
radagaria mode. But
ways less than satisfac
5 left of Seka Ta’5
O), a play based on a
pne 50mg ("Anna Balan
now been absorbed into
-
a of Ceylon," p. 42
Maria 777 e, currently a G.
the subject of Sinhala,
-Seven critical studies
ar, None treats the play
- gחם וחa
солtd from раде 17
fCES, id the directis it reeds to take Topics such as power, state, links with the World economy, development, social change, participation of the people poor LLLa LLLLLLLLSLLLLCLLCC LL LLLCLLLCLL atC given considerable treatrnent. Seeds af thinking on "alternative development strategy' and 'counter Wailing power' have Der DeSted. CS StudieS is the SECord complement the conceptual writings in the first part.
These essays certainly indicate some new lines of thinking about the socioeconomic, political and Cultural situation in the South. Sole of them are original in nature and can indeed provide impletus for further thinking and action. An example is Kothari's notion of "masses as against classes'. Some of the points māde, however, are ambiguous, Contradictory to each other, and are left open to question. These include perception of counterWailing power generated by new social movements as only supplementary to state power; presentation of this new pāradigm mot as a Substitute to COIm Wemtional Western paradigms, after arguing against then). One can wonder whether the logic of the argument included in this book is compromised by these sort of assertions.
All iri all this collection of essays makes a significant Contribution toward the evolving thinking about the socio-politiCal and economic realities in the South and the non-applicability of out-dated paradigs. The efforts of these writers to articulate a theoretical response from the South is commendable especially at H tiITE When the fTOders lisation thesis has been rejected as inapplicable to the changing realities in the Southern Countries the So-called Third World and the Cold-war formulations Of theory hawe become invalid. Seeds of these law formulations can be wery useful for SouthErf Schlafs théfT158|WB5 WHL äré wEfwhelted and confused by the constant flow of Western paradigrns of their adaptations, fully agree with the authors of these essays when they mention that for the seeds of Southern thinking to become a widely accepted paradigm there is much work to be accomplished.
= ܒܸܩ1+
1 1 : 1 - ܚ - ܒ

Page 24
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Finest Interna
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ding
SOUPS AND PASTA

Page 25
Some days ago there was a news item in the press that the Ministry of Cultural Affairs was preparing to publish a directory of Writers in Sinhala, Tamil and English and requesting Writers to send the particulars to the Deputy Director. Literature and Publications). Department of Cultural Affairs, 8th Floor, Sethsiripaya, Battara Tulla.
Accordingly I sent my particulars as a writer in English and Tamil, separately but in one cover under registered post.should mention here that when the present government came to power, had made a Tequest to the HÖrn. Minister of Cultural Affairs and his Deputy to publish such a directory.
On 10.10.96, received a letter from the Said department together with an application form, both only in Sinhala. It seems that all Tamil speaking writers who want to have their names included in the proposed directory will have to know or learn Sinhalal
*,。
Her Excellency the President, Mrs. Cardika Bandara naikg Kumaratunga may be horrified to learn about this. So might the Minister of Cultu Ta | Affairs, H0 m. LakshirTarı Jayakody and his deputy Prof. HCOT.A.W. Sura Weera. But the fact remains that the Tamil speaking writers will have to know Sinhala to fill up the forms and send them to the departments if they want to have their names in the directory of Tamil writers.
Hawe. We gone backforty years when Sinhala only was made the official language and was forced down the throats of the Tamil speaking
ME, Of COUSE and ever English as in the statute book by parliament and throughout the WOI of equality for it people.
There is from the major co repeatedly and grievances of the T them to State the Tesidet i Sri La who are resident Such as Australia, M England, France, America and so on,
this question as if 1
most Wisest questi But what is happer refuse to see,
Tails aw like servants having and grievances in r Where the Temu f( be said to be – eg. morning, sambaric for lunch and pitt with fish curry and but are given only the meals
MinisterSE say they are for gi tha Tamils and M have a Comti implementation of But what happen officials go in the and the Tamil sp di SCriminated ar continue to be disc the Sinhala writers questionnaire in E unknown to them.
 
 
 
 
 

we since the Tamil i National languages S, pasSBd, no doubt,
proclaimed
ld as the showpiece he Tamil speaking
Io dearth of people mITlLITity who ask, loudly, what the amils are and daring m. People not only hka but also those foreign Countries Jew Zealand, Japan, Germany, Canada, also keep on asking they hawe asked the on in the World ever. tiпgiпргасtice, they
ing no grievances is J no discriminations ich people's houses If the servants may IghÖpop) Eers in tha e with chicken cury J. or string hoppers Of The lette,5 fot dimler nikang bread for all
Ind parliarmentarians wing equal rights to uslims. They ewen ssioner for the the Tamil language. sist different. The opposite direction, eaking people are di Will, perhaps, criminated. Imagine getting a letter and a language that is
Jestion is asked, it
ട്ട
Wery dramatically, and Wi|| Continue ik be asked "what are the grievances of the Tails."
Those who i tida - in the
palanquins will never understand the
pains and shartle of the palanquin carriers.
AR ||-
Ctյltյmbը 13:
СОлГc froт page ї5
completely to the prison conditions imposed on us, to accept our hands being held by their clamps. For to do So Would mean letting their version of the truth, their version of event, their official Story to dominate the air. In short, the triumph of state propaganda.
On the contrary, however frustrating it be, however daunting, it is necessary for journalists who believe in the inherent goodness of their craft, its role to inform the public of what is actually happening in the country, its role to be a check on the government, to Cotle up with Ways, however small, ho Wever periphera! how e ver
insignificant, to get their stories out.
And by doing so, to chip away at the
prison walls.
Note by Ed : The Lanka Guardian takes this opportunity to call for an impartial international commission of inquiry into the murder of Richard de Zoysa, mot least because there has so far been no evidence whatsoever to indicate the personal culpability of the late President Premadasa in this crime and also given the fact that the dead cannot defend themselves, We hope that Sri Lanka's journalistic confraternity takes up our call for a neutral international commission (while Wondering why such a call has not yet been made.

Page 26
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Солtd from page5_
raging. The attempt to privatise LECO resulted in a strike which crippled the economy and caused damage totalling billions of rupees. The selling of the gas company to Shell, which was regarded as the piece de resistance of the gowt's privatisation programme, has turned out instead, to be a hornets' nest - the AG has actually recommended the govt to take legal action against Shell for violating the sales agreement. (The Corsurimers mea While are at the temder mercies of Shell and Laka - Ca do nothing but await the next price hike of 10% in 1997). If this past record is anything to go by, the govt's privatisation programme is not likely to go very far in the coming year either (any atterTpt to increase the pace by riding roughish over the employees CorSurners Will do more har than good). The gowt will therefore hawe to look for other sources of revenue of retire the public debt - which Teans more burdens on the people.
One obvious counter to these critical comments will be the argument that Budget 97 provides numerous incentives to the private sector which are likely to result in more investment and more growth. But what benefits the private sector does not always benefit the Thajority of the people any more than what was good for the state sector was invariably good for the people as well). Even if the incentives result in more growth, if adequate measures are not taken by the state to reduce inequalities and generate adequate levels of employment, this growth is likely to be of the 'ruthless' and/or "jobless' variety (i.e. more growth and more inequalities; more growth and more unemployment). The fact that ffe wesfare experidir Lure Shows a Tassive decline of 28.6% het Weer 7 596 fard ’97 - fror 7 : F5, 27 aaLaLH LL0 SLLLLLSS00 LLYLLLLLLLS LLL C aLLCL indication of the anti-people, direction in which the economy, are the P.A. regime and the Chandrika Presidency are headed.

Page 27
WI privatization mean the end of the union represent How Will the interests of my members be protected
-Ifrate Unionist.
 

Privatization will in no way dilute or reduce the powers and rights of your union. British Airways was privatized in 1987, and the unions remain to protect worker
interests just as before. Some of the World's largest, most powerful and vocal unions exist in the private sector. For example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) represent over 100,000 workers at the three biggest American car
Companies, none of which are state owned. In fact, there is
every likelihood that working conditions will actually improve
in privatized companies, since there will be substantial
investments made to upgrade facilities and training You can
look forward to representing a considerably more
prosperous union.
It is important to realize privatization is a means to an end. It is a means to improve our living standards, foster technological progress, create employment and take our
nation into a more prosperous tomorrow, In order to achieve these aims, privatization has to be executed in the
appropriate manner,
That is the task of the Public Enterprise Reform Commission (PERC). Its mandate is to make privatization
Work for Sri Lankans today, and for generations to come,
Every privatization is a carefully considered decision that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society; the general public, the state employees, the consumers, the
Suppliers, as well as the country's overal economic vision,
PERC's mission is to see that privatization works, In doing so, your interests are always being well looked
after.
With privatization everybody has a stake,
P E R O WATCHFULIN THE Public INTEREST
PUBLICENTERPRISE REFORM COMMISSION,
Barked Ceylon. 30th Floor, No.4, FO, Bux. COI, Bank of Ceylon Mawatha, Colombo | Sri Lanka. Telephone: 94.1-33875/8. Fax:94-1-326|| 6

Page 28
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