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இ இ
2ісе 385 1550
ONIALISM, LIBERAT AMERICANASA
Alejandro Bendana
e A2 in
 
 

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The Peoples Alliance leadership and elite, let us concede, has a certain irresistible gift for words, the Tore high-sounding and pious the better. It's this passicar (should We Say itin French - Jenschaft PI which gave Lis "Good Governance", and its agreeable Companions, "Transparency" and "Accountability", that has now produced "Constitutional Revolution".
"We need a two thirds majority in Parlia Tant to change the Cornstitution of implement the devolution proposals" C gfīds President Chārīdrikā KurTiara tunga, Only to threatern that if the constitution stands in the way of the Tajority of people and goes against their aspirations, "we are ready to staga a constitut I LoT al revoluti Orth" ! Since "We know that the majority of people are for devolution, we will seek their support", Ay there's the rub, How
do *"WE" Kf7 o Law saf?
Addressing a large fally in Chilaw, President Kumaratunga also took the opportunity to dismiss "allegations that til Peoples Alliance Was in disa fray". All Constituent parties in the PA are as LI Irinited a S B Weber, Th | S, shi Ea - added, Wa, 5 in sharp contrast to the UNP which Was divided into six factions with internal squables becoming a common OCLLITETICE.
While President Kumara tunga would hawa helpo Ed us if only she had identified the factions, the "'r IE55 iwe fally in Chilaw" (Daily News) would doubtless have rejoiced in the news that the eight-party Peoples Alliance ad finistration was a Well-knit 『alliance", Me r L다iewa Nanayakka ra not With standing, LaSLaaLLLLLLLLHHL YLKLL L LLaLSLLLaaLS LL Minister Mahir da Raja pakse often less
""|||ali" HallFiS fa Peoplas Alliance C Of the trajti e uniors Of the PA - d. PA World Bark-MF
Tak E HEādi i TF3E ar the lational news state-owned Lak largest publishin awaiting the "bro pollsmanifesto pol E
While the qui Corrian leadership savourt Alla FCE e a ETrgli On tliE, tactical mili argument of her , Richard Jayewarde
5. President CF initiate J. R. Jayewal and in Opposition CT a II wil lainy artid ! di SCOltentSThe Si She Cannot, thoug adopt the tactics. 1 - 73 Carlstitution of the Executive. Pr had a referendu COITI iha Tided al LI | sixths majority intChandrika did ExCE a 62 % popular vo had to be Satisfic majority in Parliam
JR gave his historic (clear Parliam anta little bit of legitima: President KLITT Fr have been impress of some of her high I G|SB 11:11 t CÖristitutional aris, Ouestion. Is tha package. Satisfi Tingfiti E25 - Talliis
 
 

Il JW ITminili stErS irii thia Bibi let. Te IBBCtion 5 TO TE CEITT IECIS DO ITIS
tām Ēly taking the Ilin BI - Cor 1 Li flugis Ligoj Id the front-page of iPlaբErs, all tյLIt tiltg: E HOLISE SLi || FH12 g h ULUSE patiently ad-basing" the PA #dged !
i Marxists IT HE FA he irony, the Peoples BS TOTE Brid Tore I FOI ELI VAS E THE Efa foire, Juni Luis
TE
ldrika tempted to 'LIErlE. HEr Herre rigsreg EWBS, the "FHT || gr" Sri Lanka's presant mple an SwEr is thät h she may love to f the author of the
aid the architect 35|d ger Cy, Tru B.J. R. TIL HIS U NP || 53 I POTHÇE: der Lead five2 HOLIS, Čardate 2 ii Ii gly well ta 'wiri E, W FETES LE PA
With a vaser-thin ΠT.
rllariOELIVre legality W majority and a ' ftFil Ea' referendum). .UTigël appears to d by the argulent EVEl a dw i 5 GTS, WHI * f G | S | E | Pagaler to the Natiопа || PA's dution S THE TITI
MLusits st
量エ
Mervyn de Silva.
Of all - President Kumara tunga WOLld not be confronted by a Parliament that CDU-ld tur Il hos til E on Critically importantissues. One would think that a PN which says the UNP has six factions would urge their leader to dissolve Parliament, sweep the pol|5,
CoIII. (II Page 1)
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C O N T E N T S
January 15, 1997
Mer Wyn de Silya I Our Political Desk O2 S.H.A. Mohamed []ố Ga i | O || i wedi |l Francois HoLIta F1 3. Alejandro BeIIdarıa 15

Page 4
CHANDR CONSTITUT
For sile Weeks W. President Chandrika Bandara naike Kumaratunga has bearl On The Warpath, HEr targets were many, First public servats- they are lazy and III COMPETERIT, THE IN THE teachers; the charges - ditto. Next she turned her guns of the trade Unions. Later, the lawyers, New Corles her coup de grace : a blistering attack or EHF CLI-15 til LITIGT, ILSET.
And what is tha reason for the goed lady's latest outburst? That she hasn't got a two thirds majority in parliament. Deering this a great injustica, she puts the bola The squarely on the proportional representation system : "But due to the intricacies of the proportional represertati Om syster Til devised by tha late Presiderat "RJayewardene, IO party Car COT. Thad a two thirds majority in the House to implerient legislation of this nature. We Tight have won 180 out of 2005eats tot It Our HCL La I majority Is Only one, Such a constitution which goes against the wishes of the II asses is just a piece of paper to Lis" (Daily News 16, 12.95).
THE Presider It's point is Clear. Ar hy piece of legislation (including the Constit Litior) Which is CO LITET to the wishes of the majority of the people S LJT dan Cratic ard ther EfıOTE is not Sacroscat. A perfectly valid point of
WIBW. The LLs. propогтолд/ гаргв5 against The Wishe; the Presiile clă,
JELJEF TE syster 77 wyfi fc/7 t/h. E or the дугодогtfor syster 77 w/rics s'ıE
I5 SEIE I.
Let's Lake Song | At the 1977 EE| Egti history by Winnin [14Ö 53 alts), THE
to a ITTF 8 5 feat; Of SSE3TS EI ECCLII Ta the people actus election the UNP lgtā gts i ā
JULI Was al E3 TO W lur Eger af seats
29. E if the Wig but managed to W. only 5% of the to which polled 1,4 than the SLFP. S.L. Winning more thaf of LF sits WC TULF poled 5,4* WOI almost 11% LSSP which poll wat ES (COTTI PEATEd 136,1 lyחם 1.8 -
the TULF did no
 

for F. LES TE םJ) וזSyster חטtHttנBr first 5. T, WiFi , Ird
first-as-fie-post PE de fil E WILLI rs, та/ гергвsелtatioл 3 Egyffesio
IHEII
сопствte examples.
THE UN PICTEt g a 5/6th majority SLFP was reduced 3. Was this division it reflection of FCW illy voted? At this Ed 50.93 Cftle tto II Jo FFT Faf
83% of the total I The SLFP poled Es || III.a, almost 1/3) Win Only 8 seatSi (i. E3, tal Seats), Tia TL ILF -33813 votes Fless céléléc lg|Wawer in doublē tē äTI CILJTN t I by the SLFP (The % Of the WOLE.5 ald
Of the Seats. The 3.3% of the total tL = TULFS E -
F1 CEES I ESS til twin a single seat.
Our Political Desk
The 121,488 people who voted for the TULF had 18 representatives in the Parlia FT EIt while the 1 855331 people who voted for the SLFP had Only 8 representati WEES, THE B2, WO ? people who voted for the CWC had one representative in the Parliament while the 225,317 people who voted for the LSSP and the 123,856 people LLLLLL S LLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLaL S LLLL LLL LLL LLLLLLLK a single re pr Bs Britativ B if the Parliariiեր 11
LLLHL YLL S S LLLL CSS LLLLLLtLY LLL LLLGLYLL LYLLL
LLLLLLLHHH LL LLLCCLL LLLLLLL LCLL LLLCLL Y глeдлодогtioла гедгевелтанол Systeл LIs thEדrהנזr) 1577 חE} fשIH|סן דAras Trו dїstorїіл9 глеслалisлт оfБолшs seats/. SLLLS LLLL LLSS aLLS0KKSS SS S LLLSS SL S S La aL LL votes would have got around 86 seats La LL SL00 LL LLLLLLKS SLSKSLCHH K LLLHH u LHaLLLL гтајогїїу ҺшI a siллp/е лтајогіїy. Thв LLLLLL S HKaaaa SKKLLK aL LLLLLL LK LLLLSuu SH HLL largest party in the Parliament with LLaaLL aaS 0aaLLLLL S S aaS LLLLaL LLLLLLaLLLLKLKL as the second largest party in thE country. THE TULF would have hac only 11 seats roughly while the LSSP LLaaLLLL LLtOOCau LHHLHH HLHHLHL S LLLLLLK L LL a the CPSL 3 seats. The presence of a st голg ордgsftiол in Par/Гагтёлt woшld YLLLCLL LLLCLY aL LLLLL LHH TaLMCtLCTLL S S гтлагe circшгтspact rтагтлаг — алгf а5 = res, rary offers ''frágeiras пта у Пауе ревл avoideri.

Page 5
MA, THISM, LAMIA RSEILLES
What Syster T1 is filho TE de T O Crati C, Thore reflective of the WishB5 Of the masses? The first past the post systern which gives the party with 50.9% of the WCtes ar Tost 903, GT the seats While reducing the party With almost 1/3 of the votes to only 8 seats? That system which gives the party with almost two million votes 10 seats less than the party. With LICET 400,000 WOTES? Or the proportional representation Systern Which Would ha WE given tha party With half of the votes, 50.9% of the Saats and the party With 29.7% COf LTE VOLES a round 30 Of L E Seats? THE BSWär Should BB ObWICLIS EWEr to Someo 15 Without the bolag fit of g course at the University of Marseilles.
In fact, the first past the post system has prevented a fair distribution of seats at a number of previous elections as well, thereby giving political parties huge majorities which were totally at variance with the way tru people voted. Iake another example - the election of 1970. At this election the United Front got a 23 majority while the UNP was reduced to 17 Seats. This distribution of seafs did not at all reflect the way the vote was divided. The SLFP polled 36.9% of the votes but got 91 of the Seats 60.3% of the Seats. While the UNP which polled 37.9% of the votes (I.E. 52,546 WOtas Tore that the SLFP) got only 17 seats (i.e. 11.3%). If the proportional representation systern had been in place in 1970, the UF should have got around 75 Seats in accordance With their of the total votes polled - 49%) instead Of 11 6 seats, while the UNP Would have got 57 seats (in accordance with their 9% of 37.9% of the total votes). The Federal Party which got 13 seats With 4.9% of the Votes Would have been reduced to roughly 7 seats. Опсв дgaiл thв govагтfng coalftfол wошId have had only a simple majority which would have prevented. глапy of LLLLLLL LLLLLL S LLLLLLCLKKLKK LL KKaa S0L00S0J регіоd.
Here's yet another example - the
parlamentary elle 1989 - the first pa E3|action held Ludi representation Sys With 50.71% of seats Out of 196 While the SLFP votes got 58 seat Seats. What wo OLItcana if ths under the first pas Of the 1 60 eta di WiSigns) the SLF Garnpaha – Attana 1 im Galle, 1 iir Monetagale and 1 other words, goin the post Systern t 4% of thea algCtO| WOT 82.5 % af Thereforg Ff FHF - les ad Luf der Presi ргеfагred first pas ffla UWP WOL/CH H rough/y 762 Seafs, Lyfs), WWF/E TWEE S fHa Vülés WOLIG | seats: Ir7 oth Elf Awla)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

it is
E
ction of February rliamentary general Հr thE բrՃբortional terT1. HErg the UNP the Votes got 110 Thir LIS Borus seats) fith 31.9% of the i (minus the bonus ild have been the ! le(: tiOFTI WH5; Fe|d the post system? StOTH TES spólling P Worl On [y 6 [1 in jalle, 1 in Kalutara, Harnbaritota, 1 in irmi Trini Colma lele). In by the first past le SLFP won only Hit ES ārlid the LUNP the El ECtorales. 989 election was Jeff Cidra's
f'7 E FUSť syster 77, VF E7red vi 'Wifft i'r.5 509.7% of FP Wŷr F 37.9% of ? Wg gaf arrond 5 is We would have
SAPerm a repetition of 79 77 - the LWff afrost a 5/6th Tajority while the largest party in the opposition would not have been the SLFP but rather the (ITTF hacked Independent Gгошд for Jaffna which polled לוחם" - T50.3&#ס Votes (2.69%) but won 70 seats. As in 1977, the SLFP, tha second largest party in the country - with 1785,369 CLES WOLIld have had ess representatives in Farliament thar a 5mal regional based Independent group which polled only 150,340 of the Votes, it was only the introduction of the proportional representation systern by the UWP for which the President indicts that part y and Gցմt. which prevented the SLFP fron suffering another debacle as in
7977.
The above examples clearly drīState COrı trary to the President's assertion, it is the proportional representation system which accurately reflects the Way the people Wote. The introduction Of bÖTILIS seats distorts this picture (though only marginally and should be done a W.B. Y With. The first past the DÖSt SystErm is a total caricature of the will of the people and therefore is both undemocratic and dangerous,
A HIGHRISF OPTION
President Chandrika Bandaranai ke Kumara tunga is against the proportional representation system not because it is Undemocratic but precisely because it is dem CCT ati C – ie, because, being an accurata reflection of the Wishes of the բEtբյlE. it didn't give the PA a two thirds majority. That is the President's problem. It's because the proportional representation system prevented the PA from getting an undeserved two thirds majority, that the President declares the Constitution to be "just a piece of paper to us". After all the PA. Only polled 48.94% of the tota VOLes at the Parliamentary general elections (i.e. not even half of the total Votes polled). Therefore how can the PA deserve a two thirds majority in Parliament, if the criteria is the will of the people? It should als C be mentioned that at the 1994

Page 6
Farliamentary general Election the PA WOn in Only 31 Electorates-lie, only Eft: .9% of the polling di Wisins. Thereforg Svar if the first pas flig fost systerii vas iri place, fie PA wordt nut Have golf à two thirds Tēju riff y fra Parriär 77 er 7, F. E. EFTE stгелугл песе5sary to слалде. the солstifшгіол алd pшsh thгошgh the G. L. Paris Union of Regions Package. /f wошл/ої Лаvа ол/ү дуof a sfлтд/a ratory. Of COLSE the President Tay say that sne got a Inu en high Br percentage at the Presidential election. Even if we ignore the fact LLaLLLL LLLL KaLaLaLLaaaL LLLLLaLLLL LLL SL LaLLLLLLL highly exceptional conditions the President" Si rmain Copponent was assassinated and was replaced by a Woman With no political experience and one who didn't even have the wholehearted backing of her own party)]) the sa/fепт доопt is that LSLLCKLLLLLCC LCCLCHMLLLLLL LLLLLS LLY HHHLHHLL CHCLCHC u0LSL C LH LLLLLLKSLLLLL LaLLLLL LCLLLL LLL LLLLaLLLLLLLa aLS S LL S LLLLS SLLL LLLLLL KSK K S SSS0 Imajority in ParliarTment, if oneis to go by the Will of the people, incidentally though the same proportional representatign System prevented him from winning a 56th majority in pārliet, President Prādās never railed against that systern of the LkHLLaLLLLaLL LLL LLLL LL LLLLLaLLLL0 SS SLuSLuS he defended both the PR system and LLL aLaLLLLLLL S LLLL S LLLLLLaaLLLL LLLLLL attacked the Tij.
Now why does President Chandrika Bad a Twoחta 2/3 majority ? "WaהנWWE thirds majority in Parlament to change the constitution or fr/er Erf ffy E devolt for proposals" (Daily News S S S S SS00S S S La S S HLLL LL S K President wants a two thirds majority to implement the "package". It is precisely because a ni Electoral System which accurately reflects the will of the people prewerted the FA from winning an undeserved two thirds majority that the Presidentis waxing hystrical against the Constitution, Her opposition to the constitution is LLa aLS LS KL S S S aa 0HLHHLH HH L HH LLLH LLLa derm Crazy OF TEespect for the Wish ES of the people but a fit of pique and a desire for a ESČ)|LIte pover. "BLfffffTE солstfttлтfол stands in thв way of thв гrafогтry of people агтс сура5 agafгтst
тhasa aspfraffолs Sfag F G Cor 7.s TiffL Since the lady fawc di StOF LS ta 'Willi | Off system which rel What she is pola niini Cristitutica||
tt | | gl | | Lill it | ti | lg |
dangerous garrE ','FIEr 1 issu E5 Gf passions ar Einwoh
A.S.
Is the Te. In
Jayawarda Il eWSpape. “IlÖnsel Se"
ëCODO II lict SLiffice.
The Sunda, of the rupe competitive
A.S.Jayaw: naturally d competitive the rupee.
Obviously
infortriогт -
resulting in colın try lik many of its capital goo point. Des powder in the local depreciatio expensiveli are being fr iten. Ole
[ile | Cell ["]
If is. O
 
 

We are ready to f'for''' FE WE WF for ". urs a Systeril Wych the people above a acts it accurately, ng to stage is not a rew for but a
!, that. Especially đEThtity_ang BithmIC WE3|| IF TE PTIESE
of thв са шпtry daliberately, Bпа wwiith O LI t the Conserit of the peopola. LLLLLL LLLLL LHHLLLLLLLaaaSS SLLLLL LLLLLLLLuS the Other politi Cal and SCCI al EdCtr:5 front the duty of abiding by the Constitution. With the JWP and protoJWPSiria la Buddhist fin daller tal St. Orga P1 Siations ario LI Il Id irii thie SOLI TFI and to LTTE in the North-East this Carl Only Bad T3 disaster. It Is tc E hoped that saner counsel will prevail.
' ININE
economic crisis? Nonsense, says Governor A.S. Ine of the Central Bank. Going by his most recent r interview (The Sunday Times 15.12.96), See Ills the most appropriate term to describe the linking of Mr. Jayawardane. One example should
Times : Won't we see a substantial depreciation !e against the U.S. Dollar next year to maintain iness of the currency?
ardane: As long as inflation is high the rupee will epreciate so that our exports will maintain their iness. If we bring down inflation, we can stabilise
Mr. Jayawardane has never heard of irported that is price increases in a country's imports | higher inflation. This is particularly valid for a e Sri Lanka which is dependent on imports for needs from its staple diet and other food items to ds. Let's give A.S.Jayawardane just one case in lite a substantial decrease in the price of milk the World market, the importers refused to lower o rice of milik powder. Why? Because of the n of the rupee which has made milk powder. In ore In rupeeterms. They said so. As a resultour people breed to pay more and more for this essential food would have thought that being the Governor of | Bank, Mr. Jayawardane would have been aware
iously not.

Page 7
THE MYSTEROUS TALE
1)
2
3.
E)
6)
7)
B
9.
1Ο)
11)
25.3,94. The UNP accepts the recoil rend: shares of the Steel Corporation to a Japanes
JLI IG 1994: Se wara | S LFP Parlamentariani inglLappeal to the deities to protect the Ceylon S the dashing of coconuts. (Source - Aththa 9
July'94 PA's Kingsley TWickrema ratne giv saying that the UNP was planning to sel| 50% - a total fabrication - and details what steps Lankadeepa - 94,7.26).
August '94. The PA's new minister of Housing a decision not to privatise the Steel Corporation Thillioni asprofits and the decisi Orto privatiSE states that the policy of the new governme. Lankadeepa – 94.8, 24).
October|Novarnber 94: Publication No. 1 2 of th the Peoples' victory; Let's make the Prime privatise the Steel Corporation as one of the
January '95: The Steel Corporation records a
27, 10.95: Minister Nimal Siripala de Silva say 49% of the shares of the Steel Corporation question of privatisation doesn't arise. The recommendation by the PERC................. | | ownership of the Steel Corporation in the develop unreasonable fears concerning this".
Late'95: The PERC advertises calling for bids fi The advertisement says that the offer was op E Mr. Nimal Siripala de Silva Categorically stated Corporation will be sold. Therefore either Minis wera unaware of what the PERC is up to. The
12.8, 1996. During President Chandrika Bal President of South Korea states that a Kore (source Daily News - 13.8.96),
3.11.96: The Sunda y Leader reports that 90% LGLL 000 S LaLL SS S S LLS 00KS S LLLLL LHH L KKLLL LLLLLL tO SeII 55%, Of the sharE3S,
9. 10.96: The General Manager of Hanjung, thi says that his company came to invest in S President from the Korean President during 98,11,10),
 

| Develo :خان لاتين:ت - 芸富リ
OF A PA PRIVATSATION
ion of Minister B. Siris Ena Co Oray to sa || 55% of the S aL LKLLL S HLLLaLLLLLLL LL LLLLSKL0KS0SS LLaLLS
ling Kingsley T. Wickramaratne and Mahinda Rajapakse eel Corporation from privatisation. The rituals include | 5.25):
is a distorting picture of the UNP's privatisation plan, of shares of the Steel Corporation for Rs. 16.5 million CCL aLLLa LCLCCL G LLLLKLL LC CLLLLLCaLLLLLLLaLH S SKaLLLLL S
ld Construction announces the Chandrika government's "In the previous year the Corporation Barned Rs... 100 such a profit making enterprise was a crime. He also It is to protect institutions such as these". (Source -
2 FA for the Presidential election entitled 'Let's safeguard LLLLLL LLLL LLLKLLLaLaS LLLLaLLa LLa LLLLLLaH LLaLLL LLLL major achievements of the PA regime.
net profit of Rs. 124 million for the year 1994.
sin Parliament that the government has decided to sell SaaHaa0 LLLa S LLLLL LLLL LLLCLL S S S S S S LL K KLaaCKK Laa LLLLaaLa L S LLLLS SKK0SS LLL LLa auLLLLLLL K S LLLaLLLLLLL LL S
тssure that steps wi// be takел то гатаfл 57% of the
tLLLLLLLLS LLaL La aLLLLL LLLLL LLaaLLLLLLLaCCC LLLLLL K LLL LL CLLLLLL LL
Source - Hansard).
90% of the holdings of the Ceylon Steel Corporation, ned in September 1995 i.e., one month before Minister L LLLLLLLHLLLLL LLaLL aLS 0000S aa aaaK SLLLLLLLL L aLLLL ter de Silva was Wing; or even Senior Cabinet Ministers closing date for the new bids is given as August 30th.
da Tanai ke Kumaratunge's Visit to South Korea, the anfirm is Willing to purchase the Steel Corporation
of the shares of the Steel Corporation have been sold the amount for which the UNP government was going
Korean company which brought the Steel Corporation Lanka in response to a request by the Sri Lankan LLLLLL LLLLaaLa aaaL 0LLLLLL SLLLLaCCSaaLaLa S aLLLLLLLa

Page 8
Gitizens-Deno
SELL THESILVER
Since its inception, the Ceylon Steel Corporation has functioned as a SLJICE 55SfL || FGHV y Indust Toy Which PLUTOS FIT-TITOLIS GITTO urits of Tonley into thig st it coffers. TIE CSC is a SC. Orig. Of the few large scale heavy industrial ETT terpris ES that Exist in the CCLIII try, At present it provides direct employment Opportunities for Over Orle til Lisand thrEE HILI I dTEd PETSUTIS, THE production facilities at the CSC includes rolling mill, wire mill, steel Fridry and a melt shop. The melt shop Was Corin Finis siared ir 1982 but ceased operations in 1985. Owing to t FB LuFi BCO TIO miiCa | Conditions, Which] the Ti pre Wailed. Th ET E i S als C a Tietallurgical laboratory. Most of the steel requirements of the local construction industry are produced Here. The CSC i 5 a 150 the large St producer and supplier of iterris such
as rolled products, | EC:t TŪdĖS, fŪLI soldering leads | Apart from this fra Los Lord fri fire IL, гini/fТағy hardwa. Classifies for . Ejaft Mirag fFIE LITTE,
THE CSC. Wic maiting IrOn Eillet ECOITE. the ETE government's Flo family Silver at gi privatisation pre atterTpt to privati in 1991. The Cey Was COWEarted
բլյէյlit tւյքllparl' Curti palies ACL
paved the Way fL) Treasury to be CO
 
 
 
 

STEALTHE STEE
S.H.A.MOHAMED
barbed Wire, Welding the entire share capital. But the state mdf y por Cid UICTIS ET Cd Could mot go beyond this ITOWE as the to tha ljСа Пагkat. Worker's Opposed the Sale of the CEylor SYS S S L L S S S SLS S L aaaaLLL LLa T LLL LL | CSCL "шсfлg certaiл basfс LLLLLCLCLLS LCCLL LCLLLLLCCLHaa LLL LL LCaa LCCLK LSS SSLSLSS YLSS SLLLLLLSLLLS L TCCL CCCLLLCLCT CCCCTL0SS S S STLTTS YS SLLL YSYS SLLS SSCCHCLT L K TTaHCHCCC LTS Y TYK S in the North and East, privatising the CSC.
S LLLL0 S S S L 00 LLLLLSS SSS S a 0aaaa LaaL L L L L La HHH Sat its Till, hastoday privati Sethe CSCStafledin 1994 The LS SLSLSSLLS SLLK S S SSL LCaLaa LLLL a LL aa LSL S
LSSSLSS S SLSLSLSLSLS SLS a LLL S aH SS LL aa we away prices - type Corporal Tid III LILLUtili f'ESLOTS FF gramme. The Initial the purchase of 55% of the share LLLL SLLSS SL0SS S S S S SLSLLLS Ka K 00S S S a 0 T LL Ign Steel Corporation Consisting of Two Japanese GEmpanits to a limited liability and the Development Finance acting Ilder the Corporation of Ceylon (DFCC) was LSa0000S SSLSS 0 LCL LLL a a LL a aL S S rthe Secretary to the Price offered Was Rs.962 million for ITE TE 5-E (JWTIET (If LETE 55%. Stake, While the go VermīITETE

Page 9
A WORD TO THE WISE: MIS SRIHMA BANDARANA ON PRIVATSATION.
"If this kind of privatisation of state assets, C. and Boards continue, in future the country with nothi Ing .......... ... Because of th privatisation nothing will be left to the State will be nothing left to manage. The best a that would be to hand over the governmentt sector and the rulers to rest freely at home.
If loss making enterprises are privatised it Why are the profit making ones being given
.......... We should not stay idle watching thi We Innust demonstrate. Andil ou IT protests sh limited to meetings like this".
- Speech at a meeting organised to protest privatisation of the Oruwala Steel Corporatic August 1991 (Source - Diva in a 91.08.16).
Today, the government headed by Ms. Ban daughter (of which Ms. Bandaranaike is Minister) has privatised the (self-same) pr. Steel Corporation at a price which is Rs. 735. than the UNP's sales price.
ESSeSETient On the Value Of the total gDVerרחחBחtוםח share capital was around Rs. 1400 Board of direct Ti|| || C. Therefore the Coffer Was
Certainly a reasonable Price, The c) 10% to be gifte Dalam CB 45% CIf the ShāTES WEera to be of the compa EOCated B5f0|0}"W5. With govern IT
applicable to st 25% to be held by the government
of Sri Lanka to be offered to the Howave with th investing public on a share issue Peoples Alliance (F Within a period of two years of the to a halt. The protes
di Wa Stu TE. attamptsto privati
a major role in t 10% of the shares to be retained campaign; almost
by the government of Sri Lanka of the PA played ar With provision in Memorandum anti privatisatio and Articles of Association for a repeatedly pledged
 
 

угро гаtiопs Will be left 5 İlkind Of The there elative to the private
is all right.
5 SiiELI au tion. uld not be
against the 11, III la de 01
LiTallike's Elle Prime fit making II of ess
iBELO DE OT LE
T
to the enployees y in accordance nt proceedings
SSLes.
Victory of the }, tha sale Carma against the UNP's tha CSC played 3 PA's EEC to
the top leaders CtIVE FOI E IT this campaign and the public that
a future FA gav Ernir Tient Would refrain from privatising the Steel Corporation In fact during the pre election period Messrs. Kingsley T. Wickramaratne and Mahinda Rajapakse both are senior members of the PA cabinet today LLLLaaLLLL LLLL00aaLLLL0 LLLLLK LLLLK S LLLLLLKK WOW before The Gods that the CSC would not be privatised
The pledges did not last long and subtle attempts were made again to privatise the CSC, This aroused suspicion and on 27.10, 1995 answering a question raised by Mr. Nihal Galappatty in Parlarnet, th minister in charge of CSC, Minister Nirmal Siripa la de Silva stated "It has been decided to Sali 19 % of the shares of the CSC. As 51% of the controlling shares are held by the government the question of privatisation dogs notarise. The deCISOntOSEl 49% Of the Shares was a suggestion made by the Public Enterprise Reform Commission as a result of a study Conducted by them. Therefore I would like to emphasise that the controlling shares of the Corporation is being held by the state and the amount expected to be Collected by the sale will be used to rnader Tise the factory and er sure the security of the Ernployment opportunities of the employees. As the government is holding 51% of the shares I WOLld like to make this an opportunity to inform the Hon. Member Of Pariä Tantanci ai || Others WHO ar Ea interested in thi5 i SSUE that the TE IS TO necessity to have any Lin necessary fears over the CSC sale" (Sour Ge Hansaril
TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY
LESS than tan months latar it tog Cai TE obvious that this solemn pledge by a Senior Cabinet Minister Statement to the supreme legislature of the country was nothing but a total fabrication with the purpose of deceiving the members of that dugust institution and the masses they represent.
Having decided insecret) to privatise the CSC, despite all the pledges, vows and parliamentary statements, the government started to take the necessary steps to sell the CSC lock, stock and barrel - and mot necessarily

Page 10
Z--
2)
3)
4)
5).
6)
Sitizens emocra
HOW THE STEEL
TAKE YO
இ'
The UNP approach
Mr. B. Sirisena Cooray, Minister of Housing, Construction and Urban Develop left GLII, b; III liitted LLLLLLCCLLLLLLLLHH LLLLLL LLLL LLLLLL SLLLLCLLL 25.3.194) reco III nending that 55% of shares of the Steel Corporation be sold to the highest bid of Rs 962.5 II1illion.
The b Luyer was to be a corso "fiz Jnr 7 of the partia II stare o Przed DFCC and tvo Japanese Companies - SNK LLLLLLLLTTLCLL LLLLS LLL SLLLGLLLLL LLLLL LaLLLLLLL
Ltd.
aLaLLLLL 00LLLS LLL LLL LLLLLLLLSLLL HCLLLLLLL LCLLLLLLL at Rs.1400 million, the recommended sale price of Rs.962.5 million for 55% of the shares was II Ich Higher Era II the var í rafforl7 (100% of the shaites would cone to Rs. 1750 illion).
The successful bidder agreed to pay the sa Ies price up front - 65% in convertible foreign currency and 35% in Sri La Ilıkan Tupeles
10% of the shares to be trafsferred free of charge to the er Ipsoyees - going by the sales price, the value of LaLa0 CCLaaLLLL CCLL LaLLLLL LLLLLLLLSS S SJ0 LLLLLLLCLLS
Mf. SiTiSE 11:1 Coor ay also reCOIIIIIlended that Out of the 45%. Of shares owned by the government, 25% Eble offered (o flue in7vestinagop II Epic on a public share issue. This would have broaderrerif the opyriership Бase. The new ownership would have been а ташltiple one - Foreign capital, Sri Lankan state, local private capital and епmployеes.
 
 
 

WASTENDERED:
UR PICK
2)
3)
4)
6)
90% of the shares of the Steel Corporation was sold to Ha Ilju Il (a Korean Colpany) at Rs. 5 ft) Ililili.
LLLLLaaS SaaS SS LLCCLLLLS S LLLLLLL LLLLLL L LCLTLKaLLS TLLLLL received during the earlier (UNP) privatisation process which was Rs.540 millio II (Rs. 883 I Iluillio Il for 90% of the shares).
Even according to the 1994 HCLLCCLLLLLCC LLLLL LLaaLS00 LLLLLH LLL 100% of shares, this privatisation etails a loss of Rs.467 hillion.
It is un clea Tas to how the sales price would be paid. Will it be paid upfront or will the payment be on a staggerecl basis? How Inuch wiII be paid in internationally convertible LLLLLLLLK S LLLLL LaLLLHCCS LLLLL LLL T LL Lankan Rupees? The PERC Temains silent OII this iSSLIe.
aLES LLLSLL LLL aLLLLLLLaK HCL La LLLLLLLLLLLLL to the employees free of charge; but LLaLLLLL LL LLLLL LHHLLLLLLL LHHLCLLLLSS 0LLLK price the value of these shares would only amount to Rs. 84 million - i.e. a Mos:55 of Rs. 91 III illi 01
The new ownership would be Prir artify foreign with the employees as minor share holders.

Page 11
Gjifens - Denot
to the highest bidder either. Bids were Called for the Sale of a 90% stake in the CSC. Through this the government expected a minimum price equivalent to US$ 15 million for the disposal of 90% of the CSC shares. Ultimately,
While leaving room for many eyebrows
to be raised, the Korean firl Harjung, the lowest bidder offering the Ilirimur II possible price of US$ 1.5 million was KKLLSS LLL SYSLLL KKaa Y LLLSLLLLLL In Local Currency Is a There RS.825 million. The balance 10% is expected to be distributed among the workers. However in a surprising ITIowa, the aSaHLLLLHHLLLLLLL CLLLLLL L LLLLLL CCCCLLCCLLSK assessлталг va/tла of the factory ro Fїs. *154.5 лтї//forтаfffлта whелдгоfїrs ага
to fist,
It is no Secret that the government, on the pretext of adhering to World Bank guidelings, has embarked upon a haphazard and unplanned programme of selling state enterprises in order to raise funds to maintain itself in power. The privatisation programme of the government does not seem to be based on the interests of the country, economy of the people. The government seems to be intent on privatising eVery Single DiaCB of State assets irrespective of consideration such as the national security, national ECOnonic interest and the Welfare of the people, in fact the Deputy Minister of Finance has repeatedly confessed, in all Out of Parliament, that the sole airn of the government's privatisation բrԱgramme is to redute the butigat deficit. What the government is following today is a policy of privatisation for mere survival. The Tha Trier in Which State Enterpri5ēS Such as the Colombo Gas Company, Kotagala plantations and the Steel Corporation were sold provides clear proof of this,
It is an undeniable that there is an urgent need for a restructuring programme of state enterprises. This is unavoidable in today's challenging and rapidly changing free market atrillosphere. There fora a poLib || FC enterprise reform programme based on the economic interests of the country and the people, which is capable of bringing continued benefits to the economy and the citizens, has to be designed.
Contrary to the P. "Der TDCiracy" and CSCL firs&action SECreet, LinkFAO WI1 it probably Even E Cabine L. I. FECL th between the go KOEE1 frt E. CSC. Still|'r Emma Firth 5 ( the government's
The PER C Clain T1G 109 of the CS armploy Eas, HCI \, доситетагу дгос the employees
opportunity to SEE agreement. So far
a newspaper adve SOme 56|BCted a T3: Therefore though
supposed to he s, CSC, they areg c. шпdвлfab/е гїght to Corfffff 75 Gorffffa5||
THE PERC and the EHETEdiffe Citi II" completely CO government's dt transparer. Cy. Why is conce aling the E.
employees, the P
public? After all it signed in October three months ag. policy of secrecy OLitS CäIIIIt UT the Hanung Com. play the full amour Dr. WI Affär f perrissior to Dy staggered basis. grey area is алтр/oyптел{.
OFFICIAL
FA|
ThEd 5ta LerTial tria of thé FERC It to LO äIIn OLITCE th a St at the Bank of CE that the governme. the necessary rino Tia IIItäin the C Standards, is a C StätEmert. Th2 fc. de Tonstrates the
 

5 tavo Lurita slogans Transparency, the ras Carried Out I
the Parliament and Segrets of the : agreement signed "3 Tirmie Tt ad EFP le purchase of the Tiga Ed Eyfir from }Wm backb)Érichers.
that it has wested C Shiar ES in the PE WEST ffig FETS F70 f of FF's NOT HEYE beën given an the full text of the here has only being tisement containing s of the agreement. the ёгтд/рүевs are ang 'd/diars of Trg "sprived of their Rw eras if "fär 75far af SF FTG FÉ5.
3 gover Thrinent ha WE | Ed TaT FET that is itrary to the a clared policy of
is the government greement from the arlanet aid the he agreerin Ent Was 1996 - IIItյre than |, Beca Li:5e of this
and Concealment Farise as to Wheth Er any has agreed to t F Rg,825 TiIIi31 "Hs been giver
thв алтолпf ол - а Алог/лаг гтпрогtarтг EI 5 ECLrfry of
IES, REAL TS
E by the Chairman
press Conference e of the CSC held on head quarters it does not posses Btary TË SOLIFCBS tC) SC with higher Tipletely baseless lowing data clearly of its achieved and
ECONOMIC
CRIME
Privatise, and (the country and the consumers) be da. In 1heid. This seems to be the underlying principle of the PA's privatisatio1n progra III I Ine. The privatisation of the Gas Coil pany has resulted in 2 price hikes in less than ten mıOII this alıcıl the new ÖvvInner, the Shell Company, is threatening to impose a yet another 20% price hike early next year. The atten pt. Lo privatise LECO resulted in the Country being plunged into darkness as the employees of the CEB resorted LO ST rike actio II. NOWY Colles the privatisation of the Steel Corporation of Orllwala.
"The Steel Corporation earned a net profit of Rs. 94,781, aí41 ini 1995 (Rs.94.8 million) i.e. it is Iöt ér brereien On the excheeft fer.
S S LLS S LLLLL LLLLLLLLS S KKKLLL LLLS KK S L L 31.12.1995 We R.S. 1,165,323,829 (including Rs.300 million, in fixed deposits).
* However, this profit making company with netiissets worth Llore that Rs. 1165. Inition, was sold for Rs. 840 illion (90% of the shires). That worls LI LI to is Rs.934 hillion for 100% of the shares, Erich is Rs, 23 rillioni less the r tre alte of
555,

Page 12
taxes paid to the government by the C5 C.
MEl Profits. 1 ցg3 R5.100 r11|itյր T99A4 R5;. T24 Ti||1 1995 R5,94||Ti|ioT
Tax paid to the Government RS 3 ES III || || FREE III
Н5. čl. 2. || || || || || ||
The assets of the CSC Lip to 30th June 1996 i 5 515. f | OW 5 :
Fixed assets - Rs. 362, Billion
Current Assets - SLUCK = R 5.503. T||||OT DETTE - R5.9 FG3 TT|| || || CT Deposits & pre payments - Rs.232.3 |11||ԼյI1 Fixed deposits - Rs.300 million
The working capital - Rs. 843.8 million
LCL CaLLLCL LLuCLLkLL LLLLCCC CCCHC CLL GCC СSC ѓs fїлапсѓа//ү a vѓађ/а алгі адгоfїї HHLLGT CLLLLLCLLLCLL LLLLLL CK S CL песеssary resources to талауе гtself HCL HHMTTCCL CamLL HCHHHCHLSL L LLL LLLLCK .TTersםם Tל7BrחלErrיuםם Hלוז נfr
The most disturbing factor is the sale of this giant industrial venture for a TIETERS. 825 ||Tii||igri When the Working LCaaLLLLL LLLL LaS0KS0 LLaS KaaCLLL LLLLLL LLY KKLLLLLK LLLLLaLLL LLa00S LLLSLS LLLLa
S00S S LLLLL LLLLaS LLLHL S 0S SK LL0LKL aa LLL kuK uHHHaLLLTHCLHK aaCCCaa a LLLLL S LL LaCCH firm, a gover Tarif WF as a KLaaLCMLLLLLLS LLLHHCHCLL LL L Cu LLL
TELFerg,
The main argument brought forward by the government in Orderto defend this surprising sale is that the Korean firm is expected to bring in more investment to the country. This is the |stification OffEfEd Hy the goverfisnert for the abySTla||y|0W SE||ing price of the CSC. However the sale price of a government owned asset and the Subsequent i TWEE StrīEIt mada by thi E3 new cow mer are two artir Gly diff3 Tent things, which are not and should not EE made : T1 Lutually depërdert, it TiLISt KK S LYS S aaa LL SS S S LLLLL LLLLL S LLLLLL consortium which made the highest bid during the UNP's attempt to privatise
THAT WAST
ND
M.III di LIII
WLT LL LIII1l alloyed. The S Lountry's indus EJL) WAS Opp LSE: CFL biet decisibi if that's your . Corporali tibni; LI
Tial Wilts 1991.
Tissi 1-9), III li darling of the
Lin reservedly si [LITIII Vlı iclı lıcı CCT piritti III W L'ELETI V NICO GEI
Sirise II Couri
le le lls. El
III lid IIIE IE:
LII i i I 1 is L., Ir itlili. Steel Corporati privatisation
of the very sia II
the CSC pledge. |Tii||iron as in West Ti. a very high Sale p, TGI TETE ET Li JKir F. Eg: baып is fact ir 7 WEESF fir 77 E F S WAT WE Tot des VEFEJEd. Ar ffasco c/ваг/y provн for the PA goverr ஒரfGrg the
privaffsaffол agугвч ои легиоlares The Гhв Sла/ Согтдал а грушат раsis) . The PEFC 777 ere/y nothing about it.
THE E ES ET CE ) der T O CratİCİ POTO-E political, BCOrior OTIE TEE G| ITTEE HOC affected the perfor In fact during the the PERC mot onli Salep TiCab Ut a ISO
 
 

HEN, THIS IS NOW:
KA GUNAWARDANA - MAN OF
STEEL
LLLLLLL SLLLLL LaLLLL 000SLL LlLLLLLLLL LC LLLLLLLaa LLL LLLLLL "y" to the fureigners in the na III e of peoplisation; this cal never ble LL LCLLLLLLL LLLLLL CC HHmCCL aLLLLL LLLLLLa LLLLma L it ries. When We Welt tu meet Minister Sirisena, Cooray, he said lle d to the peoplisation of the Steel Corporation. But since it was a LLLLLL tLLGL LLLLLLa aLL aLLC SS L CLLLLLLS LLL LLLL CLLLLLL LLalmS SLLLLamT aLa LaLLLLL LLLL CCLLL LLLLHLLLLH TLL LS LSLLLLLL Ini te with the people" (Source = Divaina 91.8.165).
Mr. Indika Guavrdan e W15in the opposition,
LLL aLmmLLTLLLLLLL C CLLL TLLLaLaLLL a La LLLLLLLCLL LLLLLLaS pro-Package "progressive' intelligen Esial illud in Minister. Aind he: Ipports che privatisation of the Steel Corpuratio - i 180% degree
his not bothered to justify either to the workers of the Steel LL LLL LLLLaa LLLLLa S LLLLSHLaLaLLCLLLLC LLLLClLLL HLL LL LLL til LLD PETITELL.
y Wis opposed to the privatisation of the Steel Corporation even senior UNP Cabinet Minister and the party's General SecretaryLLLLLL LLL tLLC La LLL mL maaaaLLL LLaaLLLT LL L LC LLLLLL LL LL LLLLLLLTmLLLLS LLL LCaaaLL TTLLLLL LLa aC HtLLLLLCLLL L on when he was in the opposition, has become anapologist for the T LL LLL LLLLLLL LLLLLLama LL LLa LLLLLLL LLLL L LL LLL atlHlLLL LLLLLS le Steel Corporation, now that reis a Minister, Way to go, Indika,
to bring Rs.300 at ETCH SEO COffETE rice. Also according регвэлсв thвагвГтаvв. 35 W EF FTG FT bвгвэл proгтfsed bшt SG FFJ SFEM G5 i'r Gryg, Ffraig PERC тгrтвлт /5 сардѓ/e of
Class of the зглелfs; їf гле леw săses agreer 77 er sas w has been doing on "El go VEG FF7 FT 7E 7F Fred tay that they can do.
f a far reaching, E0ple, mom party ic goal and a task lology has clearly *: : jf THE PER C. i CSC privatisation, failed to get a fair TFE t || || Lr ||
value of the CSC by Condemning its perfOFITiance and ability, Lindoubrady PERC is LILE 5 fe Orly r5riffiori K HHHLHCY GHHCCLH L HLK LLu HaLLLLL S ffриvпgrade алdсалгатл г/лg дroduct f is se/Frg.
SC, what happens rexit, after till E aaaaLLaLLHHLLaL LCL aLaLL K LLL LLLLLL uS give away prices under conditions LLL SKL S H aa LLYLLLLL LSL S LLaL SS LL K economy, the Country, the people of the Workers? What wi|thE gewErnment do next? Make another pilgrimage to the deities and dash Coconuts asking aLL C CaaLLLLL LLLLLL L LL L LLLCLCLLL LL LLL LL the b Ludget ārlid there by Eri Sure the government's survival? Hawing being lied to and da CEVEd CriCE, the Gods Bre motikely LO || Ook favourably at LITE PA this tirim aro Lumid, Though the PA and its "leftist' coalition partners have Changed Colours, faith and beliefs. UTOrtuna tely for thET the Gods ärE Still and always the sa The old Gods.

Page 13
THE SITUAT NREGARD TO
What of gender? First, we are concerned with rural worrier here, and it is Worth remembering that the majority of the population in Asia, and the majority of Women, still live in the Willages and Eire Still ertiployed İn agriculture. The disparity shown in table 1 between the large proportion of the populator employed in agricultura and the përcentage of GDP Tror Pagriculture indicates the CJ WEF incomes in agricultura and discrimination against agriculture resulting from Heavy Industry-ariant Ed Liewe oprent polities, Whit: hi ha VF normally been continued both in Statist for its of development and Linder Ilarket reforms. This developmert discrimination against agriculture has probably been the largest single factor negatively affecting woman, and is compounded by the relative lack of social 5 vices ir Lā ārās LElurban disparities where parity - TOO) War 3 a 5 follow5 (se362 table 71
Exactly how mnich this ha 5 af fest:ted LLLK LLLLLLLLYL L L LLLLL LLL LLL LLLLLLLLS In spita of all the Te Cent gerill der LLS S L0LLaLaL0L0000S LLLLLLLK SaaLLLK LLLK refrain extremely limited. The UNDP has developed a "gender development index" which shows broad overall gains for WCrnen, even relative to mer, especially in Asian countries again and especially ir South-east Asia where they were already high). (see Tabla 8
But the basic problem of these data,
Especially for FIFA statistics use dayelopment" indi regard to intomg THE Lriarl Haag.
STIII. Et krig for thHt LFIBTB || 5 || BH disparity Writer "outside" jobs, to TOE DIT THE|| || consumption and of it - consuming mell, What av Er Eachtig Ved by WOTTE position of subt problems continui perCentage af pre 15-49) With ar läser
Myanmar) 58 Indonesia, 4 (Singapore), 4: Malaysia indicate in Bath faced Well as the plot Chri.
While t 觐 development" ir general пргgv=гт fermains, In s: COnssinusntSS Eb. level Campaigns fo rerTain depriwed cof la rided property, I r spite of reservation parliamenta Ty bod disa dwa mtaged a political power, ME
 

woman, is that the 1 Hor gendE다. Ett 5, Particularly in edita, relate only to
Ti a TD5 t || 5 tudies; wy irii t r Fil-household חו Ess| חBarץ|חם tטח ut the y Centribute nicorne to family Falk, salar Ghafa fewer Calries the gains have besar | |n b n frar ridir til FN, HEạa ETH . The fatit t at the grant Wri:Tiliari Lage lia is 88 ( rhodiaŭ), 60) BEngla desh), 74 | Phippines), 57 Thailand, 36 the problem of diet by TLIral Voyqırrı Bernas til effet:5 stori
潭巨räf1 "gefld Er di Catro TS. Sh5 WW - t, great inequality te of growing It id Sofie TS and rights, Women raperty, especially gost Lutries, li for women in local 5, Worther Tamain | ex|| = fror y Asian countries,
OF WOMEN OOD SECURITY
GAIL OMWEDT
including Philippines, Sri Lanka and LaLYS LL KKC LLK LLKCCLKK K LK K Orlea diring political parti B25, yet this has not in the past done much for rural won an excluded from Willage level power. It is yet too soon to assess whether innovations such as reserved seats in parliamentary institutions will Change this. Higher digwell decisionTaking Eff Ecting fc0d5 2.C. Lurity continues to remain a male preserve.
Asian societies have achieved good growth regards for the Whole, ELIT LL LLa 0LLK L CCCL CCCaKS L patriarchal social structures Warner's condition remains exceedingly bad in many countries, particularly for the CCt LL KaLLL LLaLLLL LLCLLCLLLLLLLa LLLLLLLKS of South Asia. Powerty, patriarchy inci exclusion from political power contin Lie to take their to in the for of St Linted LLLL Kaa LLL LLLLLL LKLK0SLLL KaaLLLLLLLLK LLLKK L S LLLL CLGGLLLLLLL L LLaaLLLL S LLLL India illustrates the deadly combination of the Extrema patriarchia || 5 cig || structures and poverty of the South Asian countries - China is patriarchal but no longer sa poor while tha African [[}|#fitT}=5 a TE: affirlg. TF1E} |(Jørāśf Trl The World but ger herally give Warrier Flore status and autonomy, South Asia, with the Exception of Sri Lanka, combines ԷյtյtՒ1.
Thus there are many grounds for continung Concern ahut geänder arid food Security.

Page 14
PEOPLE'S STRUGGLES AGAINST FAMA IN E AND FOOD INSECURITY
Famines and hunger are nothing new in histoгүй fл sдfte of голтталticism of LGLMHCLGCCCCLS L LHHLLLLLLL H HH LHCHCCLL LC SLLMCLCL HLLLLHLCCLLYS LL0aLaLaLGLLLLL LLLL LLLkLk LGLCLCCMMLL L LCCL CHHHGLLL S LLLLLLKS LLLLK иvere charactriлised by гттаagyrg food for F F e rriärjority, ard occasiora/periods of KLLMCLCCMCC CHCLLT LTCHCCCCC S CHCG GCC HLLCLCCLC a gerară process of Ericroachrnarf ori LLCLCLKL LHHLHHLLLLHLS HGHCllL LHHLHHL HLLL LLCL LLLL Asian societies as elsewhere. The "In Old Carnisati cari" borought by the aLLLLLLLaaLLLL LL LLCLCLLS HHtLLLKLLS LL H HH LLL this; it anything farmines under British Tule intensified - climaxing in nearly 3 million liwEs last in the 1943 Bengal filir:
Thus it is not surprising that the newly independent states in Asia Cartle into existence with promises of providing ab Lindant food for the people, However, they saw industrialism as the way to achieve this in the new states, agriculture WS megle CitiGid, ErOTEC tinist barri ETS WE FEErected to foreign trade and heavy industries managed by public sector enterprises Were Seen as the key to development - backed by the huge hydroelectric projects that Nehru Fidd hailed as the "modern temples" of India. Where was food in all of this? It was to be provided cheaply by the gover Tert, under a [ Lublic distribution sy 5 tEarī ir Countries like India, Lindar the "iron rice bowl" ini Cia which was the symbol of Welfare SBCLIrity for Urban Workers.
But this neglected the countryside in bgth countries. The Indian government's concern Was cheap food for the working class; provided by lawles and compulsory purchases at low prices from the peasantry. The PDS has mot Teached the majority of the "Lira por ewer Lupo to the present. And in China, there was no "iro ice bowl" for the rural areas; they were expected to be fed from local commune-growth girdir.
This System did not lead to foi cod security. In India, where PDS was blased to the Tiddle Classes and LIrban areas, there was massive drought in 1965-67 in Bihar that was only met
by larg = -SCHIE W hala this the "Green R. did help to improv: Th= PDS sy5TE m P
a TET E Tijds Of in StarCB the 19 Mirst Us
LIHTETI EEE SCHIETTE: needs, TFECITES Elյ քrլ Wյ Լյr SE LET
TTTTTT LIPS WIWITE EIE for til TILL recently Was it kno famine in hisԼtյry rյլ 1959-62, terı yea ITIESSWE lard TBfOrr did this happer T. Created interral ed access to Hsie DGF Villaget HTC - dro Lught, PoE:a. Sa Fits C: Tigrate their "food d Estroyed by gran SCHIETES and tha: || TFE di Ed II III earth their villages World.
BLIt repressitirl Is r Asian peasants, grc the greatest suffe fՃՃd, resբgritled է: Wal-known of
TOWE FT ETT CELTE derlands for highe CrՃբs, է: Eginning reaching its climax LISB i difG argue for a truly development in thETSE||WHS WOL||d T production and rive agitations emphas Willages from cities banning entry to ELITELJICT, t:5. If Tha FäIITIers in THE Cgr their voices to
TOLITTL II. LE E dETTlarlding higher pr a theme of farmers str Luggles ir 1 Korea liri in China, When refor proclaimed by the pa th1 E 33 a Sant's Who Chinese poLIt it) the timë, seizing the creating a new "land taking charge of it t 19ՑE).
 

imports, following olution" strategy
local production. ÖVEd ITTE I GWant in fought also for 2-3 drgught in d amployment to TEt people's CaSE was pärlaps d reform and kE 1 as models by i ries, but not Luntil wn that the largest CLurred il China II 'S after LTE TIDIGT is in history! How E CITITLES had Jality and gave all in the produce of Lilla FCE C ould not protest or SECJrity" had DEETI |CSa bureaucratic ck of democracy. is on the բarchEd , unheard by the
flet by resistance, wers of food and TE T5 from lack of y protest India's party farmers' its struggles on !r pricas for their illi 1372 - 73 and in the 1980s. They LFBI til ETCS TC village-oriented which Willagers na de decisior 15 On stment; and Tany ised "da linking" - blocking roads, politicians and iland rice-growing tral region added the democracy Early 1970s, also ices. This was also ining democratic the 1980s. Finally, This were hesitantly ty in 1978, it was WEar:2 || FS SOITE real heroes of the a Effect redistribution" by hanse Wes (Zhou,
These various types of action of fa Trimers agarnst bureaucratised and Opp Tessive States Underlay shifts tij aa La LL a S 0000L SS L L L L governments using slagans of a market economy were reluctant to let go of control, "Growth first" policies remained heavy industry - and stateElias Ed WWWF/E Ft Was acceputEG I FFF r KMTLLLaaTTLC CCM K HCCTLLL LLLLL LH г/gvg|Морттелі, the erryphasіs сол тіпшесі to bв ол дoverплтегі тіттvestптелгs a rigi The Slogar of `fridustrialisation of аgгісш/rшга” глеалt 9/viлg rтолодо//es алd /Jusiness /hoшses cheзар /агтс агтг/ 5 Libsidised faciliffes for agricultural produ Cffar), or for fissing ar 7ed for Estry, Every w fiere resir rfcffc 75 or sir 77ä MM дгоdшсвгs солtллшвd – to thв рогt of forbidding thern to use traditional methods of processing sugarcane into g|Lull) for Cottom.
There has been significant protest against the "new economic policies" but these have been Strikingly more based on organised and public sector employees. People have also resisted take-Over of land for big "da Velo por Terit projects". Strikingly, hoWEVer, protests LaLLL 0 LLLLL LHH LLLLLL LLLL LLLLLL H HH aa L LLLLLL issue; "food riots" (or "IMF riots") were never so strong in Asia as in some other countries, perhaps partly indicating that by the late 1980s the provision of food was not such a burring issue. Opposition parties Continued to argue for the maintera filçE COf PDS, but thildri was in fact little popular force behind this; by the mid - 1990s a notable feature was the reduced "offtake" of
the large PDS stocks and a widespread
admission that PDS had to be, at least,
Estrictured.
PEOPLES MOVEMENTS AND FOOD SECURITY
By the 1980s and 1990s, however, people's movements were making importalt Contributions to the questions of food policy. These can be briefly Jescribed:
(1) The provision of an Employment Guarantee Scherm{2 (EGS). In Maharashtra state from the drought of 1972-3 largely came as a result of massive popular protest, and soon was seen as a right, with people organising
СолIII оп даge 2І
-.
t

Page 15
An Exarminati Om Of Offi Cia E CHLITCH statements from the end of the 19th century shows CW slow the Christial churth Es wer E էt recogrl Is E th B implications of colonialism. It is not until log after the end of the Second World War that the term "Colonialist." begins to appear in Church documents. While the Peoples of Asia and Africa had been busy for years organising nationalist and freedom Tovements, La a HaaLLLLLLLa L aaL LLLLLaaaLLLLL LLHGLLLLL LLLLLL national liberation, practically nothing of this activity appears in official
ecclesiastical texts. It is not until after the War that a CEftā ir T1 LITT HET Of explicit references are found, and even ther often in a very watered - down f
Colonialist1 is not mentioned in any of the great social encyclicals. Yet the HLSaSLLaLaaLLLL LLLLCLLLLLLLLS LLLKLLS aLaaLLL long before the end of the last century and were even organising international COTifer Can Ces like the Orie Field in Brussels in 1925. The first explicit Elusion on the side of the Rolan Catholic Church (RCC) dat ES fróðirT1 the Second Writical Council. In the case Of the WCC WE have to Wait until the Evanston assembly in 1954 and the New Delhi asserTn bly in 1961 for a relatively concrete treatment of the problem. These ecclesiastical StateFT1ëntS, however, are generally short on social analysis and reflect a Very optimistic view of Colonialist1. The 1967 papal encyclical. Populorurn Progressio, for example, makes the following statement: "it must certainly Ele recognised that colonising powers 15y G CT LEf frt 18 fed th Eis (IW) interests, power or glory, and that their departure has sometimes left a pribe Carious economy, bound up for Instance With the production of One kind of Crop whose market prices a T3 Subject to sudden and considerable variation. Yet while recognising the damage done by a certain type of Colorialism and its Consequari CeS, OFTE must at the Sama time acknowledge the qualities and achievement of colonisers who brought their science and tech rn i Ca | knowledge and left beneficial results of their presence in so many under privileged regions. The Structures established by the persist, haựựẹựef Imgormplete thay may be; they
CHIRI
OON
Francois Hoult:
植F(auárf芭击
diminished ignora
brought tle CODITITL untilications = Col ditionis",
HOW are We to äWärang5S äld off in judging the situ: or two suggestion
The history of miss With Colonialism. T stages in Colonialis industrial capitalis
Мегсалtї/g co/олѓа Centuries). This S1 by the monarchi: Spain and subse tՒit rlatitյris tյf mՃ! as the Netheral
 
 
 
 
 

AL
Tt
esti prest and
து.
TCE and Sick n'ESS, b) En Gefits Cf nd improved living
plain this lack of istorical objectivity tign? HTE TE O The
ons Fadits pH FH || Els er WerBt VÕna fih: TimerCariti IISIT armi
1.
s (15th to 18th ge Was Organised s of Portugal and ently by those of herri Europe, such ds, England and
LLLLLL LLLL S KS S L LLLLL S Europa like Portugal and Spl= |
merican tile colonialist Was see by a power which was establishingLLLK a LLLLCaaL a LLLL LaLLLLL K LLLLLL S S
class and the Tiarchart (lass.
Since the feudal ideology, which was religious, continued to da minat E, the Inercantile Enterprise Was giver - |Egitin Tiation of the sam E SCArt. At the sa mg tina, the RCC saw in this Thercantile activity a possibility of awangalism, at least of Evangelis IT as understood in this period. So it was that the ventures of the kings of Portugal and Spain were regularly legitimised by a succession of papal bulls issued throughout the entire marcantile period. It is also true that not a few missionaries, particularly fr o rt1 relig] iO Luis orders | Big the Dormirnicans in Santo Domingo, the Jesuits in Paraguay, and ever soil. bishops), fought against the brutality of the conquest and tried to develop a different understanding and practice of ewang alisation, But their testimony. aaaLLaLCLL LLL00S LLLLLLLLS KCC HLLL LLLLK LLuS modify seriously the course of events or change the policies of a church subject to the patronage power of the state and generally allied to the interest
of the Collis ETS.
In return for this legitimation, the effort of evangelism received material and political assistance from the royal power Evangelism was seen, on the hand, as one of the best Teams of establishing tacit agreements with the local populations or of domesticating slav F5, and, of the uth. Er hand, a 5 a task incumbent also or lay Christians in the exercise of power.
LL LCLCLCLLH LC TCLLLLLCS LLLLLLGLLS this ile W. type of Colonialism concentrated mainly on the discovery and exploitation of raw materials for industrial development and the marketing of manufactured goods. The large Indies companies of the Netherland 5, France Sygder and Britain paved the way for this stage of colonialism, The new type of Colorialism grad La II y found itselt competing and warring with the more traditional powers, which continued to engage in mercantile colonialism -

Page 16
L S KKSLLLS Sa LLL S HLu SJ S a aaL S LLLL CaaLLL = Portugal Con the cather, ard |1E Eventual conquest of the respective L L S S L S S LLLGLL YSKSKSK LLLLL Africa The colonialism of this stage na longer Carmed the sarre religious legitimation as that which prevailed in the Tercantile period. Adopting a much mhr:E քragrmatic aբբrtiagri anH Itlaking |15 = Ճf Thri tryinnial gցverriments, capitalism provided the churches, both Catholic arid Protestant, with Slipport LL L aaaa L a aa LLLL K LL L HaH LL In thiB celgrised territories. Eritrusting
K L S aL SL L L K a LaaL LL KK K L a LLLLaaHH K HH L LLLLLLL aaaa KK S aLaaL itյր լիB wաtյrk tյք ||11:Eitյր է լիք15 կիլյ5 L LL LL KS K a LK Europe HF grver Firriants a titբյլեւ = | r ir KL u K LLL aKCS a LLLLaKKS
Thы агттегделce of паfigлаNst, алrfcol/gл fa/fst алd алff-fлдвгfaffst TE L'AFFT Origiria Ltd ill thE LLLLLL LL0 LLL LLLLLLLLS L LaaaaLL LL LLLLL LLLLLL Were di raff agairst the Wester LLL LL KS a S L LLSL pih:PTC The F1.jn dates black to the EN EgĦTI Tiirip of thiE= 19th CETI tury. Thra holy see TETUSEdito recognis the newy LLLLLL a LLL aaa LL L C aHCK HHH Spair1 th1 LIs Brh da Fng 8 Ting t. h B KaaaCaLLaLC0 LL aLLC LLLLLLL LLLLHaaD 3 lossig period Members of the lowerranking clergy joined the nationalist ng wg ring its, which at that tinia aaaaHLa Laaaa LaCaaaLaLLaL LLL LLLLLL siliidle class rather thar. D'f the traidisillary people. These movements, however, play Ed arı İrılıpOrta Fıt historical röle:
In Asia, strong rationalist movements, LaCa aLK L S L L L L Y S LLLL LLLLLLLLS S S SLL religiorns, began ta develop from the beginning tյf this teriԼւյry: in Irldia with the Hindi TowerTestS ir Sri Lanka, LLL aH S S SaL LaHHH L LL0 KL SL aK LLLLLLL HHaaLLLLLLLLL S S L HH LLLL aHLH A r a b c öLErı trile:S. İrları, Malay Sialı, Indonesia, in the part of British rid corresponding to present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh, with Islamic
TOWIETTS,
L LLLLLLL L LLLLLLLLK OO LLLLLLL CCCLLLLC by these I hovements and to the end fasisted na tie na Il a Tha Ticipatiam, prefer ring to rima liri ta In their links with
thB ՇՃltյոising tյtյ, Chi Lurch Es adopted JØsitior; Črly 23 f. Were raised Usual: Circles, TFSFE ASE : |구 || rm COLuntry Fina Wing EJBB Јарапезе.
GEFIErally speaking churches had less d t-ըրլrigը: Էլըլլ: Կալլի է
Էլrii:Fi ԼիլEEE tյfiriէյլ: E55. FET AIE: W35 title Arglicar India; given its
ESTE: 5FE: STEIB C. BKE | 15 LE. T.ETE O gնաBFrirllerit titleTiia Sāma also applieu
Was I r I f IIIIIIK h=|Js tg Explair till: TIL TEE OF JUHitit independence WërË TITI TEIST EİS ELUL EFTER EXEJ 3 FEITS I ideology character
| 1 ,
FUEpErld ETILE Hfter WIWIT WAS FEHL First Ճl argy a Ll - Lյ Լt t
թ:րlicitly timarlLiքյH! RITT City is With LTI st רוז רוח בן חילתי חf HוH predgTimäTht|y Whi attested, for exam Etters of Eo ishops 1953, ir 1 MB dagas Car:TIETF1 || 1 955
Fre West Af 1 SE5 E FT JF || Madagascar in 195 Tt : d tt - TLIT
Tari CiptiðflFTOWE Africs W
Iritle.president chuir
TWETTEt SJ: Lline Belgia3ri Corgo
Tse FPL was particularly dis it is 5. Colonia | War Wage up to 1974, The the holy See and gOWETE. It Was St holy sea naver reno number of prests
onaj various leade
 

ErS. Cry fa
a liшilу пнtiргial ' S lite fi:Eg / ITilF3 yili TellBELEI ai 2xCEptions, notably KLITEā, title= |latta
Colonised by the
the Reforation iffiCLulTy ins2ʻy/Brirıg HE EGIEO filla|| pg|Wer. ELITIS LIVET E LI SLIJE||W EFTIROTI LIII this TLIE |E :: || Tatar 5 ir hit EE to fTET FIFF, ICT Fre | policy, the Lugh the when that policy i missa tiðri. A| this
F.T. tilt. As
| || FETS TIEF Christians with a NETE EL LIFE ESTE If thiB cipitalist it. The West
III EIIIT TI T THE SEG WEF| dEn. HTIE THE GG: E חגsitirans mtסנן Ory in character. In this was the case |rital aթistցքHtEs, E | ELLE Vy EPE: tä, THİS Staice is l, by the pastural i Tanganyika in 1-3. In of the bishops of a di Of Togo in he Eishops of 6. IT GF-1-JLJ || 35Cl H H E3E3 Prif ar Li - yw H1 tr). riments were led bbw
TIL TIE Ches or religio Luis 5 Kiribanguistri iri
2Hir E}
ցLIEse tԵltյrlialism itressing. The RCC E | Le | IT FTIT ta by Portugal right __Ft Egt WEET the Portuguese ||| Tife, 3 H
riced it, only a tiny and lay Catholics 5 fEPOEE5ta
uLLL LL LL LLL CL L L m HL C a aa K KKKK LL La a LLLLa LLL HHHHH O auGta S
L K L L L SS aa S S LLLL aLLLL LLLY LL CFL rChes had a largay birketati acclesiastical drid proselytising wisgr. COf What Washia Epierit ng HT di la CikEdEdithe Critica dista rice fu rari oleti analysis, They were almost Եornբlatթի: LIFFEE TEISEfnt Ed in the Criti ETLE2 titi Ճgltյritatisril wgTith Fiat tiթացlւյթքը իր լիբ West largely inspired by socialist rilքյաtrրrints ant later by a Mary IET EITElysis, End played Hardy any LaT II LL H LL Cu LLLL G L L aa L L 0 LLLS ոHԼitirls whith frյr the most part H L LL K L L Y LLLL a LL inspired by the traditional religions. It LK SS S S L S LLLL S S K DLLaaLLLL LL LLLLL LL L K LLLLLL S Laaa a ama Ch. Li ri:files, following the IE3 deir5|| 7 || LL LLaLLLLSSS L KLL LLLKLL aa Colonialist Tiertaity and esta Elish a L a KK KL LL SS a0 L L |73 WEITrents, Efter Ed Ey people from the local churches. But it is necessary LH HH aaaLLLL LLL LLa Ca K LLCLLL KLL wetly triticised in the West
In th" = p35||tions adopted at LEWE Enid CF LL HKS SYLYSS SS S L L L L Chi LITCHES ELIL THE FImphasis Thairly Cor. LLLLLL LLLLLLLLYS S L LLLL LL S L LL LL L K riational sovereignty and the importance of thë ai i tij TOHTy of the aHaaL LLLLLLL LLLLL LLLL LLLLLLL HDDTHisał of the Colorial piast This Was the stal ridpoint EXEJ TESSE id, för ex a FTPLE, at the Uppsala assembly of the WCC if | 58
CCLCCLMLL LaLGGLHS LL H LLa LLaaLLLL LLL Church do UrT en Es is their deep conviction of the superiority of the HLLKLL Kaa a S LLLLLLLYS LLLLLLaLLLLSSS ELIropa brings to the "non-civilised" Dépf5 Friff th= 15th tro fle 16th, Enturias, This was the Listificatirii fel LL LLLL Kaa aaaa L a L S SLLLHGL SS aD absolute conviction that Christianity LLCC aaaLLLC LLLLLL LLLLHK LKaaHGH SK hiilitari Elgings Brid that it vas a SSETiä. tri 5 prEad it Jy all legitirTlate - or What LHLCC LLaaLaLLaLLuLLL S LGLLLLLLLL0 LaLHHL 2 x F13 SiSi O fi iirii its allia rlit: with thia LHCaaaLaLaL aaLLLCLL LLLLCLCCLLKS Hm Fiction of European cultural superiority and the blessirgs of European civilisation together constitutari a
rெtராg :

Page 17
Many influential opinion-makers Consider Japanese mer Cantilism the chief threat to domestic living standards and the global principle of open market access, Furthermore, there is ar obsessive fear om the part of SOTE: U.S. Officials that Countries in East Asia may join forces in defense of the relatively closed export model, thereby thumbing their Collective TOSes at ne 0-liberal multilateral trading rules as well as the U.S. presence in the region. Saaa S LLLaS LLaL S KLL S HL LHa LLLLLLL LLLLL countries aren't Watching the outcome of this stand-off closely," Warned One Senior administration official. Such a tendency would be reinforced by the shifting of Japanese do Ti Eesti C manufacturing Capacity to lower-cost nations in the region, in Order to escape the effects of the high yen, rising labour costs, and the possibility of U.S. imposed sanctions.
But in fact, for all the talk of an East A Siam E3 OC, th, ET E TETTiTS a fundamental amblựalence among Japanese policy-makers with regard to Asia, Some analysts attribute the ambivalence to a deep-seated En tention of new er repeating the This take of the 1930s, when Japan Thida 2 Illerii Tles OT ta U. S. amid Britairli in pursuit of its mission to establish a "co-prosperity sphere" free of Western influence. Such catastrophic "Asianism" is not to be repeated, and THE COinStart TEH 5 Suran Ce by Japanese politicians of their special Security ties with the United States is supposed to evidence Japan's unwillingness to lead Asia against the West.
Making Japan de pe Tident on the United States was a central part of
Alejandro
МWicaragша. Currently ) іп, Малауы паw Hook Gгошд, L/S for New excepts.
Washington's strategy. This er economic spher: dra W Japan
de pe Tidence or foodstuffs, te CF| Well as an open in be provided by N atternpt to better economic and po Of the Entird Te acting as linchpi Of the East Asian in the U.S.-Ja aliance, in which political influe Cold til 5 I W Japanese corpori in the region, ECC East Asia, Flowe, of Cold Wär SBc reordering in Ja States linkages, COLLIES TO EE | the development trading or securi and in the regi: independent fash
JAPANESEASIAN
In the face Of a
and GCOIOITiC rg United State. It
 

Alejandro Benda na
Велdала, а Sалd'їпfsta, was Secrerary Gапега/ of KS CLCCLmTCCLL LLLCLLCC LaaCTaa LC CCLCLCCaGCCCCCCCC LLLTCCCCS K LL YKKLLL LLLL LL L LLLLL LLLLLL G LLL LL0LLCCLLLLLCCCS L0LLaLaLaLS а. Солтралего Велdала has seлt шs a copy of his "POWER L//VES", issued by /лter/їлk Publishing A in their series Voices & Visions. Mew. Thinking LLLCCLTCCS LGLY CCCCCLCCH LL L LLLLLLLCCCCGCC KLCLLLLLCLLL The accompanying article is an extract.
st-World War II tailed creating an : With facilities to away from its | East Asia. Oil, hology, Capital, as larket Werd OW to
orth America ir a shape the post-War litical development gion, with Japan 1. In Effect, TLC loom has its origins Hanese Cold WaT Western power and nce halp Create lic Western and tions Could in West nomic buoyancy in er, and the demise Irity logic, Spell a artise and United | HESEnce, the U.S. ercely opposed to of an independent role irm the world Ti, but Tot in ar
1.
SM
changing political tionship with the ked by increasing
differences and groWing "loa the A Tieri Ca" Senti T3 nt, 1st Of Ca policies are also being reassessed. Some see a middle Course being 5kg tchad Out Off a E. W. J. S – tolerated Japanese Asianism, Ontain which the U.S. maintains its police role and acts as Counterweight to China. That is, a "lite' bloc could be Creat Ed, ba Lut Tot alloWEad to be COITIE exclusive, One critical problern With this scheme is that Japan itself Would have to lead the way and restructure its own Tarket Systeril, and, in the light of the same pressing U.S. internal economic situation, also take up a greater quota of "burden sharing", Japan therefore would be expected to resist proposals calling for bloc formations exclusive of the U.S., opting for the LS0S KLLLLLaL LLLL L LLLLLLLK SKSLLLL Pacific" grouping as opposed to the competing concept of "Asia".
Impressive statistics indicating the sharp growth of trade between the U.S. and East Asia are taken by some to Ferald the ad WEITL Cof the "Asia Pacific Century". Commerce, however, is not a reliable indicator of power shifts. And in a region as Wast and diverse as "East Asia", Sunregional fragmentation and an

Page 18
Overarching United States presence a FC TWO fal CitOffs that T1 Lust be taken into account when considering the rise of single or multiple trading blocs. Of Course, U.S. policy-Thakers prefer not to dwell on the military and political dimensions of the relationship and instead point to the hundreds of millions of potential credit card-holding consumers ready to pounce on U.S. goods and KK L KSLL SLL S LL K S LLLL L adTinistration attributes to the OICEObscure Asia Pacific ECOOTC Cooperation (APEC) group a new level of strategic ir importanca, This would all be part of an integration of the U.S. economy into a larger Asian grouping. For their part, some Asian officials play up to the rhetoric, inventing trans-Patific voices allegedly terrified at the prospect that NAFTA should discriminate against their products,
But greater expansion does not necessarily mean freer or fairer trade in the na W. J. S. ExiC Con as Asia IS argfOrCEdtO COTTE LOLETTIS Wittle U.S. zeal for managed trade targets, and the adjustment of their national economic Inca dels to sluit a global prescription laid down by the U.S. SCOTTE TOTESED a Cica||ECTIVE EāSt Asia rebellion against managed trade backed by St Org-arm pressure tactics, but this is not the Taking, At present the inclination is still toward a greater distrust of Japan Lihat of the United StadtBS. THE argument is often heard that the United StatES Wi5135 L With dra Vy strategically from the region but that a pressure to stay persists on the part Of the Countries in the region as a "guarantee" against a revival of Japanese TiilitarisT1, What TETlains un changed, h0 We Wer, is the maint (3nance of U.S. politi C0-military d Orninance in the Wester I), Pacific In which Japan plays a continuing yet carefully measured role.
Although this situation could vary in the light of aggressive Commercial behavi OUT Om the part of Washington, it WOLuld mot Change the fact that, by and large, U.S. Capital and
multinationals in bg Јарапеѕе сошn of alleged greater skills, manageme More important|| ECDT10ffiles afe:Tl Cut the Insel VE25 || the first of sec. market for the principle Soul investment. Japa far from being : ability of their U. tapo billions of ITISTILUtional Toni EI OC" TOW OF Int} in fact the U.S. Whole, not Japan the rules of ECOnt the region, and sp. of the booming Japan, once toute GCOTOITIC mOITIGr thG after"|Thath CF ( Stock market an plunges in re. amounting to so 1334“ t5 Brotff has been rattled, for thi 3 leaf fullt Unlikely to challer բliant junior part I Sates.
LTS IN EAST ASIA
The IIfe-time armple bgen Linder ITIEd. l'OSt the CTUCial TE in the chip, aero defi Titi 01 TW fields Japanese fin threated to be Ol Sa The U.S. in WES" were steadly out financiers by pic dollars into the Eas and Even assumin of that region's Whealth.
To be surg, there among non-Japar grouբing in relք Chronic trada
he Sitancy to Op Tarket. But

EFEF|COTTI TIL JE TO A5äOVEr tär
E FES, On a CCOLInt lingness to share L, and technology, the East Asian t in a position to ff from the U.S. nd largest single Exports and a 3e of foreign EEE financiers ETE IË It Thatch the S. counterparts to do||ars of U.S. s. There is no "yen e making and it is ld the West as a that are drafting [Tic interc:Qursti in ecifically the rules capital markets. da 5 No.1, has lost tu, Suffering ir Ine of the deepest d property Walue orded history, The S6 trillion by political structure which Ileans that, Ira at least, it is ges its role as a htar ըf Լիթ Արitati
yment System has Japan has all but Ce for Suprama Cy space, and highAIC TE COTTOCE ricial system erwhelmed by the ITEIt fOfTl: That lanking Japanese Iring billions of Asian ECOnomies
the management
COW IT EXP || Oding
slittle happiness se Asian Capital I On to Japan's LI rp) | LIS and its If its do T1 EStic: Wellents in
Australia, Malaysia, and South Korea have Critized U.S. in sister CE On managed trade, and setting quotas favouring U.S. market penetration in Japan. "Folitically-correct" pur chasing in Japan entails LLLL L SK 0KS S S LL SS KS L S L S SSS K L L LSYL impo Corts from third Countries : Japanese "Buy Americal" campaigns apparently have affected the sale of Australian-Thade a LLC parts, South Korean Computer chips, and European luxury automobiles, Japanese officials accept that such is the case, perhaps exaggerating it somewhat. Nor are they above portraying themselves to China as that Country's most reliable partner, never dreaming of mixing business with FIL I millari rights questioris."
The Australian prime minister, Paul Keating, accused Washington of using 日 "heavy-handed sledgehammer to Crack the nut". In reality, the nut is perceived in the United States, correctly or incorrectly, as Central to the vitality of the U.S. economy - an issue which In ore than justifies the use of the sledige har miriner, A|| therhetoric of the Sed |t| E. APEC SLITT IT HE | d | LLaLLLLLLLaa L L S 0000S LLLLLLK aa SLaLa S LLLLLL ambivalence felt among the East Asia T1 s. The Malaysia F1 por ITTLE minister, Mahati Mghariad, refused to attend the summit out of anger at U.S. attacks on his proposal to Create Y S LLSSSLLK K K S SSLLLK S LL 00 L L L S grouping. He warned that if APEC became a formal trade grouping, U.S. LLLLLL L0L0K LSLaLLS LLaH SLLLLLHKLLS LLL Asian interests. Certainly, Asian Corporate interests could suffer on at:Count of unilateral U.S. Insistence On guaranteed access for U.S. products and Services to local markets, but many of those same interests would likely agree that the liberalised structural adjustment of internal national economic Systems, also being demanded by the U.S., Would afford greater costs than benefits. The sufTimit message, in this Context, was rin Luch the Samme as til at 551 i OL i Efter the NAFTA ratification to ai || Tati Girls, Especially to EC: CCESS to the U.S. markt

Page 19
and admittance to the club depended on the adoption of the "right" economic policies as Well as de facto recognition and acceptance of U.S. Self-serving infringements to the free trade rule. Europe was thus pressured to ratify the GATT agriBarTant orii lU.S. IETFTS OF EISE U.S.-E. NAFTA and APEC would both turn hostile.
On the other hand, countries far advanced in the adherence to "open LLLLCLHHLHLLS LLK SLLL LL HHHLHHLLHtt LLLLL L S LLLLa the L.S. rules, Suchas Chile, Wichi first initiated its Econo Tic Sa aLLLLLL S LL LLL L S L L SLLSLS Pinochet in the wake of his bloody 1973 Colup, Were to be pola Cad first on the list to join APEC as well as NAFTA U.S.-supervised liberalisation in the AsiaPacific region is the guarantee that, if indeed as Some clair the turn of the century is Witnessing yet another Westward swing in the centre of Economic power, thв Uпited StatВЕ ЕПОШld Stil be at i ES COTE,
SANCTUARY MARKETS
"U.S. future growth is tied directly to dynamism in this region," said the deputy U.S. trade representative. "We hawa to Tlak E SI TE3 that the U.S. is positioпеd to take advantage of globalization" said har Chigfoo. Apparently moving away from its Obsession With Japan, the administration increasingly pola CB2 d greates emphasis on the law "emerging markets" in Asia and Latin America as the World's greatest pittential Consumer of U.S. goods and Capital, "We're not abandoming OLIs efforts With Japan, because Wg Can't a || C. W tha WCT id:" S SEE: Cofid largest economy to have Sanctuary markets," Stre SSE the U.S. trade representative, Mickey Kantor, "But When We looked at the numbers, We sa W Where the action is, ar dit is in OUr OWn herTiisphere and in Asia Outside of Japan." In the heady days before the 1994 Mexican crash, Which threaterned LO L Lurri allerinerging markets in to submerging Ones, Kantor Went on to predict that U.S.
Exports to Japar Fearly 70 perCEFT 2010, but exports would rise 1 էյ1||Ճm, Filtյrք էիք TTLICH. FOF Editi E} TojE3 Ction Was HFi billiol, as oppose With the European
| simply a mater o
Of globalization growth tյt t Et:Dritյrmitյ5, " bլ է the process ... tio [1] COf Lib5 d :
Moredver, it till E; PrESSLIFE JP LigSE fO FELICE ET CE EJEFriërs, SD E H H E | WOLuld mot Grily b. help conduct thi producing Tot om Crease II dCITE | BWB| 5 50 Ce:rtif: BFOSpects. A.Fnd Ur"ıl id L.J Strid || C:LLE OSiti Orto resis L. p Dr Lan L Wרחs Iם Washing tGrl that Thirk BLS WERL||-| grĦ WittE EOW Ered r Europe, or W. ĐTOTEctionist regis. Herein lay the im diplo THC y and por Order to institution dOW. If trade barriers, and to do th at U.S. Gorno բrincipial benefitiH
THİS Was Tirt SCT be left to GATTIW | COUld not Wait, a government arid I taj HBŠS MOTId
defi TE TICE OF | y t SCJ pe Of i EJETā|| NAFTA in this regar by the Unite COLT terbalance the But APEC, Lumilike ||HVE the rL||Eg är բrECitյլIs It) լիբ Ար th: United States Europe and NAFT,
 

Would grow by tg 580 billion, by to thit rest of Asia 3 rcBrit, tC3 S248 '''''''''''''''''''' EiTTES ES BחBrits a , T וךן A ו in Grea Së tot 5232 t| tց է 128 billiՃր LIritori". It was ricյլ taking advantage or the explosive իe "emerging ather of Steering benefit of U.S. trategic interests.
int focusing tha
regions pressing I and investment J.S. Corporations Brift Ltd. E ց "Enlargence" - | Ffits, but arī stic employment | || L. O TE - E3|| E. CLİGİ |ke Japaf, the rie:W TiBS WEff in slo I.S., pressure. Just E 11 = r m the fast grCW ing n'OL ne CBS Sarily ivals in Japan Dr. Corse y Et into la ESSO Cati OT15, Ortan Cg of BETİVe BISS LIFE tal Cti CS li F1 alise the breaking and imw EstTimart.
SO in SLC1 a Way rati Of WETB E Fig ries.
ething that could TO: U.S. business d it was the U.S. not a deliberately body that could he pace but the sation, APEC GT dCOulle frontgd di States to 1 ELIrDբean Union.
NAFTA, tijd not di guarantees SO ted StatES. Here
Could also play A against APEC,
exploiting the latter's fear of a World breaking up into closed economic b|Ots.
U.S. DEADLL EST ANTAGONIST
In fact, U.S. global strategy faced no deadlier antagonist than a closed regional bloc. What Kantor termed "sarlct Läry markets, " such Es Japan's model, were simply out of the question, particularly if those markets were rich and perceived as necessary to the Well-being of U.S. multinational Corporations. Over an beyond being able to open the markets Was the COICEF that the L0KL LLLL S SLLL KJ S a LLLKS LLL S L0aL S 0LS launching pads for an autofornous global projection of Economic բgWar, Hereinlay the "lesson" of Japan; the United States gover Tent and top corporations were determined to break the monopoly Japanese firms had in their home market, mot simply for the sake of principle and profits, but also to deny the competitor the horne base to generate protected Targins of profit and independent technology which in turn could finance independent expansion KLaL LLLSS KK S L aaLLL LaLLLLSK KKLLL LLLL LL Lindermine a model which emerging BCOOmi estended Oerlata, lOte det firment of U.S. globalis T1, There was no question therefore of letting up pressure on Japan, or or China for that Tlatter, if thosa nati Orns refused to accept the rlaw BConDrnic In arching orders from Washington,
According to the U.S. neo-liberal agenda, the entire World Would be persuaded or forced to do business Lr der US-Set trading and in Westment rules propitious to U.S. investinent and exports. Supposedly, a "free trading" APEC and NAFTA Would help break down the construction of a Fortress Europe, Emphasising Japan's competitor Sir Asia. WOLld supposedly also prove productive te Washington in its dealings. With the insecure Japanese. But the administration had fears and reasons of its own regard to any emergence of an independent bloc

Page 20
mentality among the East Asia. The LHH LL LLLLLLuLGLLHHLLLLLLL LLHHLLL LLLLLLLK LLLLLLL Tegion WBr2 per Ceived to be Tlowing along the perious bloc path, as local ECOnomies WerE DECOming too big to grow by simply exporting to the United States and Europe.
Incr Easirigly they wEr E Selling and Investing in Each Other, threaterling to leave the United States Corporations out of the picture, particularly if aC Companied by El CICmiInded altitudes FBInforcing long
Stading prip Ectiw FTi gCW er ni riental inter Veritorii St
KKS SL SS S KSS S KSSL0 S LSL
Countries, in particular, were rapidly Owing to Create a literial free trHide regio fill by 2003, but it Was mot clear low oper or liberal it would be With exterial parties. The Malaysian government for one was pushing the | Idea of an East ASid ECOIn OIIIC CEL CL5 Wilic WBS LO EXCIJde The United States, Australia, and New Zealand". Some of the biggest in VfB Stors in China Wiër G. Get Finit: Chinese entre premieurs from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and SOLItheast Asia. Japan's exports to Asia exceeded its exports to the United States, and Investment multiplied, stimulated by the rising value of the yen". China, cor the other Fland, SEET EJy some as afUtUre economic Superpower, LLLLaLLL LLaaLLL LLaL L S LLS LLSS LaLLCmHLLO L S LHLLLLLLLS LLLLLL L KLLLLLLL u S LLLaLLLL LLLLLtLLLLLLL LSL S L LS LLLL L LLLLL LLLLSLS S L LLLLLLLLSK SS LLLL Binforce Copy-right protection.
T|'t United States tharifor Could flot Sir Tpl y de perd GT1 progress in the WTO and a Wait the rise of "free enterprise" consciousness at the LL LLLLLaaLY SL aa LL0S S S S LLLLS S S L S S LLL LLLLLL aLLLLK global barriers to corporate trade and in Westment. More threateri ing was тhв possible егmergence of European Union-type fortresses in different regions which could challenge Or at |east Stad il the Way of the desired global economic system. NAFTA and APEC Were It the Sarla: the first was fore tightly integrated and LIIT der Control. THE U.S., has ir O Japan to CICLE FId With Ff the WESLET hemisphere, nor were most Latin
ATrī EtOS DOSitİOf LO SĒriOUS tյrtier,
Unity, however, als AS a PECifi C ar B diversified region t As with the Latin were misgiving protectionist strea accompanied b adWOCaCy". Son fretted that Washi out strategically if the region alone t{ Japan, and eac complained of W: aggTESSIVE politi CE heart of the misgi U.S. proclivity to regard LO CONTIFTET and nuclear questi
"f "f
WES 1 OW O W. El desiring a CCESS til the security blank hawe to pay in t TTT k ELS ad CC fוח ח| .sחםatiחסpחםם SLIch behaviour rek frr:TI a II AGIT EIJC OW regimes and
Arguments are mɛ regionalism Tays Footed "COTO tilt diffET TIL Cji|| to conflict, Suppo: LIF li like ELII Top E, far ir creating an ent the EU i BBC a LL562. ad C W II | İSE til
Japanese trade an With the East would, according never be Strong er CLUT LUTäl diffETETICE precluding EU
Integration SChern
BLT in fact, it is
gDWET INTE TIL a T differECES that SO from taking the independant regio an option lies f Tafe refl Ce frañBV) Japanese politi CS,
 

է Irl Hր Ettյritյrmit Il y CC Tit Est the new
escapes the East a, a T1L: Tre TE I Latin America.
Allericans, ther s Over a rising k in U.S. policies y | E | L | Fht "tro de 18 gg Wer F1. TIEFllS rigton was pulling FOm Asia, leaWing deal with China, F1 GTI EI, Oti Er5 ashington's Overly | EITT EJTECE, At thịE wing was the new of di Shi tregats i Հial, human rights, գոs, claiming that the Cold War days Tid that COI tri ES til E TIETokat dj ët of U.S. Would he form of oper
TETS FT LUS arly Asia quarters, in ciliad atterim pots to protective of their
ErktS.
da that aCOTOTT id: LICCeed Only When Wii Still" Ed isations are prone Sedly, then, Japan, es great problem ility CCT para blE: tca Japan is a Society unique to itself, di WE5 til at link5
Ā, 5 FT CJ || TitiT ES to this argument, | Ough tC OWE" COITIE: S, thereby perhaps of NAFTA style BE1*,
the United States d TOT. C.U.||Lura|| far has kept Japan Bad in forming an rial grouping. Sugh Lully C) Lutsid E the Ork. Of Träditional
WiiC ET al COSts
seeks to preserve warm political ties and a close economic relationship With the United States, Choosing SLub)SE TWien CE to the U.S. in regional and glob, affairs stems from aր accurate perce in that the United States would regard any exclusive East Asian ECOFIOFTIC: group ing as a diré Cot Chlä|Brig B II ITS POWar III th= region. Proof of this is Washington's hostility to the proposed East Asia Economic CaLIGIJS as well B5, Difficial Japan's formal distance from THE Scheme, nt Withstanding considerLLLLLS SLSLaLLLLSSSLL L LLL LLLKKSS S S L aL Concept of a grouping Which Could er tail the development of that could be the world's most dyma'r mic
WBrhouse withם מ Eוחח סחס EG pretensions f stratEg|t independence,
CHINA
This also helps explains
Washington's Lumease toward Chima and its fee weristi li r i LI :ETT Earlit OF grCWth DoliciES that W| lock tät Country's economy to that of the United States, precluding the rise of a new Ideological, political, and Éttյոtյmit turnpetitor. So far, Chines= LLLLaLLLLLLKS LLLKLK aLLLLL LS L LSLHHLKSLSLLL LL S LS giving more attention to attracting Western Capital and technologies than in attaining military T10 der nisation, preferring to forge regional CC ITI ITercial links over military ones, Shared also is a sharp resentment Over human rights pressure from the West, viewed by many in the ragitյrl as more modern Colonial atterTipts to "civilise" the Asia FIS, ALuthoritarian regi TE5, Call|for the protection of "Asian values" as a Way Of Separa ting their Capitalist ties to the West, yet fight off Sometimes spurious and sortletings serious human rights attacks from to Nort.
Still, neither shared values of regional grtյսբirlց բEr se are the prtյblEril, ELL LS L HL L L L Ka LL S aa K S L L SSKL a E COITI OTTI Fes are per to We Star Capital Cor In Ot: the dynamism and potential of the "Confucian." Economies, if loyal to the West's net]-

Page 21
liberal economic guidelines, are then seen as a huge opportunity instead of a threat, Certain Asian "Values" are conveniently invoked to justify Capital-friendly a Luthoritarianism, While Other "Walues" SLC as the "free" labour market are adopted from the West. Labour groups in Asia call for support from the North against their own state apparatuses' failure to provide minimal protection. The idea that rapidly expanding Tarket Economies can be slowed DIE WIT |- a CCOmmOdate de T1 CC ratisation Has FO adher Ernts among either rulers and corporations, and "trade-offs" by Western governments over human rights issues in favour of Cornfiercial Ones are also indicative of the eneral balance of forces. The immon objective is to destroy and new attempts at socialism, and not to interfere with the capitalist marketoriented design of the new global Ordg,
Any conflict, therefore, would be a product of the clash not of Civilisations but of a regional diri Ve for a strategic and ideological economic independence incompatible. With the long-standing and renewed U.S. drive for dominance and Control. Governmental rhetoric aside, the real battle lima is dra W II more ir tef T15 IOf pro-market and anti-market forces than between competing models of capitalist development. Defining models, values, and rights is the selfattributed prerogative of the dominant world power. Thus ther nia ed [not be aninewitabla ideologicalCLII|tfall Clish Eo Eat WEEarn tha U.S. ald Japan, because in the alleged global da feri CB of “markeL [dB TITO Cfa CI 63S," the emphasis is on the market far more thari on dessiocracy.
Excerpted from "Power Lines, a publication by the Inter link publishing, USA, in the series "Voices & Visions : New Thinking for the New Century", sent to us by the author,
F00 totes
1 | Ejid.
* NIF10m Kazai
Lūks A5
EOC Rey 1993.
See Far East December 24,
* "The $ 6 Tri|ito Pocket", W. January 21, 19
* "C0Leded
Economically Ailing, is Sink Wall Streef W 29, 1993; "OL ELISTSS Wag. 1993.
Way York. The
Far Easter E.
Corral fra
and then govern Suprenin la self-co! Confiden CE cert3 introduce legal-Con that Would WiFi tlh | The Tinorities.
As it is, the Pres EFSeftO a Situati at the mercy Cl "parties" (ex-guerr WF). Een Parliamant WE A5 a result, Presi probably believes the prestige of the
THE PA " 5 "Deyo through. Than tha gut of the North, Gr
 

Shimbum, "Japan fa," Far Easter few, December 16,
7 Eсоглолт/c Relyѓеим
1993.
In Hole in Japan's 'W York Times, 54.
Sun: Japan, and Politically ring into Gloorր", 7Ls frä. DECETTEJJEF Itflanked in Asia", k, November 29,
5, IMay 2, 1994.
C7P 7Q 77 sic Fevřely,
Dесепber З 1993.
"Clinton's Asian Garnt Plaח', FUS fí7ēSS Week, November 14, 1 .
"More Growth Predicted for New Markets". Wew York Fre 5, NLWEmber - 1994
"A Dreaft of Free Trade", ECOTOrris 57. November 19, 1994 "APEC Nuts and Bolts", Far Easterni ECOr7Orc Feyev, November 1 (), 1 FIF.
"Aslan Nations Wary on Pacific: TTB da ZOHE", Wew York Trחas November 11, 1994.
* Samuel Huntington, "The Clash of Civilisations ?". Foreign Affairs |Surnrller 1993), Sharp counterarguments are provided by Chandra Muzaffar, "The Clash of Civilisations, or, Camou flaging Dominance", Just Согтгтегігагу (Malaysia), no.5 (September 1993).
SLSLSSLSLSSLSLSSLSLSSLSLS
ու թացը /
he country with fi di Ce; a Selflly I SLI fficielt to titutional changes
lasting loyalty Of
lent must resign "I WIEFE EFE PA S
F55 Orted Ta a groups in fact |ES On a major Bill, Bnt KumaratIInga Et 51D illust L55 Гesidency to push JTIDrl Package“ ITE, now PLIshed ld EJB isolated and
crushed. The Tamil community and the Muslims will be satisfied. The representati Wes Would be permanent Triends, OT even alies of the PAI; defence spending which has soared these past two years could be drastica II y cut and di Verted to development projects that could create |CES, and thus make rising Unemployment, a new danger, no grBat threat I Ճ բքlitica | Stability. The COPPIOsition Wi|| bg red Liced to sabցtage, Tinor Strikes, personal slander atc. This is the thinking behind the new Kumaratunga project, There S something missing in all this. 36 Sinhala-Buddhist organisations have appointed a Commission of Inquiry to "identify the grievances faced by thք Sinhala people over 200 years". At the formal opening, the Maharia yaket Heras of the Nikayas were O TE SETT Meanwhile, "Another Gas Price Hike Next Month? Is the front-page HEādirīE OT tha Island.

Page 22


Page 23
tெfrrநாg 72
everywhere first to have work projects set up. More important, by the latë 1980s poor peasants, weary of simple road-building and rock breaking, were demanding EGS schemes be oriented to "productive" work, enriching the la Fid.
(2) The concept of 'alternative developmEnt" began to Emerge fro Within people's movements. With Iggarita agriculture this included Tlarly Experiments in sustainable low-input agriculture minimising use of chemical fertilisers and pasticides- вxрегіплепts both on an intensive scale in some WBTy Well-known "natura farmers", and also On a broader, less "pura" extensive scale with Widespread experiments NŲ It Cri-Cielica far III ing earthworms, alternative fertilisers etc. These were taken up as CETT Paig F15 Eby Fär ITET5 O TIgE ri i Saltic Is. Consciousness of women's role in Լraditional farming prompted freliu Erit focusing on women, e.g. the "Sita TarTing" program of Shat kari Sanghatana in Maharashtra. While there have been many isolated experiments in "natural farming", often provoked by the Tethods of Fukuoka's "oneStraw revolution", most of the wideSpread efforts at alternative agricLiture have emphasised what the Chinese call "BCological agriculture", Combining traditional methods with useful new technologies) father Lhan the Lrist methods of Fukuoka and others XLII, Churru and Taylor, 1991),
3 Concer for Preserving biodiversity, saving seeds, etc. began to be reflected is recording and attempts to Spread WHrious indigEngus te Chris, Spearhead by NGOs as diverse as Navodaya in Bangalore, Srishti in A Flirtin Ed år blad. These Had Widely different policies on the "intellectual property rights" issue; Navodaya and sts inspirer Wandana Shiva FlavE3 beer) prominant in those arguing against all "patents on life", while Srishti's Anil Gupta has proclaimed the need to give "intellectual property rig its for fHrmers".
(4) irrigation issues began to be taken up by people's movements, with the amergence of struggles against |arge
daimis EWE ry Where NäTTTja, då Bal:Fiat
SC Emes for st SChemmes, Equia | W. began tց էք մը Dractical. TFC Par and the Bali Raja
WETE- Exampl E5 g efforts,
(5) In regard to y TOSt Creative done in helping incorne-generating * is a kind of recog Employmsrit (eft; ag TÕ-D TOGES sing) prosperity. These not simply as wi. DPO Id LICE FS irid arti and innovating on PlatĒrials är tgt; SEIlling to a T1 Luch i 5ք IIIE LEISES Eւմ էր Following the ups and rural producti CHinese Women", ՑԼյբբitյrt tյf sւյցի (traditionally called China) as more im Thlaf Bith Er wagE Er agriculture.
(5) Provision of Cre SLJICH ST1a || Egitt indigenous "self-hel Pl Citյr rLIral մաtյրեր եւ SITTB || SLUIT, Every w On a FOtating basist Pro Widad the basis
բTCgrtirlimes Tից Bangladesh is a fa TOW SLICH FL-Ira || Cadil become widespread
Asiam CCL Intry.
(7) While urban won COTCentrated on si TUTH| Organi Sationis B Etteriti ri tigre of of Worlen's oppress South Asian sociates 3 Tid EJTO perti Essin Faldwing initia atter Wahini in Bihar, Sanghataria in Mana 1989 Its "Laxmi Mu give a share of peas: WCJITIBT1,
By the middle 1.99
 

pearheaded by the Endoları; alternative Il-scale irrigation er distribution. Et C. ed and putinto Panchay Hit Scherme HIT in Maharashtra :Luchi la Cal PoE:asarit
rnen, Borne of the by NGOs has been o build Lup) small "micro-enterprises" litiĝi [ that Tion farIT
BCted Wt is the key to rural ave treated World JE E a TTIETS EJ ut as apreneurs, creating the basis of local in LBS, but Often wider urban (and in
foreign market. Irga in agriculture in after 1978, the Fed Bration toto k; micro-enterprises
"Sidaline" Work in DO TLH TL for WWÖTTET mployment or work
dit is necessary for prises, and hera 3 groups" sin Whigh Would contribute a Jek, a Fiġi linja In IL LI LI T to group members) for ExtGrid Eid || Oia GT: TIEET Eärk Of Inous model, but prograrтлгпёshave in practically every
er's organisations glting atriciti B5, legan tOtLIIT In their LE CLICia forms sion in patriarchal 3: the la rileSSI BISS Ea5s of Wyl T12 Tipts by Sangarsh the Selkiri fa5|hitra i Titiited i T1 kiti "Campaign to ant family land to
O'S therefore, a
treasury of experiments and movement campaigns had moved beyond old "food first" and new "growth first models, posing new Ways of achieving not simply food security, but food abundance and prosperity
WHET E does this || EāVE LIS ir TETITTE DE recommendations for food security?
RECOMMENDATIONS
Economic growth, particularly in agriculture, is clearly related to food security, as shown by the accomplishments Of most Asian CCL Intries and this F5 besit a Cheed through a market orientation with appropriate political regulations and intervention, accompanied by linked to programs for "safety nets" for the poor and W Lilnerable and with regard for environmental sustainability, Past "statist' efforts at subordinating agricu| LLTB to Industrial development and providing "cheap food" through public distribution1 systemshawe por O'Wed inadequate Vigorous economic growth is the only basis for resolving the problem of hunger in Society.
However, general growth by itself does not guarantee the food sa Curity of the largest subordinated sector of society - Worllen. As Amatya Sen and others have shown, not so much the ability to grow food but "entitlement" to food | VV hich is T1 Ost Casas comes through income is crucial, We can no longer assume that a family's access to food means that all its marTibers will get an equal share. Economic growth has to be accompanied by programmes of enim powerment and antitlerinent, including land rights for women, aCCess tö Eduation t radil t0 agriculture and other extension K0 SKL S 000S S SY LLLLLL L L S S L sustainable development" is called for here, and this Teans giving Women rights to land and other means of production as the most important aspect of empowerment underlying food 5:BCurity,
Today the slogan of "food security" is Ingst fra Cuently usad With The intention of arguing that production for the market is the major factor destroying food security, the state is

Page 24
expected to provide food for the poor. Furtler, WOITEI's relations. With food KLL LLaCLLL LLL LLLaLLLL LLLLL LHHLLLLaL as grO UT dS för räj Ecting market participation, and especially export agricultur B. While Lur bar people (in ClLIding Fall BCofeminists ContinuE to rely, JT the markGT TOT their CWT food needs, there is a tendency to depict traditional "subsistence production" as the ideal for farmers and especially rural worrier, But this is a demeaning and dangerous approach to dealing With poverty and hunger. At one level, the distinction between "Food" and "as" CrODS 15 m e Bring ESS - foodgrains, or fruits and vegetables, Carl be grOWI as aither, RLJ TE | WOTTEIT also show an interest in earning Cash to Support th Bir families in fact, in LaLL aLLLLL GL0 a LSLCL aHaLLLLLK they are pTDTT1 fr1 = Tht SE || B. TS Lf WEgeTables and fruit SiT || 0 Call mark EtS) and should not be deprived of this opportunity. The growth of a healthy Commercial agricultLITE HEրքfits therm FIOL O Tilly as Workers in agriculture |fanmi|| y farmers or la EJCILITETS) BOLJIt as ProducBTS Ofalkirid sin a vigorous rural ECDոDITly,
What about export? THE Te is no Evidence to Show that a country exporting agricultural produce The CBS Sarily do ES SC at the CCS:t Of its LLLLLL SS SSL LLLLa a LLL LS S SL a LL ĊIO LI Ilitfi B5 l Ikla A, L-Stra lia anid MJ Baw Zealand, for example, have used agri CLL ItL I Tal Exports as a major SOLI rCB of foreign exchange, and the tropical Asian Countries with good sunlight and SO || hawe ar advartage in this regard) Again, Women as well as Then are aided Ely income benefits, in sole cases, it is better to export certain foodgrains and use the foreign Exchange to but
OES.
One important aspect of trade and export, however, is increased local PTOCESSI ng Of agri Cultural por Cod LCt5S, SO that exports are not simply crops but processed foods and other goods. This requires not Only helpo fronîn their own ġo werri f Tile Tits im s Lupport of suchi Enterprisë ard export, ELUT EVERII Tritore the e ri dirig Of Ejarriers to tradg especial y trade in processad items by developed CEOL nitrias. Here the darge FÖLJS B-Spects of slogans of "food
Table 7: Urban
HGä|Th SEFWICESäfE WātET SäIIItätilII
SOLUTICE: Hurt
N
Table 8: Changi ES VELE
Swyr Eidal
USA
Thiaid
Malaysia
Sri Larka Philippines Intitirl B sia Myanmar | Hiira Pikti Bangladesh Nepal
StյլIrC H. Human A positive differ
-ܠ
TIFIST" Carl E. SEET տlքgans, Or deք/etiւ rural people as "su. шsed by waШ-гттеaліп
 

Disparity in Services Y
South Asia East Asia East Asia SaLitheast Asia
exc, China and pacific
S. 72 ՑՍ 25
Development Report, 1996, Table 47.
ng status of Women in Asian Countries - GDI ower time:
90 58 75 WO 18 92 53
5, 1970-1992
D| WELIE % Change in Rak, il 1970 97Ο Π 392 Wā Lje minus rank in 1992
[0,754 0.31 : 20 2 OB O OOO1 11 -4
0.448 (0,79E 78 17 0.422 (), 758 82 15 0,468 0 560 41 -7 O455 C.625 37 -9 O.3O7 Ο.591 92 5 0.339 O,448 32 -15 O.25 O C4O1 6 O 12 0. 195 0.360 E. 1 0.174 0.334 92
O. 128 0,310 1 3 1
Development Report, 1995. ence in rank means an improvement from 1970 to 1992
ťo) y ffE 7 SCF rs of Asar por загвxд/оїred"” ага g people (including
فير
fелтглѓsts/ fл тhe developed couлfrївs to prevелt fлпрогts fлto their owл сошлtгy, The fголуѓs that глоw, wлал LaLuLLLLL LCLL LLLCLL LCCL LLLLLLLGLLLLLY LLLLLLK

Page 25
ага baatiлду тапy of the westerп LLLLLaLKS uS LLLL LLLLLC aCTS LKCCH H CHCLLKLLLKS LCCCCKK LC L LJCLS LCCLL LLLLS L CCCLCCLHHL GHS LCT SLLMCLCCLLLLS YGLLLGGLCCLL LLLCLCLLCLCLL LLLLL LLYCL production is rowing to the third world — the cry against trade алd the ллагker is beiro7g rafsg do... Tio eg rura / poof of сошлtries їїќе /лdia are being depicted KK GLkCCHL LL L aC CHKCLLCSSS LL LLLLSa LLLLLLLCCC тiптi e whел тhғy are begiriлing to Jane fif forti it.
LS LK KSLLLLL LLLL LLLLLLLK S S S LLaaLL LLSL Emergency aid in times of Crisis and forthe Very poorest sections of Society, Public distribution schemes, rations, etc. hawe been used by Thary Asian Countries in the past as Tears of providing "cheap food". Unfortunately, the sa have primarily served urban populations and rarely reached the poorest of the rural areas. They are also expensive and involve a lot of wastage, the quality is generally mot good. In the past they have also been "financed" mainly boy giving low p rices for foodgrains to farmers ensuring that the relatively Ecolorer farmars lewer the "rich" farmers are usually worse off than urban employees) subsidise LHE LITbJan GECTO. This hä5 ble COTTE increasingly difficult to do as farmers have fought for higher prices; the cost of such public distribution schemes has risen in nearly every country and they are recognised to be unviable, Thus there is acceptance of a need for "targeting" - but this is difficult; it is both politically un acceptable and expensive. There is a possibility of phasing out such public distribution scherines (for Instance. Is India in the last few years, food Stocks. With the government have risen but off take has de Crea Seri).
What instead? Today food stamps and WOucher cards are being discussed as an alternative. If only a proportion of the funds spend on public distribution schemes ultimately reach the poor in the form of food, why not provide thern simply with the money instead - money to purchase food, rather than the food itself? Some for of Credit card for the rural poor to pLurchase food might e Ver| be provided. That this is possible even in Door COLIntries like India is shown by the success of the voter photo identity cards recently issued at the
Orders of the Ele CdTS WHICH HEC even though nearl do Libited their WIa "Credit cards for L. ther respectabili allowing the poort as they Wish wa. dignity of choice. T of His would Eth für family nutritlos FE Haldo Caf til E \, in recognition of t providing for far Willage women's Women political activists, could en: not depriwad of Lhi by their husbands.
Finally, ensuring t food production development is a . can be best one environmentalist a
Солго!/го,
particulary importa during the period 01 industrial Ilations, clLIrch BSWE TE the T ideology.
Even after the independence by th Countries, Ch Lur:F" Termained cl O5 a to thinking, as can be from the a || OCLI tion 24 December 1955 in this area is fou positions adopted b in 1961 at the thiri DE: hi.
The posr-co/олѓа/ * Were wery quick to the Colonial era ani in Tiany cases 1 Conc ratto and COLIr the problems of th In Pacer 77 in Terris, spoke of the relatio
 

for COTIri:550 - he hugely popular all political parties lity, Calling these 2 poor" would give and Status. And spend them пеаг1ү ld give them the |a impOrtarı taspect it such cards given should be put into Tiern of the family, EiT de EEG ve TCDE in ily consumption. roups, chaired by ad Eers and SCCB || I fe that WOTTET I TE
right to use these
| Ee SL JStalina bility of and agricultura TLU CİH || CCT CEarl and not by wise elite nd regulations but
п page /4
nt ideological basis Colonialism by the and the Christial lain Wehicle för this
attāli, Est of former colonised OCLITILS Sti the old way of ѕвеп, fог example, of Pope Pius XII of A Critical di Stal CE ld only in certain the WCC, notably assembly in New
a. The Churches dra W a Weil over at the same tina ad Cpt a mor 3 geous attitude to post-colonial era. Pope John XX || || ships between the
by being linked to a de Centra = f t| of democratic government - ownership rights overland water and forests are necessary nO lOng= = = _d thE state have the right to CC = c === these and distribute them cheap in the name of "development = Women's Co-operatives can -- charge of for est and firste development on Wastelands, can he in Tlalaging a reconstitt led village Connors, and Carigive ad Bridoria support to smaller, often individual micro enterprises, Integrated programmes of agro-forestry, inland fisheries, Waste recycling car provide LLLLLL LL L SLLL LLLL KLLLS KLL LLL K KS Economic development, and food Security, Cornes not from bureaucratit controls and grandiose Scheiles of "investment in agricultur E“, Gr from providing concessions to industrialists, but from supporting and giving rights to small producers at every level.
young peoples and the old peoples. The self-determination of the new nations was a theme at the Uppsala assembly. The em Cyclical Populorum Progressio tackled the theme of development and LL LLaLLL LLLLLaLLLL LL L a LaLLaaLLLL LLLLCHLLLaLLLL imperialism. Various documents of the WCC and especially of its Programme to Combat Racism have spoken of the phenomenon of neo-colonialist1. The capacity for analysis was gradually developed within the churches. It rust be acknowledged, however, that the Official documents show little in the Way of self-Criticism as to the rol E played in colonia fisnin by the churches themselves, whatever the personal devotion and herois T shown by individual missionaries, NO a TE the re any critiques of colonialism as such, of its economic and political roots and the domination resulting from it.
Notes C. Alix, "Le Vatican Et la de colonisation" in .1. Les Eglises LLLLLL LLLLCLLLCLLK LLL K LLaLaLaLLLL0LLLLLSSS Marcel Merle El Pari5, Colin, 1967 G.I. The Problet of Colonies, r., New York, Federal Council of the churces of Christin America, 1938.

Page 26
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Will privatization mean the end of the union represent How will the interests of my members be protected
-Trade Unionist.
 

t
Privatization will in no Way dilute or reduce the powers and rights of your union, British Airways was privatized in 1987, and the unions remain to protect Worker interests just as before, Some of the world's largest, most powerful and vocal unions exist in the private sector. For example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) represent over 100,000 workers at the three biggest American car companies, none of which are state owned. In fact, there is every likelihood that working conditions will actually improve in privatized companies, since there will be substantial investments made to upgrade facilities and training. You can look forward to representing a considerably more
prosperous union.
It is important to realize privatization is a Teans to an end. It is a means to improve our living standards, foster technological progress, create employment and take our nation into a more prosperous tomorrow. In order to achieve these aims, privatization has to be executed in the
appropriate manner.
That is the task of the Public Enterprise Reform Commission (PERC). Its mandate is to make privatization
work for Sri Lankans today, and for generations to come.
Every privatization is a carefully considered decision that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society; the general public, the state employees, the consumers, the
suppliers, as well as the country's overal economic vision,
PERC's mission is to see that privatization works. In doing so, your interests are always being Well looked
after,
With privatization everybody has a stake,
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