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n ܬܘܼܫܵܠܵܐ
Bradman Weerakoon
HE DEA.svac A2
 
 
 
 
 

THE POSS

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S S aLS S LTLLLGLLLLSS S SLLLHLHLL SLLLLLLHHHHLLLLLLLaa Radhlik: CooIIl:I'asvaIIly, 1993. RS 8
The authors try to answer the question " up to the promise of its early years of ill economy of the country, civil liberties, affairs are among the wide railge of the II
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This is a comprehensive and incisive cas post-Cold War COI text. It prÚwides än a Lanka since the 1970s, and especially 1980s. This book is largely based oil :
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Sri Lankan who wants to know why our ureaucracy to Universities and the economy
by K M de Silva (editor), G. H. Peiris and 50/= }
Why has post-independence Sri Lanka not lived
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Visi or rid Resility edited by K M de Silva
Jriversity celebrated its 50th anniversary, the ind failures of the University System in general, :Llılar, Ind its contribution to Sri La Ilka’s fessors Asoka Ekama yake, K N O Dharmadasa, Panditharatine, Drs. Wijaya Jayatilake, Neelan W. M. A. Wijera na Banda,
SGLLCLHGCGGHLLLLHSHC aL S TGTGLS S LLLL0SLLLSLLTTGGLLLLS
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nalysis of post-independence socio-economic or presents a rich variety of quantitative and accessible to the average reader, to support Lle themes ranging from, Physical Resources Base, LLL CLCLL LLLLLL aLLLLLLLL LLaa LLLL LLLLHS CLLlLLLLLLLS Welfare Services to Macro-Economic (Cha Inge:
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DIRECTIO:
for Ethnic Studies, iya Road, Kandy | - 4}}모

Page 3
|WAN
Was it a far lous victory? Yes, says the true-blue SLFP supporter. And he/she does have a strong case. The SLFP led Peoples Allian CG (PA) WOn an impressive 194 contests of the 238 local bodies that went to the polls last Saturday, PA DOMINATES LOCAL CU UN CILS read the front page headline of the state owned SUNDAY OBSERVER. The privately owned SUNDAY TIMES, no tom-tom beater of the grand coalition, was even more generous. Under its banner headline RESOUNDING WICTORY FOR PA was a clevery picked picture of the ailing Pri TTIE MIT i StET Siri Tillä Bandartā laike given a helping hand by her daughter, Presiderit Chāndirika Banda Tamai ke KLIITarat Lunga, at the Nitt amb LUWä polling Centre.
WAS IT REALLY ARESOUNDING VICTORY
Dr. Raj Nadarajah of South Africa who ha= Garved as H I El EC til Carl OEISE TWEET in
NO APRIL 15THE LANKA
GUARD HAN ISSUE
As has been the case from the inception of this magazine, the Laila Guardian skips Lili i 55 LIIe OlVeT the SiIHaia a1d Hindu Nevy Year. We'll be back on May Ist with our 19th Anniversary number.
many countries ISLAND that TOE Carrying guns, Stic abo Ut the NB irtiri li rilating pre-sit polling agents and Sa Fd het SBW 5 BW prevented from goi
What's this? A апсѓал геgїлте?
Dr. Nadarajah is a p qLuite clear. HB lider Hoats – Kurana Da || OWLukuta Wa. "A sa W a UNP pollin b) Eing tra T1 pled activists,...".
This dogs of TB governments Will pr NJLL || ELIT THE the media will rapi: Could be the begint Critical attitude to thB |last de Cäde of Sri Lanka is no larg Wue to the US a Wat i SG OVET, Indii relationship" With
Indira Gandhi's Ind the symbol of th hardly mentio K. Subfamilian, D. pussy Cat.
So WE TiLISL FOCUS significance of the COLEXIT DIT CUTTET Farrio Luis Wictory?
"IBad" tյf thB stat OBSERWER, DE PLI GLITES kara SLUTT TITI with a pleasing Ca
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

told the SUNDAY is dressed in blue, KS drid knives, Welt g) Tibi di Strigt ding officers, UNP Certain WOters, HE eral voters being ing in -- ...",
flashback to the
rofessional That's tified three poling BŪla Wäldra artid , t Dlalu Wakotuwa, | g agent է IEEding,
by sort, PA
that the Wester Ti OTTPitly LLITTI hostila. WeSEETI NGOs and int H II this, and this Iffi J if I TIEW, Friare THE FA, A Tid in this the 20th century, IBT of army Strategic ld Nat), THE Cold and its "special |iք "ՏՃակքլ Լյոiըrլ" -Soviet Treaty was it relatigrishiբ) is Ed Bower by = | Hi"5 Fawk, I hoyw a
In the interra | F: Figo polo||S. TESLJI, III, the politics, Was it a птпе fгопt-page ! LWIEH SLNDA“ Editor Lakshirtial cd up the si ELJEditToT
Mervyn De Silva
"The People's Alliance scored a Conwin Cing political Wictory in taking the lion's share of local government bodies but had to be content With less than half of the total valid votes polled. The UNP was summarily di SOdged
GUARD
이 1 N고 Aprill 1. 1)
Politic R55, Published fortnighly by LНПka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No.246, Union Place,
Columbը (12,
Tel F. 4475 E-flail-guardianasri.lanka.net
Editor in Chief Mervyn de Silva Edit) r: Dayan Jaya tilleka Printed by: United Publishing House (Pvt) Ltd
C O N T E N T S
Tisarance GLIliasekara S.Sathailanthan Dilip S. Samarasinghe Bri:Lldman Weerakoan Јапаšaviya
羅
五
E DE S MAGAZINE
4 U3

Page 4
from its pravio Luis dominiation of local authorities but picked up a solid KSK000 SS SLS S SLLLK LL LLSS LLLL LS S a a LSLKSJ 48.97명."
SOME COUNCILS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS
Readers Will surely note the coincidence, in 1994, the FA had to Elisatisfied with a very modest 50%. It was the PA candidate Chridrika KLTaratunga who established a record With her 63% at the Presidential polls. After Two years iл offfice, гтost яла/ysts were certain that the PA: 's percentage? woL Mad Ebeg at seast 55%. Last Saturday, the Cold reality of a less than 50% vote ппаү have stopped soпп в of the triumphant hot-heads celebrating a farmon Luis Wictory.
The governing party did Will however Lo take control of SEyen municipal tOLITICills Fisit, 20 Lisbias i City Unicilg. ThE 167 Pradesheeya Sabhas do suggest an Island-Wide reach, minus of Course LLLC Sa LLLLLLSS LLLL S LLL LLaS aaL LL LLLLaLSL student of Sri Lankan politics Will ignore the fact that the free use of the state machinery a privilege of the ruling party) gives that party an lernor fino Luis advantage, The opposition lardly has a chance, That is certainly not true of a Municipality, and as its |title annOLInCes, am URBAM COUn Cilis elected by an urban voter. Not Only can an Opposition party if it has money) equip itself with the facilities necessary TDT a We||=Organised campaign but it can deny the governing party an unfair advantage. With 7 LSSHHLLLaLLLL LLLLHaLS 00 LLLamH LLLHHaLLLL and a tota || 3 , 42 m || || Orl V. Otes, President Ku TaratLiga's PA has certainly a cause for Celebration. And yet Wher she notes that the UNP LL HLH S LLLS KSS S K S00 S LLLa aL SS a M Licipal Councils, and 11 urban Councils, she will surely reflect more söberly On the pg|IS TESLI lits.
А// Милісjpa/ сошлсїs are etуша/ bшт sолтлв arg ллоге вуша/ thал оthвгs. Colombo. Kardy. Ga/g, Jaffna for Fr7 star 7 CF2 är first grade, fr) Fro/iffCaf - historica/ Tвглns. Вшг Калг/y, The hогтв L S a S YLYLLLLLLS LL S L SK LL LLLKSaLLCCMS SKCCCL L LYYK S S CLLLLLCLLLL K TCaCa TCLLLCS was captured by the UNPI. The PA
an. two ye most analyst certain †ha† percentage V least 55%. Saturday, th of a less the may have sitt the triumph celebrating victory.
sh Old Conside it the southern Ca sa. The Way, A happened to THC young Siri hala || MILI wara Eliya ridist ra, äs it Wa:S independence tirTi CWC Comit StEg C WBS a COC kerE, COICE is it turne Unchallenged bos proletariat, a S. L. Calledit, Wā5 h LI had bвап перје
reCGTL de Gist CITILO
of the line-rooms by the UNP reg
delayed Its ITıp үеars",
MT, TF1 Orilla Tilari ПITTSBH HE WHE I had a writter agr: It Flas || OL. UBen F1 accepted a portf חסם H has thBח control of plat decades his loyal les Sithan orie pe
COLOMBO FA,
|TLC dafEEL KE to tha PA, thg || de-facto capital,
the Cunning ma mayor G.B.T.B.SF
 

rs in office,
| WEE the PA's ould be at
ast 2 cold reality Iլ 50% W0Ւք pped some of in hot-heads
famous
His
5 Elf || LIC:ky that Galle, ital, didn't go the Hy way Whatev ET d'S FLOTT 77 — ES 751:kbenche FS Ca ||
rict - or the planter
kril C. W ni i rI POTE57 MITTI TITETI’S its own, its systbol a sing Larly pČOT Little, T. C. 35 of the plantation Elf Lijst tradigo | B3 de T5 E|Et "THE 1 (forkors C'tac and éven The hand Over Ownership Flad really BBen taker is | lg | T | ig. Fill, field em Bitation for 2
has only tr: blame go clayer by half. He gamalt With the UNP. brogated yet. But he |C FrOITTFE PAND" :ft||g but rit. It rlger Ttation" |a BOLIT, fOT troops. The CWC got rçart of the vote !
ILS TO KARU IMAGE
Indy was a LIda shock ըss Lif Cilicյmbը, էՒle was a bitter blow. All CELI WTEs afteT LUMIP ia lingam's suddin
defection porowed Counter-productive and futile largely because of "the flew face" in the contest for the capital, and the image that UNP chairman Karu Jayasuriya projected. The self-effacing "Kar", a blu SIDE:ssä. Tärı arid TCOTTI Er diplomat, referred to another image when he spoke to the press after his COFInfortable Victory, "Il OLIT campaign we concentrated or projecting the new vision and airTis of our leader, Ramil Wirokrer Tsinghe“.
The MEP and JWP joined the UNP in condemning Organised political violence and large scale malpractices The UNP GETBral Secretary, Garfin LLaLLLLL LLCL KLLLK LL S L ttmLLLLLLL LLLaLLLL robbery accompanied with force, threat and violence". Polling agents Of The UNF and of other parties Were chased a Way, hic Said.
"This campaign has been full of LLLLSLLLSKLLLL S LLLL S aLLLL LLLLLLa aL LSaLLLaH L Blection |aws"SEid MEP || Bader, Dirlesh GLI Fardel,
The MEP fared poorly. The JWP did LLLLSSSLLLSLa L SLL LLLL LLLLaaa aaaataL LLLCLCLLSLLL S time the JWP is doing its bäst t0 play by the rules... at least till it is allowed to do so of perhaps till the time is finally right i.e. a mass base, representation in all the kEy der nogratic H5sen blies the "objective conditions" and the army still fighting the Tigers' in the
lead-east,
PACKAGE: NOMANDATE
The MEP e Widently Cannot CLJ LJUTIT DIT the popular support that the JWP can Oil SE. Il as L. Wait ti t'EPA actua|| y Presents the "devolutiŪT package" in Parliament, tempted to justify the move on the argument that the FA's "SWEEpiring WiiCtOTY" Wa S = marriat. fact, it was a such firg However President Charidrika, Prof. G.L. and CC. Will be te Ti puted to tak that route Prof. G.L. Pieris för instal has claimed Daily News 24/31 that the PA|'s "true pBrcentage“ is over 51 SinCe the Wotes polled by Independe Groups backed by the PA should all E53, 3ydd E}{d.

Page 5
It Was an almost perfeCT t. Irma roLIIId. | 1991 EHE UN P Wri T 93 a gOVET firment bodies; 6 years latar in 1997 it was LHE PA "stLIITT TO WEET THE laurels. With Victories in 194 Municipal and Urban Councils and Pradesheeya Sa b has. True, the election was preceded by One of tha filost Violent ard a Crimonio Luis Carpaigns in the history of 20th century Sri Lanka - and the various incidents of election day Violence and mal practices Were disturbingly rer. Iniscent of the Referendum of 1982. Despite all these factors the PA's Score of 194 local goverminTerrit bodies is anı impressive a ChiguverTBT1L.
PEDRISSPEAK
The sheen begins to Wear off a bit however, When Crie looks at the TILInber of yotes and the perCentages. Despite an all out campaign personally Ed by Pridgt CHaidrīki Bandaranai ke Kumaratunga, the PA failed to Wault the magic 50% mark. It Tia flag Ed to PD || Conly 48.9% of the TOItali walid WOTES – i. Ë, the Exact PETICentage it polied at the 1994 Parlia Tentary electio T15, Prof. G. L. Pieris nas juggled the figures a bit in a desperated attempt to prove that the PA did manage to obtain more than 50% of the valid vote. According to the Worthy Professor: "to the PA figure must be added the votes polled by the Independant Groups backed by the PA, FT TriStarCE Tīriety thiJ u Sard Wotes colled in Colombo Municipal area by The Indeper 1 dant Gr Oup should ba added to the PA vote" (Daily News
24.3,97). T LITECE CETEC sy'r ribo / ar 7 Ei bracki, Gголд Бгэснш5a of ал fлдвдалсалт, 5, attracting 5 large g Wolf Of Gri. f PA. T.
7 M. GEN Egg аг"varтѓsgлтелf fл ї PHPDF" WYra kesäF, E, that he is an inde Tığı 0, B virus dilir. Thā7 t d t /east a seg FJosef y ffi? Wrede Coord F. Or, attracting precisa/) the logic ha/iілd th fCJ LCFIFEFT JTrfEr சேராதி), Threfr that his wore shot FA Wolfe is a fad/sg i
量
in an important
POB forma TCe fa || 5 perforПапсе оf Prв: UN PI FT THE 1ST polis. In 1991, բrring unted tը էյց fUTeigsl observers political parties suc UNP polled 52,2% WÖtés, Änd in Lêr
di Stricts the UPNP Peretiga of votes PA did in 1997. Se Words despit C2 a FIHA: Chārīdrik failed performance of Pr UNP II 1991
 

a PA for the lsior) of du riping its тg an Independent "g eef at sc
E WIN SLCCEd in roup of Wolfers who Sa varit to vote for s иwhy
ga 7 ir fs las .
"he Јалтї/ /алgшаде rттр/jasfseо! tha fact per7dermit Car7dira te. LSO refore is "F7 7E 7F JY WE LWO TOP5 делоїелf Group fл Wä IF PA -- SiffCE Sir Wors was gPA's decision of i'r 5 o Wr sy'n 7.7 biol i'r 7
FF Y FFFF;" | ld be added to tha
E.
respect the PA's far short Of the Bidarit PrenadaGa's local government in an election free and fair by à5 WE|| 15 rwä| h Eas the NSSP, the Of the Lot || VEN || cd Of the SEwerten ' polled a higher ir 1991 tħari ta E THէյIE || |rl LյtՒlBT Efforts President EO Etter the 2 Tia Liasi - a | LE
TiSaramee Gunasekara
The election results debunk a myth that is assiduously propagated by the PA I that this government has the support of a clear majority of Sri Lankans. The 63% performance of the PA, Cardidate at the 94 Prg Sidential election is LuSE id as por of of this assertion. The '97 local goverrifier election results clearly aemonstrare that the extra 7.4% the PA got at the CLCLOLCCCMLLLLL MCaLLCGCCH HCLCLCL CHCHG LCLK LOCS LLLCLLLLLLLLYLLLL S LLLLLLLCCLCLLMLLLLLL LLL LLLLLLLK arst Srina Dissarayake It Was protesť vo fe aga inst the UMVP's арpalling choice of a polfffca/widow = LLLCLL LLLCLLL CLLLLL S KCC K LHHLHHLLCLL LLLLLT LCT рагту - as frs гврfаселлелг Ргеѕїївлгѓа! candidate. Obviously the UNP being a modern bourgeois democratic party, its voter is less receptive to the political claims of the various farthily member Of its dead leaders, unlike the feudal and family centric SLFP). Since this factor was not in operation at the 1997 local government election, only the supporters and sympathis Eers of PA voted for it - thereby causing the PA's votes to drop from the dazzling 63% to an Ordinary 49%. As to what the PA's percentage of votes would have TCCH HHHLHK CC GLGLLCLCCCC LLLLLCHHHH таргасffices is anybody's gшess.
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION UN WILABLE
The fact that Ewin a no holds barred campaign and a less than free and fair election) did not Brnabla the PA to valL||L the 50%. Tark, places the government

Page 6
The
UNP 1991 P
as a % of total
Walid Wotes)
ColtյTTibt: 54.7명, Gair 'inpahia 50.07% E Kalütafa AF5.9% Kandy 57. . 5 INILI VWara Eliya 50.1% MEEE|B 53명 E Galle 4B.3명, E Matar 47.E", E Hall into La -4E, .م KLIrlUIThEegalla 52,5, Pluta|T| 54.5, E ArhLITEadhiEpLIra 55% E Paldri laruWi 55.4% E. Badulla 63.5% Minara gala 5 E RHETIH pura 1F. 7. E Ke galle 54.7명. E
Talba | |
PA, 1991 GEEra|| PĀ, 1997 || El BCLIOS GWEITET! SL00 S YS SYS aaLuSS SLLLLLLLYYS uuL KS S S S VG IES) WOTES
CODITEDO 50.94명, - Ganпраһа 55.79%: 55.359,
ātrā 53,77% 49, Kantly 45.43. 51.25% Nuwara Eliya 32.35% 39.3% Mata | E. 4.85명. 55.34명. Galle 56399, 52 22 Watara 59.99 54 Hambali tota 53.51 44.71 : Kur Lunega la 5187명. 52.1% Putti ETT 53.6BBE 5E 0.7%, Anu Tadhap Lira 55.19% EE, 23%, PL 51, 1893 B3.2% Bad Lu||al 43.4F 2,7 Mornia ragala EC A : 50, 2 % RaԼոaEura 50.77% 55.4. KEgalle 47.91 , 50.2 .
L S S SSS S LLSaL S L SLLLLLLLL K HLHHCLS LCLCLCLaaL baxpect to gлhance its wafer thin тад/огту fл Раг/гателt thгошула пем Parfarinentary Election, giver the LHHLHHLC CTCaLLHCCCLH aaCCCHCHC HHH LLLLLL LLLLHHLCLCHLHCLS (see Table //). The IPA 's perceritage of votes dropped freight of the seventeen
districts including dies of Colorld сол sayшелт/ү геfш of MPs. Gorg Elle CFF77 : l'IEFEf ffyg IPA
 

A 1997 is a % of total alid wates)
■,5豎 5.3% 9.9명, 1 , 25) 9,3 5,34. 2.22 4 4,71 , 2.1 E.O. E. F, 23, 3.2명, 2.7%, 0.2% 15.4
C.2%
Cal
Editio 15 ģfā Vā
the highly pLpJLIsafEd ard Garpaa, Which гл the largest литраг for a sлад 9елега! חלffari frקם חסדrtă a rלא
REFERENDUVI: HIGHRISK
OPTION
Gwen the electoral balance it is als doubtful whether the government Carl afford to go for a referendum in its devolution package, in Order tic) Win SL u Chii a refereriċi LI rri, thia gowler IT FT Earli li: LL LHu CC K aLLaL HHHL LLDL aaL0S S a
LLa L Laa KKa HHHLLLLLLLS SaLaL LLLLLL 0aaaa0 Linlikel y gwerin the pre Wailing WCBtirg patterns. And the government can ill KLLaLLLLSSSL L L SS SKLLLLLLL LLL LLL LLLL LLLaLLa L HLLS St-JCF a defeat Wi|| deal a mortal bl'OW to the PA's maidate to gover 1.
LLLLLLS SLLLLL Laa S S LSLSS LL S CLLLLLSS S a S S aaa Z beyond its score of 19 di local badies and decide What the next stop should be. The irary is that despite its newly LLLLLCS S SKHCHTCCLLY S 0L LS S S LLLLLLS LLLS tttL goverrirII.EITr bLicises, fhe goverrirrefir is CCCCCGH CHCaGLCCCLL aMCCC aHH LHHLK LLLLLL LLYLL LLLLLLLLH S CCCLCLLL aL esecificiri ir ESGL/fs Frā VEG FLIT pārd fC f'El PA 's axifra Wagad n t Clet irris, F7F 7 d' f'WISĪJF75 LC LLLLLLLLuuLC CHuaCCCC LGCCCCLCLS LCCCCCCCCLL LLYT S LLLLLL L H S CKS S uLLLLLL S SKLL вхасаглагарлог flвсгfsfs.
Si Cath Ea PA, regards the packagE2 E35 thg Silwer by Lillet Which Wi||pLIT am End to the war and the Crisis, it may be tempted to hold a referendum that is LCCCLLL LL LLCLLLLL SL Laa aLLLL LLLLLLLHHH of 1982), The systemic impact of such a decision 5 kaly to the EVEn nigre di SaSTOL 5 tite cr5ELEGES OT the referendum of 1982 - given the highly emotive nature of the issue LLLLlL L aaaa LL LLL uHmuLLLHH HHHLLLLLLLS K fact tliat The PA, leaders III II: GIL I di Filig President Chandrika) are Clairling this victory as por Olof of OVE TWh Elmlrig popular support for the package is ar. OITirio LS indication that the PA ||lay be headed precisely in this director,
HARU: THE UNP'S NEW STAR The Other fact Which has taken SOThe of the glamour OLIT of the PA'5 victory is its humiliating defeat in the Capital City of Colomb C. Winning Colomb0 was Of paramourt III1por tarıce to the! LS LHLLLLL K LL LLLLL Sa aaCCCa LL L a LLLHaLu both its identity and its symbol and Offer IES fL ES L SOrt to ai independent list headed by a recent LLLL SSaaaSSSLLLLa S LL LLLL aSSLL LaLLLLY personally Carin paigned for K, GaրEshalingaril and at the final PA

Page 7
rally at the Calipbell Park unleashed a barraga of Invective against the UMP"s mayoral Candidate, Karu Jayasuriya. Despite all these efforts, the UNP 0 0 L S S S HHaa L LLLLLL G K LLLLa C Colombo with a massive majority of 30,00Б, алтost double ftsлта/огfty at the 1994 general election The loss of Cc3|Combo is a defeat mot only for the PA, but also for the so-called liberal Tamil pro-package intelligentsia which played a decisive role in the marriage LaS S S 0 S L a L Y aL LCJ La K LS K. Ganeshallingarn and the TULF Karu Jayasuriya, a political neophyte, polari a huge 32,000 preference votes Tore HEr their champion, GänEshalingam,
The UNP, despite its failure to capture Ha LL LLLLL KK LLLHLLLLHmLS aaLHHLLaaL LaLLLLLLL Victories that it can be justifiably proud of its victory in the Colombo Municipal COLUI Cill Whil Chi thi E PA Was T10ST seriously intent on Wresting from it, is an important gain. Another positive LLL LLLCCLCC LL CMC LLLLL S LLL L LCLL LCCLLY LLLLLL K пеw star - Karш Jaүasшгїүa, the victor of the battle for the City of Colолтро.
+
The UNP also proved that it is the only truly national party in the Country which is capable of winning the allegiance of all ethnic groups, its Victory in Colombo demonstrates that its Tamil supporters remained loyal despite the Ganeshalingal candidacy and despite a last minute appeal by TE TULF Il Tay Our Of LEPA, The Tait that the UNP succeeded in beating Mr. Thor damar in What was until last Veek), Considered to be his Impregnable fOrtress, CEarly indicatoS that the majority of the plantation Tamil people consider the UNP and not the CWC to be the is tharr fiosi . This vote of Confidance is the blast testimonly to the Emancipatory nature of the UNP's past
policies com Germing "tha Wretched of
Sri Lankā“. The anti– Workerspeople nature of the PA's plantation ownership privatisation programme ( and the ha VOC. Caused by it) plus the rising Cost of living (particularly the phenomenal increase in the price of flour) would have been some of the Tajor factors | nich Caused this astonishing shift
from the CWC to thO UNP
The voting pattern in the Nuwara Eliya |- strict and the Colombo City is the
bgsf Intificatfim tha Ör. Politi Cal party C: vote based on fact and religion.
THE UNP'S' There Carlot Elbe fairly widespreade Eritri Violencia afr performance a gCVET TITTEent electi the GarIT paha, Kuru legala district: that the drop in влffrд/y dшв to | practics perpetra is not something HT Exflse for TTE – rigt berialise Trialp pola CE, but precises' happen är 7 d' Wis" / UN P W II || 3:2 || accept that as lo office, widespread and malpractices w Іife, a structшга/дrt and un free practice the Text elector probably, Jr., a far FA's popularly dro Worsening crisis at people policies. Hoy PA is and however thE latter Will 13 wer an El CTion if it. S T T Theans and method structural Constrail whining alone will 1c) W. B. tC Էյ E
Г. С. || || || || || ЕгПЕ:15|| || Гв5 а
So far the UNP's crucial respect hi. satisfactory. The Strongly em 0 Light if foreign observers, place its hopes on 1 |co Cal election bIISI that they are tied thUUSand visible dI This was a major st Which the UNP is today. The lessort in Societies as pola thig. Lask Of Obser:Wii adequately fulfille (non-Lankan pers Who do not law bitterly fought ele UN P 5 FCL || || 57
 

taday no individual 1 lay claintO a bloc rs such as Cthnicity
EAN ESSES
my doubt that the Bction malpractices Este the UNP's thlg '97 || C. Ca | T1 - particularly in Putta a II ind . Ever" ifWeassUThe Fie UNP vote was Infree and unfair ed hy the PA, that The UPNP Cai LSE as Crease in its vote ractiCes dialr fitake I beca USe Lley di E Гаррел аgain. Thв understand and 1g as the PA is in election violence Wil | TEmail a fact of WeF THE Sg Luft II Si Will tak E place at 1 à5 WÉ|| – most Wider 5 Cälille as thĒ: ps because of the | govern TT1E2 Tit's ariti WEWE ruri popular the popular the UMP is, succe ed in Winning capable of devising St. O'COrtlet is t, Complaining and not help; there will preventives,
id actis VW52||
formal CE is this S beer its 5 that NP did not insist }r the présence Of deciding instead to 1ose self aբբOInted rvers - forgetting TE} the FA. With a invisible threads. Tatalgic Tistake for
paying the pгice be derived is that i stad aS Sri Lanka, g elections can be only by Outside ins and agengies any stake in the tofa | Ejätt|Es, The arry Out its own
Carllpaign to educate its members in particular and Wotars in general about Electi GT1 Violations and Set Lupo its own L aaaLLLL LLLL LSL S L LL LLL LLL L S S S LLL immediately record and report all such incidents, TC date, Lheir COIrland CCITTO - COT1 municati On C3) LLLLLaLLLLLLLaLL LLLLK S SLLLL L LL LLLLLL a LaLKLS linking periphery to centre, have beer insufficient,
The other major la Curiae Vivas the
UNP's inability to organise its election campaign properly in many parts of the
country. The obvious enthusiasm of the rank and file members Who risked
their lives for the party could not make
Up COTIpletaly for this Organisational
LLKLLL00S S LL SSLLLLLLS LLL S S S SSSS SS SSLSLKSLLLLLLL LKYLLLL LLLLKYS S L L S S TLLLLLLLLLS SSLLCLLLLLLLLKKS SLLLT Алшrad/iарилга алd Polоллагшиva vvauld TLSLLLLL CCLC YLTLKLLLCLL LLLCLL LLLLS LLLLLL рагfоглалce fл тhese distгїcts — ігі а
Wiolently contested election SLI ch
decisions tend to send the Wrong, signal to activists and voters. Apart from its lack of clarity, it is this
Organisati CT1 a | WEāk, 1 ESS WWF Chi
prevented the UNP from successfully
facing PA's violence and rigging,
President Chandrika's strategy of
denying the UNP of the services of its
most able organiser Sirisertā Cu cara y through the use of the Presidential
Commissions has boro Lught hBT richi
LLLLLLLLS LLSLS LLLLL S LKS S L S LLYLL
immedia te steps to plug This gap. Its future electoral prospects are likely to
be less than rosy,
BROTHER ANURA: BROTHER
The results of the Gampa ha distri C1 | II di Catë that if the batt||E. TOT dominance in the family's pocket borough, Chandrika Bandaranaike Once again succeeded in beating brother Artura. The FA polled 55.35% in the Gampaha district as Opposed to the LLLKSK S 000SS000S K HL LCHLLL HH LLLLL er fra Country inclusive af FarnapLrål. The interesting point is that the UNP fared worse in Gallpaha with a Валdагалаїќе /eading its салтраigл than it did in 1991 when its campaign was led by Ranasinghe Preliadasal in 1991 the UNP polied 322, 166 votes in the Ganpaha district (i.e. 50.08% of the total valid votes) compared to SLFP's 275,697 votes (i.e. 42.85% of the total valid votes).

Page 8
リ
Gallpaha District
UNP PA
% of total of total Walid votes) Walid Votes
| SBE PTES 3 It 18.08% 48.83, 1989 Parliamentary 54. 14, 41.3 , 1 ց91 50.08% 42.35명. 1997 3G.38% 55.35%
Attarnagalle Pradesheeya Sabha
1991 1997
UNP 18931-36,68% 20350 PAISLFP 3O) 45 4— 59. OT %, 46331 Walid Woles E1 503 710B6
DOITipe Pradesheeya Sabha
1991 1997
UMP 24862 - 48.44% 21701 - 3 PA (SLFP 25459 - 51.55%, 34373 - Walid Wot 25 51321 59.482
| other WordS THE UN P L Tider
Premada sa fared better not only in the G2Tipaha District Buurt asso in fFraf сїrada/ of the Bandагалаїke kлgdoлт,
Affär Tagai WWE, JG 7 d. fr. Ar 7 LU ra LSLLLLLLLCCKLYL S S S S SLLLLLCLHHLLLCLL S LLLLLLLLYLL Dоглpe, This c/early dвглолstrates that the U/VP's path ro wicfory dogs rlor sie fл рfrting fешda/against fешda/. In fact fiere are na short curs ta victory such as gвtiіл9 "ошr Bалdагалаfќе” to fiлish Off thir BarakE. The UNP Carl win only by strengthening itself with the modernist and libertarian policies of J.R. Jayewardene and by arring itself with the pro-people and amancipatory policies of Fama singhe PE:Tiada sa. II, other Words a Creati WE, people centred programme which includвsд голл/ses which are sto//d and frLe pledges beca Lise they are based ол" дегinciples алd wi// Бесотта government policies after elections (strch as /алаsavfүa/.
THESRIMAN NON-FACTOR
The other major loser in the 1997 local government election is none other than Minister Srinani Athulatih muda li. Ms. Athulatin Lidal not only dropped aaL LL S LL S L S S S KLLaLLaLL aaLLLLSS KLL
Unofficially backed gFOUPS WFTO PILI t t ag Lalith's hirs, Al gгошps fared very b contesting Lalith' Of DET I WE2|| al'MOLIT COLIFC Tamaged Of the total Walid W. the independento fOF MS. Athi Lu|ath II OW knows it can har, Every if IMMS, A breakaway from for the WP sh dалтаде го тhe advantage. To the TE FEICÉg r7T EWEC Lars TDISTrefer. Ms. her disa strous . Minister of Tars āSSEf Lifta fad Éislif electora/y.
JVP: FACTOR F.
THE MEP is obју As for the JWP it most people exp GOTS Tird Even also failed to Ca the local govern
 

- 2B.54
65.9、
5.48명, 7.7g,
Sewel rall iride pjani identi FETTISE WES fOTW Td | these independent adly; even the group iformer stronghold ht Lawinia Municipal to poll only 5.14% tEG, THIS TEH 1 Stat Ption is a mom option Lida. And the PA to quite well without | f/1 L/Giffar77 dadi is fóo TE PA E SE E O ! Carl FTO C35.El 77 y PA or Eiring any UMP electorassy - as fол resш/rs c/ваг/у Aifft Magfyr Tudad III. Wrth Ee Ffarr777 r7CEP IS 'f7'E, זrigar arס/ נוrtis rטג v both polfrica//wалг.
PERHAPS, NOT IRCE
usly a spent force, jid "10t do Bas Wë|| 35 Cted and could only |l the dBEբ Տցuth, lt :Lire po Werin any of lent bodies as even
FT T SSSSSSA SSSSSSS S S S S SSLS S
the MEP did in 1931 Clearly the JVP is not even a potential third force though its likely to refrain as a riot wery important factor in the local political scene for sometime to come.
At the Erld Cf it ai || LhE I OCH | government election of 1997 seems to hawa Created more por ObolE is than it so | Wed. It ha 5 left EWE ry single Cortéstant Wors8 Off in SDITIE TESPELL. In that sense it is a pecularly Sri LLLLYLLLLLLL KCuLLLaLLLL LLLLHLLLLH LamLLLS LLL LLLLaL seeds of a new cycle of and instability and WIDECE.
POSTSCRIPT
Mahinda Ratnatilake the for ITBr Mayor of Ratnapura and the 2nd suspect in the Nalanda Ellawala killing topped the preference wote list in the Ratnapura Municipal Council, poli fig To të preference votes than all Candidates = aaS LLa S LLL SYL L K LLSS SK LLLL LSL S SLS L impressive B326. This show of Lipport and solidarity by the UN P voters is a slap in the face of the so-called 'soft liners' Who Want to 'reform" the UNP by purging it of its "hard-liners' and Strong Tiel.
In Prof. H.L. Seneviratnes article "The Sangha's Role Relassessed caTTied in OLIIT last issue, the following correction should be made:
P12,column l, para 1 line 8. "de-ethnicise" should be changed to "de-ethicise". Same page, column 3. last para, line 6, “ethnical" should be "ethical".
We apologise to the author and OLIT readers for the erTOTS.

Page 9
(This article is continued from our previous issue |
TITE FÈ PÂN
NDTEETAM
a comparative assessment of the 1995
OtCtLLTCCLLLLS LLtttLCHCLLCLLCC CCLLL Ph.D. from:7 Carr7 bridge. He is är doc - тлвлtнгy filлт-ллаkвгалдlis fлд Prргшсаг of "Suicide Warriors (1996), a halfГhгшг /олg vfrea nlocшгттеалгагү сул Ев IarThill riational struggle which Explores specifically гла гоle of worrier in the Liberation Tigers of Tai Eesar F1 (LTTE T TT LMCLLLLS S L LLLL HCHH LK CCCLLLLLL by Chaлгa/Fашг Ta/evision, Шопеноп,
(). ECONOMIC RESOURCES
TICT, THE 1995 Basi: || CdEdasi (a) allocated agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry, industry and Energy to the RCs |Regional List (3- E}} (b) allocated other resources including the maritime zone, foreign trade, interTeginal trade and COFTI merce to thë Centre (Reserved List (25), (4)); d
C) TESE TWEId the subjects of national planning and national Environ TIETit for the Centre Reserved List 5,47.
CITES :
The Ideas were silent on the scope Of power-sharing in respect of each subject in a .
TITHE PITC Wisions in (C) mea mit that all powers of RCs with respect of resource LLIFEZatiCJI WOLuld be subordināt to thiË Etiona policies Of Centrā G. VB
TE
10.2, The January 1996 Draft Prowi
SOLS
a provided that "all lands, Tineral and other things of value underlying the Ceans Withir the territorial wat Ears, or
til El Conti Brita Sig ECOIlOIIIit: 2Olä.sll. tra ād Shia || bg hig| of the Republic" (A (b) pro Wided that " Of The EXCL ZO riħa, , , Shi Hill..., WEST ir held for the purpos (Art 23{1}{b}}; (C) provided that", in the ExET:is: Cf | ers of a Region shall by the Governor a 23|2|a); (d) allocated agric baldry, fisheries, fo energy to the RCs 9), (E) al Caled Other Centre including - "fishing beyond t and rights relating t tory fishing" (Reser - foreign trade inte CITETCERES (f) TE SETVEd thË SL planning and natior the Centri: Reservi Ceirrifër 5: (i) The provisions and (f) meant That COr traj | JWEF FESLIL ECOnomic manage regional developme (ii) The provision in del OCrati Cyril Of Regions, (iii) TFF ProvisiiioT15 scope of power-sh each subject in (d),
 
 

Basic Ideas and 1996 Draft Provisions
S. Sathananthan
alf of the ext:LSI VE Hl. Vost II the CBTd for the pLIrposers Tt 23 {1} f(a)};
ä|| IOL HET TEGOLITICES sive eca riо пi г. 1 the Centre and be Hs of the Republic"
| || CotrāCTS TE he executive pow
be expressly made f the Region' (Art
I It LITE, F Tir Thai | F LSfestry, irid Lustry är id (Regional List (3-
" F85 OLIs CES 10 tig
NË TETTito Tiā| Wat ETS a traditional TigraVed List 37 || and r-regional trade and 'd Lii42));
bjects of national 1él Environment für List (5,43),
if ( a ), (b), (C), (3) | FC5 WSrg dénéd TC Ltilization ald TETT 35:st|| fr
|11.
E). Uli EITiiri Erit: the people of the
WGrp Silent On the hring in respect of
(W) The provisions in (f) implied the Centralization of decision-making in the
EItrg.
10.3. The April 1996 Amendments proposed
(a) Changes ir Article 23: - tām End Article23 ( 1 ) [ä] to TEād ’t HIE Exclusive BСОПОТПIC 20THE Of Sri Larka sha || Critin Le tO WEST IF tha Ceritra ald be held for the purpose of the Republic", (b) to ärnénd provisions in (e TC) read 'fishing beyond the territorial and historical Waters' and "foreign trade" only; ard (c) changes in some subjects in the Reser Wed List,
Cole. i THE changes suggestec in (c) were of little Consequence in the absence of effective legislative and executive powers for RCs. (ii) The Aleidlerts did || Cot S3 Ek, the RCs participation in national policy for mulation and planning.
II. ECONOMIC INFRMSTRUCT"LURE
11.1. The 1995 Basic deis (a) allocated the subjects of airports, harbours and ports "With International transportation', inter-regional transport and railways, civil aviation, inter-regonal highways, shipping and navigat|0,1 to the CB1t FE (REser Wed List |2:11, I22), (23), I24), I25)); and (b) allocated the subjects of transport, minor ports and harbours and roads and Waterways for the Region (Ra

Page 10
gional List (10), (11), (12). בה זו ובטוחררו כGr)
i) The Sce of Wers Lide many subjects was unspecified. (ii) TFF RC5 WEITE ai || CJCHEFCI resid Lä subjects which contributed little to their economic autonomy,
11. 2. The Jäni Luary 1996 Draft ProviξίΟΠξ (a) allocated the subjects of airports, harbours and ports "with international transportation", inter-regional transport and railways, civil a Viation, inter-Tegional highways, shipping and navigaL HLH S HK SaLSLL LLLLS SLLL LLLL LLLL LLLLL 22,423), (24), (25), (26); and | b) alla CatEditHe subjects of transport, minor ports and harbours and roads and waterways for the Region (Regional List (10), (11), (12),
:fחgוחו?Cor) Raffar 11 1 (i anti (ii) above
11.3. The April 1996 AFTEendr TEritis proposed (a) that "a permanent Commission on irrigation shall be set up to develop and distribute inter-regional Water resources, to initiate Inter-regional irrigation scherries and to resolve the disputes that may arise when a Region Uг THE CErtral GryyвТПТВ Пt initiates irrigation schemes which may affect the irrigation in another Region of Regirls'; and (b) changes in some subjects in the RESErvEdList,
CFFFFFFFF; (i) The improvements, if any, implied by the charges in (b) cannot be asSE:ssed si rice the SCCape of powers Was Lurik 101 Will.
2. EDUCATION
12, 1. The 1995. Basic Ideas pisovided that (a) 'Education and Higher Education will be devolved subjects' (b) certain specified schools and universities may be declared "National institutions administered by the Centre; (c) "curriculum development" in regional Schals Will EJE? the responsibility Cof the RC While "minimum standards Wil|| be set by the Centre": (d) : "National Education Commission
composed of repre: CETI tre Hmid the regi |al the Commissior sible for - identifying 'Nation: WEF Siti ES il "CJITSUulit: CMS, - Stipulating CriteriE the aid - Setting Timir TI LITTI gard to training, exi tarוחyחplוחtl Pוar ווur| Ward If the subject of 'm tral policy a Tid rese: the field of educatic for tha Centrea (Resi CETS; (I) The autonomy i largely neutralised ( d ), (3) är id [f}. (ii) | T |d), thETE WE the Weightage betw tht Region, (iii) The Ideas did T. mation of a region This SiO,
12.2. The Jarl LJäTY sitյms {a} rig Sarwal 'rati Or THE CETTE | FB-5 FFVt |b| TEServed thE T1 tral policy and TESE the filij jf BC LICäti stitute of Educatior SuperVisiCarl of nati duct of national put alination, Educati Siti li jif TiiliirTI LI ITI examinations, Curri qualifications' fort List (38); and (c) the subjects of gdu Căi tioj | 1 HIT [HE: [id LJC cluding national SC Universities and thË: standards for exami and teacher qualific training Were allot. (Regional List (2)). C 775:
T. Tā ir Ex. siāns Was Sil Erlit CT the pro VisiOS i T1 || includЕН im THE Htiti (ii) THE re Was niini
 

statives of the ors' Will be set; "1 shial| bJ3 respO1
al' Schools and Liition" with regional
| it, I admissitյr| tt
stilir; With TE31ina tiOT1, CLIrriCLuit of teachers (para
anagement of CBr Edrich iristitutit 15, il 1" will be reserved Erwed List (37).
mplied in ta) was by the provisions in
IS II iji Catil Of 'EGIT THE CEITtTG ad
ten Wisage the forai educatij II CJ TI
1996 Draft Pty
1ą | LI|WEF5it:5 fOf ad List (33):
a nagement of Cenär Ch. i 183Tit Lt ir 15 || JT), Eeg. Mlatic) filla||millI, management and Illa|| SCHIS, COITIC Certification EXna training, impoSi Landards fOF SLICH ClluIT äld Tëächêr El Certi TE REser Weld
"high er Education, ational ServiCBS, exhools and lational Setting of minimuT flä tieris, CLiffic Lu|LI Htions and tBach Br rated to the Region
of the Draft Pro Withe subject whilst a ), (Eo) arci (C) EGTE
ched ListS.
dication in (b) astD
What POWEErs WETE includigd in respect of Education. (iii) Gİ VEm the provisions im | a } and | b), the RCs were denied effective power
We T Educatio II (C).
12.3. The April 1996 A Terciri Frits proposed that (a) the provision in Ia) 5 huld bei driended to read 'national universities for postgraduate studies in specialised areas"; (b) the provision in (b) should be amended to exclude "Management and Supervision of national schools' and "educational training; and (c) the pro VisiCri ir 1 || C: ) should be angrid 3d to read "higher Education, education and edu Cat Oral ser Wir:Eas ilcluding of all schools and all universities and teacher qualifications and teacher training".
:rדו בשליחו חסC) (i) in (b), the Amendments conceded control of educational policy to the Cer1 tre äs specified in 12.2 [ b ],
1. EMPLOYMENT
13.1. The 1995 Basic Ideas did not address the subject.
13.2, The January 1996 Draft ProviSions did not address the subject,
13.3. The April 1996 Amendments recommended that (a) org Cr LI itingittO [ thig | Nationa | PLI by lic Service.shall EB On the basis o the riational ethni Tati O"; and (b) "recruitlant to the Regional Public SE TWİCE3...5 Hä || E3E 31 thĒ3 d5 is of tE ethnic ratio of the Region concerned'. Corri Tēr fi: NCF,
14. CITY ENSHIP
141 THé 1995 Edsic dBä5 die richt address the Subject.
14.2. The January 1996 Draft Provi sitors did not address the subject.
14.3. The April 1996 Atland refits did riot address the subject.

Page 11
15, CULTURE
15.1. The 1995 Basic dias a reserved the subjects of national media including central government broadcasting and television institutions, national arch was and ITILISBLims, and archeological sites declared by law to be of national importance for the Centre (Reserved List (45), (46)); and (b) allocated to the Region
the "regulation" of cultural activity Within a region, including public performances and - and broadcasting and media, includIng television (Regional List (20), (21')). Cres: (i) The provision in a did not specify What, if any, Constituted Cultura||institutions and sites of regional imporIEC. (ii) In (b) the Region was authorised Terely to "regulate" Cultural activities and not to initiate and develop them, | iii) The provisions in (b) did not grant powers to the Region over institutions' concerned with broadcasting and teleVISIOF,
15.2. The January 1996 Draft ProviSiOS
a reserved the subjects of 'national media including central government broadcasting and television instituitions" for the Cantre Reserw Ed List | 4E):
b) reserved the subjects of 'national Erchives and musat. I 15, ancient af d historical Tonuments, archeological sites and records declared by law to ble OT national importance" for the CenLife Reserved List (47)), and
callocated "regional libraries and muEums, archeological sites, ancient and historical TOLIments and records exEluding those sites declared by law to e of national importance) and the egulation of cultural activity, includng public performances' to the Region Regional List (20)); |da||located "broadcasting and media, including television' to the Region (Regional List (21).
:mentsחחםC
The provisions in (c) did not specify the criteria for distinguishing between - „se of "national“ and regional“ im
[3COrtarı Çe, (ii) The provisions ir Tall is and Muslims to "regulate" cultura to initiate, control a (iii) The provisions i to the Region power: Concerned With bro Visio, Which Were Centre in 15,2 а
15, 3. The April 19 proposed that (a) the provisions in be amended to read and museums. Only COITIT) af}f:
NLյրը
16. INTER-REGIO
16, 1. The 1995 Bas (a) provided for a "Pe sion Drl DEvg|Լյtitյm , Constitutical resolve... disputes art (para W III); and (b) TESEF Ved HSFIE: Cits relations exclusively if served List (22), (24) Crit: (i) in (b), the provis allow the Central G lice inter-regional rel,
16.2. The January sions specified that (a) a 'Chief Ministers bB e stablish Ed COlsi of all the Regions; a {b} the Conferencesh - O'er Sura fUCOII Drift Provisions and - to 'settle any dis have arises between Cor77 irrieri f': (i) The Permanent posed in the Basic Id by a lesser Chief Mini Whigh af 10Unts to 1995 Basic ideas.
16.3. The April 19 proposed that (a) the Words "Region ticle 29 should be 5 words "Regional Gov Corrier
 

(c) would permit in the NEP merely HCtiVities and Ilot di develop thel.
(d) did not grant OWEF "institutions" i casting and teleESEVEd for LE
36 Amendments
15.2 | b) ՏիtյԼյlt "nätinal af ChiVES
Ai, RELATIONS
| C | deas Tanent Commisappointed by the
COLInci│ long the regions
of inter-regional or the Centre Re, 35),(41),(44)).
On Was made to Verriment to pCtions,
996 Draft Prow|-
ConférÉrice" W|| sting of the CMS
d a || hawe the power pliance" With the
Lite" which may regions (Art. 29).
om Tission proas was replaced it grs' City Inferen CB dilution of the
|5 AITErldTEIltS
Councis' in Ar
bstituted by the Frimlerints".
(i) Without recommending the repeal of Articles 2 and 76 of the ConstitutiOri refer 1.1 liy), i V1), the Arrierdments ineffectually sought to raise the legal status of RCs.
17. NATIONAL FLAGANDANTHEM
17, 1. The 1995 Basic ideas did not address the subject.
17.2. The January 1996 Draft Prow sions specified that (a) 'the National Flag of the Republic of Sri Lanka shall be the Lion Flag" (Art 4); aTiCd (b) "the national anthern of the Republic of Sri Lark shall the "Sri Lankan Matha" (Art 5).
Coffffflerit: (i) No change was envisaged in (a) and (b) to satisfy the national aspirations Of Tails in MLSTs,
17.3. The April 1996 Amendments proposed that (a) Article 4 "should be suitably altered SO as tO En su TF that the Nationi | Flag., Would reflect the multi ethnic character of the Republic"; and (b) Article 5 'shall be arrended to acCord the sama status to the Tamil verSion of the National Anthem as its origiIlia | Ver5iono,
CorηΠιέρ Πί: (i) The change proposed by the Amendments in (b) point to the refusal of the GSE to recognise the Tamil version of the national anthem. On par With the Sinhala version.
18. TRADITIONA, HOMELAND
1 B. I , The 1995. Basic Ideas (lid sliot. address the subject,
18. 2. The January 1996 Draft Provisions specified that
(a) no Regional Administration of Regional Administrations shall attempt, by director indirect means, to promote Or other Wise advocate an initiative towards... formation of a new Region by separation of territory from any Region or by uniting two or more Regions or parts of Regions or by uniting any territory with a part of any Region'

Page 12
At 22e).
Cre:
| THE Provisions in B) - indirectly prohibited the minor ethnic groups from advocating for, or forming, traditional homelands in the Regions and - permitted the Central Government to change regional borders at will.
18.3. The April 1996 Amendments proposed that
a the Article 22) should be COmpletely deleted; and | El a neW Article 22) tota inserted to read there shall be no change with regard to the territory of the Union Without the Concurrence of the Legislature of the Region'.
Clar.
Nըmb
19. SECESSION
19, 1 : The 1995. Basic Ideas did not address the subject.
19.2. Thing - January 1996 Draft Provisi ŌJINS Specified that (a) 'no Regional Administration of Regional Administrations shall attempt, by direct 0 TiiiTi direct means, t0 pro Tote Of Other Wise advocate an initiative towards... the separation or secession of such Region of Regions from the Union of Regions" (Art 2(2)(a)). CI (i) In a the Provisions indirectly recognised the ethnic dimensions of COlflict resolution which has Otherwise been largely ignored in the initiative.
19.3. The April 1996 Amendments proposed that (a) the Article 22 should be Copletely deleted, and
by a new Article 2(2) be inserted to read there shall be no change with regard to the territory of the Union Without the concurrence of the Legislä ture of the Region',
CF Fife of:
More
C. Concluding remarks
The foregoing Comparative assessment highlights İmpOrtant aspects of the
GSL's position w doubts ab Cut the
ProVj SİGOTIS as "lā T negotiations', as E This is especiallys provisions relating for long been ma tWE in the Sinal and the Tamil and
A || th FEE di CJCL JIE
ity to distinguis devolution and pl tion, Political devi damentally the pa eignty which tran islative powers to and tra 15 fo 1st Bral Stäté, Politici affected primarily
of legislative auth the di ECET, tfalised
Ordinate la VS Wi remains unchang the gradations of
tralization arrangE exist in practice treimes, the criteri sOvereignty is sh: tinction, Thus pol de Centralization C federal State; bu H5 the Of E In Sri L d3CEritraliz3 tiOT1 C;
But the 5ituation Sri Lanka, When Party (UNP) Gove Article3S 2 Eald 7f its 1978 Costit. itly to forbid pol the President J. deity proclaim COSC (OO EWE ha did (TEJFE, political decentra StruEdda SUCC15 that only admini tion - the allocal the delegation fra Tling attendäT) - appears feasibl
After 1978, the ted neither politi |iti Cal de Centrali, to remind. Mr Guy Lanka ACCOrd di
 

Flich TaiSg SGriOLIS ability of the Draft as Cofia bolE DāSi5, for leged by Mr Gujral, 3 with regard to the O issuess Which have ters of dispute beSe-dominated GSLMuslim peoples.
:s display thrie ina bil
between political ilitica| de Centrali 7 alution in Volves funcellization of soversfers sovereign legthe devolved Unit (s) B StäLE Int0 à füdI decentralization is through a delegation ority which permits Luits to nāk Suble the unitary State ld. Notwithstanding de Wolution CDT de CarlEm Ets W|| FC COI lid etween the two exIl of WWII Ethi Ef or Tot red is a Crucial disiti Cal de Wolution and ould co-exist Within La Unitary State such anka allows political Tilly,
sil fact far Worse in the UnitВЈ National rnment incorporated (refer 1.1 (W), (W) in tion, it did so explictical devolution: the * Jaya Warde The Confi2d to live 'all but 1 federalism'. HOWUnder Article 76 EWer ization COLIld Eje COnitLItional. This mEHT5 strative decentralizaiol of functions and f responsibility for rules and regulations
Cünstitution permitial devolution norpoation, It is necessary alti LIFE 1987 millnot seek the repeal
f Articlēs 2 ārld 76. Tis Is Lī. Tā reason why the so-called devolution of pLiver under the ACCOrd sand the 13th ATELimEnt to thE CUnstitution) Was an unmitigated political farce. He needs feminding E e Cause ne LIn Critica || y eulogised the Draft Provisions as a 'shasonable basis for negotiations' and reglected to first call for the repeal of the WO Articles,
Indeed, given the hawkish thrust of the
GSL, Articles 2 and 76 are virtually
no Ti-negotiable. Un till the GSL THpējais the Articles, the alleged scope for an
'extensive devolution' of power is po
litical fiction, and the alleged basis for megotiations is non-existent,
I this COI text TE LISE Of the IEFT, "Union of Region' can only be interpreted as a clumsy sleight of hand to This lead the Tails and Muslims and hoodwink the international community into believing that the GSL intends to devolve power.
The proposal to make Sinhala and Tamil official languages is an instance of a half truth am oLunting to alia. For more than four de Cad ES Tā Tills ha Wa damanded that the Tari language must be an official language of the whole Country. On par With the Sinhala language. The issue is still alive. Although both languages were made official languages under the 13th A Tiendment, Only Sinhala was made THE Official language of the whole Country: "(1) The official language of Sri Lanka shall be Sinhala.
(2) Tami|| Sha|| ali SO. EJ E FT Officia|| || alguage" (Article 18). This deceptive formulation does not specify the region or purpose for which Tamil is declared an official language. The obvious intention again is to ThisLLLLLL LL LLLLLLLLS LGLL LLLLLL LLLLL LaLaLLS Wink the International Community into believing that the language question has been resolved. The Draft Provisions repeat Article 18 and therefore perpetuate the deception. Consequently the language question Temains Unre SCIWE d.
The incapacity of the GSL to negot
ate a political solution is again demo CIt நாge 2

Page 13
Dї//p S. Sаллагasїпghe fs Sалfor LLGLCLCLCGGGLCLLLS LLLLLCHCHL S LLLLLL K A fr/ar 7 ka Lifir 77 sted a 7d 7 WS affrey Lecturer at the BCS. He is a graduate of the University of Essex and holds a Master"s degгеe fголт Со/uлтhѓа L/лѓvаг5fry's Schoo! of /лTвглаffола! and Piiblic Affairs. He is the a Luth Or of Sever HP ar fices dealing wir / CLurrent cor 7 flicts and strat Ag fic: deve/одптелts fл The їлТеглаІfолаї aviatiол fлdustry.
in less than three month's time Hong Kong Will be returning to Chinese sovereignty and the build up to this Event had led to a lot of controversy and polemic. What the future will reserve for Britain's last significant חם i111וח 5. 5 its סt} Lחmy a סcal L aLLLL LLL LLLL S S S L LLaaL S S S LL L S S S K depends on the Wishes of the Chinese a Luthorities. General y a rather glum picture is painted of Hong Kong's future, Fears are raised of the Te W. Chinese Tullers Of the Colony Using a heavy hand and adopting a SS K L L L LLLLL SS LLLL LLLL LLLLLLKS S De Ople Used to a higher Ie Wel of ETE ECOmo THIS WOLuld Of COUTSE Violate: The 1981 Joint DEClaration, which gives the colony a high degree Of political and economica ItOnori.y for Haffa Century after the handover.
There are of Course many Hong Kong LL LLLLLLLK L LLL LL LLLL L LL L LLa L K L0L apprehension. Many ha WE Talli Ed around Governor Tung, the shipping
billionaire appoint sections of Hong accept China's r. seek Ways to m th B bB.St OT th12 C Clle 58 fold,
But there are the to Pyro mote fe : insecurity and U bar: the Corn 5 \, internationally. On outgoing govern, showing such co of the in habitan When Britain pa laws wer. E decad fut LIFE "Wit:tims"
settling in the UK. State il CESCOLld British political C.
On the Other Fla Hong Kong legis went so far to sa Hong Kong to C handing Over 5. Germany after t War". While ti made in the afte, Asi Meri Square C DE LITT EF || || StİC
Luth Criti E35 in BE genocida|| policy : Clle SE Eretro
То шпијtarstand th relating to Hong ! aside these inflam
 

bd by Beijing. These Koring's populatior after 1997 and ike the most and, lony's return to the
Voices which SEEk if and to Foster nfortunately these W Fi Chill a TE FETS e wonders why the or, Chris Patten is Cer Il for The Tate ts of Hong Kong SSed immigrati On 3 ag C) EXC|| LIdirlig the from the right of Un doubtedly these JE Iiri kecil to ir terrial Insiderations,
ind a Well-known lator, Martin Lee y that "entrusting NIE WOLld be | ikE On Jews to la SECOnd World STIETET ETT WES "Tath of the TiE Hckdown, It Would to expect the ijing to pursue a gainst their ethnic in Hong Kong.
| important issues Ong Old TUSt ELIt matory Statements
RMÉRGER)
Dilip S. Samarasinghe
and look at Sole of the realities. On the ground. The first of these realities is that Hong Kong and China, in spite of British rule or perhaps because of it, hawe al Ways beer Close. The second Teality is that Hong Kong will E3 transfETTEd to Child and that today China is rising from being an Asian power to a World power.
On the other hand, Britain, Hong Kong's colonial master is in economic and political regression. Britain maintains its World position as part of the European Commшпity or as a member of NATO, but it is no longer the country which acquired Hong Kong by force of arms, British protests are therefore tinged with the bitterness one could expect from a country which has lost the leading Status It On CB had,
After the handover, Britain's largest remaining colony will be Bermuda with a population of 60,000, nearly 100 times smaller tham Høng Kong.
Giving up Hong Kong, for Britain is to handover a territory Which has grown from the "barren island with hardly a house upon it" as Lord Palmerston ridiculed it to a vibrant society and a major economic centre at both the regional and global level.
But Hong Kong's success can never be separated from the fact that it is economically and geographically

Page 14
Close LC (Chira, It is för this reasol
LFiat Britail a Century ago USB "gunboat diplomacy" to extract the territory from China. The proxiTity to the huge country is a major reason For the prosperity of the colony and the high living standard of its բtյբԼllatitirl.
Hong Kong relies. On China for almost everything, Food, Water and even the 0LLaLLL LaaaLLLLL L S LLLLL LaLLLLLLLaLaaLaLHH L Lam colony's high rise buildings, Come from China, Hong Koring is therefore integrated to China and there is a symbiotic relationship between the Tự"ự[]. ETäTE8.
It als milijst EE addad that the People Republic of China (PRC) are not "barbarians at the gate", waiting to plunder Hong Kong as they move in next July, Ouite on the contrary, the PRC Hä5 heavily invested in Hong Kong's future.
Today an estimated 151 banks and 33 fidriciali StitLti C15 fTOT Ciria are active in Hong Kong. The PRC has holdings in banks, commercial TV stations at about 4,000 investment firls. The largest of THEse, the China Investfnent Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) has holdings worth an estimated USS 200 billion in such high profile firms H5 Cathay Pacific Airways, DTHgÖrlälf, Cross Harbour Tunnel and Hong Kong TECO,
Chind therefore has a Stake in the economy of the colony and has Contributed to the creation of jobs there. As a rational power, China would Cortig to fo|| CJW this Colicy well after the adower. It is therefore unlikely that the post-1997 era Would be a period of ecoloric gloom and dislocatio Til for HÖng KOng.
Itals.0 TTUSt be added that Hong Kong is a model of capitalist development for the PRC. While to PRC is relaxed its economy and allowed a Vibrant private sector to er Tierge, it is far behind Hong Kong in this respect. There are TH ny less Ons China may learn from Hong Kong and
the Economic Sigrizi Elto thE C this point.
TIE COLONIA
Most of the problen häT dover, Carl Ei jffi CL || T | Tills: betwee Britain a past, These are b: thät since Horg Kar China by force, th: Vy LJI| tk.Ee tH1 Egir f
Hong Korg Wa:S during a period C Ca || E. HE Era f L During this time in W Ek Chile a Till StratiOS
European power territor y a Tid trai British WETE relati China, the Pori e StaboliSEd Ele:T15 1514. Ey 1557 established thems territory which th CF | ma in 1999 li sig med in 1986. enjoyed a U. TE} lationship With Everything in their European rivals at SITT CITIE TO LITE to the Ottom of Sea, two Wessels C sent by Chu eoer E Chiles 3 COLI Tt. La Endled OLL Of
Weddell W. Was
the ChimESE ETT JE from King Charles
Diplo Thätic relati OI and China really W HET ET ETT i SS:äT" fra 5 stift to til E
Օiari Lgrig. Even between the two
an equal footing
British envoy ref before the emp strenuous for
| CH CIG i St E pressing ories he ing tills of EJEF
 

integration of lony only proves
I, CONTEXT
is first in the
|| III kad to the Will Existed Tid CF fra In the HGed Of thB ideël ng was taken from a PRC authoritics
WEng E.
given to Britain Fiii TIEGE. Historiaris The qual treati635. th= 9th CETltur, SE. Imperial were forced by E ti fill yr ding rights. The We late Collers to :Lugų ES E 1B Willig elves as early as the latter had B|WES IT MāCa0, a ley Wil| return to IdCr ar a C: C) Til The Portuguese rative trading CFI irid riti lower to keep their bay. In 1596, a i restug af ld 56rt
the SLL Cir arrying emissaries Elizabeth I to the ter the Portuguese Macao, Cap lain trying to approach ror bearing a letter
SEELWEE Erita յEgari irl 1793-94 y, Lord Macartney Court of Emperor
though relatitoris COLIntries WerË Chri
at tät tillé, tflE L 5 di [[ji FK WoW – LOW ETT, TE WES f showing respect Hij Of, interij lid, aad of the ground gushered in to the
Imperial presence, The COmpromise TBacheid was that Macartney was allowed to get down on one knee and ECW his lead before the Esperor BLUt this breach of altiquettE is died Tot augur well | for future relations between Cilla and Britain,
The Egg Ft WHFCH || Ed to Britishi Fulle over Hong Kong were also linked to trade relati C15, Tere Was Very It LE LLLa LLLLLL L LLLLL LLuLLLLLL S LLLLY LLLLLLLLSL of trade and atternpts to ger Brate interest in Western goods failed, Or the Other Fland Chinese products such as tea, porcelain, silks and rHLibarb Were Very attractive to Wg Stig traid ETS.
Oftes products, tā vās tie īst L S L LLLLLLLHCHLHL SLLLL LS LLLLLLaaS LLLLLL LaLLLL LLLLH pay for it in silver dollar coins, By the 1830's, China was awash with KKKS LaHS LLS SL00L0 LLLLLL S LHHLLLLHH LLLLLLS had developed a laste for tea, a brew the Chinese had been drinking since the sixth century and this passion was costing Eritain too much:
The huge dernand for tea put China of a strong footing. By 1820 it was Estimated that 20-30 millioni po UT1 d5 Weight of të a Wë TË i Triported to LYLSLLLS SSLLLS LLLLL S LLLLLaLLLLL S S LYS LLLL LKY exchequer earned Sterling Pounds 3 million in taxes from these imports. In 19th Century economics, this sum could pay for half the cost of maintaining the Royal Navy, the leading naval force of that period.
British goods on the other hand were not able tij break into the Chiese market. Am attempt was made to Se|| Wol in ELK to the Chinese, But this product was not in demand in a Country where the poor wore padded COtto and the rich Silks and fLITS, 1t is the refore mot 5 Lurprising that bet Weer 1781 ind 1793, Britain was only able to export 16.87 million silver dollars worth of goods. This W35 a Sixt Of the valug Of Chi:5 teas imports to Britain. It Was reported that China bound ships Carrigid Tor E 5 II var di|| ārs thal manufactured goods.
Crd Tige t
嗣

Page 15
NASCOTA BY ANNER
Review
Anne Ramasinghe's latest Work, a collection of poems, short Stories and translations from the Gerhan, reaffirms the position she has reached today as one of the leading Sri Lankan poets and writers in the English language. She is also one of the most prolific Of Our Writers, having published over the past twenty five years several books of essays, La aa LLL LLLLL LLa LLaLaaa LHHLHH aLLC LLLLLL L LLaLLaLLLLLLLa recognition. As Dr. Lakshmi de Silva, of the English Dept at the University of Kelaniya, says in her introduction: "Mascot and Symbol is to be welcomed as a collection, not only because it is rich and rewarding in its variety, but also because the juxta position of different forms of creative Writing serves to throw light on the techniques and development of a writer whose performance justifies her reputation in Sri Lanka and the growing awareness of her Work in Europe, New Zealand and the USA".
The range of content, mood and style that Anne Ranasinghe displays in Wascot and Symbol reflects the extraordinarily varied experiences of her life, Born in Germany she faced, as a Jewish child growing up under the oppressive Nazi regime, the pogroms that destroyed her Community and HH aaHLK LLLL LLLLaLSSS LL CLLLLLLaL LLL LLL S LLaLaaaaLaSLaL Extermination of her entire family. In a moving statement in 1988, in Essen, Germany at the reopening of the Synagogue which was burnt down by the Nazis in the so-called "Night of the Broken Glass" she indicted the Nazis of not only killing her family, destroying her childhood and depriving Er of her country, har home anci possessions but of severing erroots and denying her the privilege of the intimacy that uLL LLLL LLLL LLLLL LK LLLLLL H LLLSSL KLL LLaaLLLL LLLL LLL LaLLL anguage, German, But Anne Ranasingha was and is a Eurvivor, For 10 years she was a German refugee in England where she learned and wrote in the English language. In 1949 she married a Sinha lese medical graduate, Dr. D.A.Ramasingha who became Professor of Gynaecology at the University of Colombo, and has spent the past 46 years Sri Lanka raising a family, Writing and being actively involved in human rights. She was the first field representative of Amnesty International before the ganisation was "banned" in the country by administrative =t sогтлв years ago.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

KYMBOL ANASINGHE
by Bradman Weerakoon
LLLLLCLLLLCCCLLLaC LLLLL CLCLL LLLCLLLH aaLLLLLLL LL LLL L LL uuuLLLLLLLaaaS LLLLCLCL LL LLLCLLL a aL GLLLLL LL L a S LLLLLLLHHL L S SSS SS L Laa aLLLLHCCS LLLCLL LLLCLL LLLCLLLLLLL LLLK LLLLLL L context, tempo and titla. What brings them together and always compels attention, is the power of the idiom, the ability to invariably find resonance with the reader by the relevance of the experience, and the identification with loss and suffering as the pervasive hur Tian condition, While the pain of parting, of the inevitability of change and decay and of the lack of obvious reason for the catastrophes, natural and man-made which overwhelm the people and things she writes about, are the stuff of deep emotion, there is an absence of Florialising of sentimentality. There are as it were, two levels of perception at Work here. One, LL LLa aLLLLLLLS aaa LLLLLLaL aaCCLLCCCL L aLLLL LL LLLCLLaDS and the other of her bruised past constantly intruding into the present and raising the questions to which thEire are nu answers, But Anne Ranasinghe is not only the dispassionate observer with a wounded memory. She is one of Lis, having spent the greater part of her life as a wife and mother and uLLa LaLLK L aa 00aLLS LL LL SLLLLa LLLLLaLL LLSL La S S aa LaLLLK responsibility that a Sri Lankan must feel for the happenings that go on aro Urd Lis.
The anguish of the person in-between, the interlocutor LLCLLL LLLaLLCCCLL LLLLC taL LC CmLL LLLL KLL LCLLL K poignantly expressed in speak, her first selection of poems 1986-1996.
speak mot with the language of those Who kilow all the aris WEIS but with the words of the helpless searching for images that drift through memory to make a horTecoming OLIt Of gxille
Eternal fugitive from a native landscape
Carry Withe the marks of all my sojourns

Page 16
It is EJEIt WEET JEHSt and preşErlit Ent guilt at breaking traditit II: betrayal of the generations. NC D E CHIT TE SL.JPG WIB. Has LIBBI ESt.
It is In forgetting Thät WE CHT live Cur Eälly livë5 Huit We Toust StifyIVE I ET TETETTE ET
The impertiarience and impotence of life, in this case bush which is not yet a tree, in THE NIGHT OF THE TROPICAL STORM is powerful in its visual impact:
There was a regal glory about this glowing bush against the mossy wall.
g afterחוחחם וון THE | Tound It SILITEI Bld. Shap Blessand Pitiful - dead at Ty feet, blossoms already Withered,
L0 HHCC L a LL LL a aaaaLaLGma CaHCCCCLLS fram thE Tipped soll.
Anne Ranasinghe's preoccupation. With the passing of time DLL LLLL CCLLLLL S H HHCCuL LL LL LCHC L LLS LLLH aL CLaa aLLLLLLL old, is chillingly contrasted in WHAT WILL REMAIN, - Hրը լիer Lif FlEr 1Ց86-1995 բյՇarms:
The flight of birds against a glimmering sky, Still places, and the SQLIrid of rain In tГВBE. Billowing cluuds Filed High against the far Edge of the Sea.
A III a Eär der Ed hjuse, ali po Eri, CdCO CIJF, Black Shadow5 Gr H grursibling Wall, An Linfinished PC är Eglowyr a Cross Tha TlCOT By Winds that sweep through the empty hall.
LLLL KKa aLLLL LLLLLG aaaaaLa LLL LLLLaLLaLL00 KCL CaLCaSCCLLLa aLa
the refuge in Tiemory - her only shield as she once Wrote -
tLJL L LCCLL LLLL aaa aC LL LLLLLaLLLLL L
LL LL L LLLLLL aaLaa LLLL a SS LCCLuLLLL HCL ESCCHCHCS LL LLLL LL
LL LKaaa aaL LL SLLL HH LLLCCLLaLa S LLL LLaLa LLLCaaLL
1970-75 is a "discarded piece of forgotten play" by her
little daughter, a rough and odd shaped head of clay which sitting on har desk day after day becames for her both
maSCOt and Symbol.
םMW IDV Cagedirl a Tip Of Cla W.
The many nuances of feeling contained in such everyday occurrences as departures and separation are Towingly captured in several of the poems of the earlier period. Take for fixa Tiple her poem Long is the NWight
BECaLSE: I know you are lot Coring Though the stars are shining

Forth DSB Who Travel: ԻվՃt tքrmirlց էt might Or any might
LL aaaa LCYHTL LLLCLYS L L LLLLCL LCL aHHL La LS S SLLLL L LL LLLLaaLLLL CCLLL mL L LGHa HH L K L LHaa KLLLCCCC LK Laa CCL0S L LLLLL LLLLLLLL0LaLaLL LaLa WIWITEITHIO
I touch your face, I kiss your innocent mouth LLLLLL L LLLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLaL L aLaLaLLS aLuDC LC K S LLLL LCLC OOC aC aCCmuS S
LSLa a LLL LLLLLaLLLLLLLaaLLHH LCM CMCCTaaaLLHL LCCCLCLT TC L 0SSLS
LaaLS L S aaCa LL K L LL L LL LLLLaLSCCLS LaLS
"L
With your subtle exCUSS
Pցstբorlaments and
Evasions
Have takarı it With yOU.
LLLLLS LLLLLLaCCLCL L L LammL S aLaL DLLGaaLS 0 CHHLLLLLLL C L SMHL Ramasinghe's recurring thermes both in her Poetry and prose. By No Means New the means employed to Collect LLLLaLLLLLLLaLLaLLS aaHGaL CHLHa HLLL LLLLL LLaaLL aLLLLLLLaLaL LL LH S LLLLLLLCaa H HLLLCLL LLLCLLaLa aaa LaaaaaaHHC 0K0S LLaaLS aLLCLGCLLLL CLL LCL aaLLCHC LLCLLaaaa CLCHHC S C mmLmmLL m a wagon load of goats awaiting slaughter at Xmas title = chillingly probe the Core of Society's hypocrisy in the face of suffering. But the poetry is certainly not all of gloo III and LLCHS LH KLL LLaLLLLLLLa LaLLaL a mmLLS LmaLLS CCC 0aaCCCCLmLLLL whimsical and fast paced poem is that of the gallant Knight är Lurd RSFTB ad Pla CE, WHO
rides his bicycle lika SOTTE: PITOLIdirTarE Clopping the sunlit street. With early Torning VerveA happy knight, Unsworded, clad in shorts Pedalling ta Luft-Calved in to this neW day,...
and than thE poets constant solicitude about ageing
You Carl't Eelieve it. IUt He's rising severty,
Of the six short stories that are Anne Ransingle's, After LCa CCHHLHHLHHH L LLLLL CCLLaaaLLaaLLLL LLLLHaa LLL aLLHGGGLLLLa old, remembrances of the past and the final leave-taking fror T1 a life partner, which mot LinExpECTEdly WOT1 the first prize in a competition in 1968. The Hawk in a complete change of mood and style is a sharply macabre depiction LLL aS LaaaLCL aaK S a L aaaLHHLLLLHLK a LLSS La aL LKLK LLLLLLLLS LLLL LLLLL LaLLLLL LLLLCCaaa L LaLaaLL HLHGLLSL L LLLLLLLHHLLLLLLL LLLL L L LLLLH LLLLLLS and a predatory cat. The young hawk Wins.
LLLa LLLLLLaLaLLaaLa S LH LLL S LLLLLLLLmmtL HHHLLLL LLL S HHHLLLLLLL S S
LLGGL LLLLLL LL LLLLLLaHHL LLLLLLa LmCaLLm aaS LLaaaa LLLLLLL LCLLLLLS Others, regards as a national poet second only to Goethe, LCCLC LH LTTCCHHHH LL LLLLL LCaaaaaa HHH H HGS LC CCL0aLaa 0a the seasons but also the reaching of the penultimate stage of life itself. Consider the import of the following lines in

Page 17
the fi TE WETSE.
LLLHLLKLL LLL HHHL LaLLLLL LHHHLHL S LLLLL LHH HKKLL aaLLLS LLaHLCL L KaC HHHLLLL LLLLL LLHHLHaH KaHaLS Wake through the right, and write long letters filled With Sri dirie:Sis; . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orpheus. Euridice, and Herrnes - the most Visually striking of the Rilke poems, brings alive the age old Greek legend of Orpheus the tragic hero, who went to Hades to bring back his dead wife Euridice to the World of the living. But his quest, in spite of the efforts of Herries, the TESS erlig Er of LLLa LLLLLaLLLLSS LL LLL LLLLHa L OLa LLLL LaLLLLLL SLL LHH LLLLLLL LLL LLLLL S LLLLL LLLLLLLLS her birds to the rari are fira|| y bruker:
She was already loosaned like long hair, di 55 || Wied a 5 fa || El Tail, Shared Out like limitle SS prowision:
The depth and complexity of Rilke's work especially the LTLT CLCaCC LLL LLLLaLL LLL 0LLLaCCCLLLL LLLLL aaLamLLLLLLLS 0 LLaLLLL COT TILnicated ir arī Interpretatic Which brings the shot aCCaLaLaL 0 LaL C LLaCS LLLLL LL CaaLaLaLC LaaLLLLLLL L LLLCLLCL existence in that he sees something worthy in it in spite of LLaa SLLLLaaLLLaL0S S LLLL SLLLLLLLLLLLLS S LLLL S SLLLLL LaLLLLSLLLLLL translations of the short stories by Christiane Franke beer LL LLaLaLaaCa Ht Laa LHaaLLLLL LL LLLLaL a LaLLLLLLLLH LLLLLLaLLLLSSS LSaa Laaaa thing she will be recognised as the talerted wife of the LLmmmm L LLLLLLtttL LLLLLLtLLLL0LtmLmmLL LLLLLLaL LLLLLLLLS LLL LLLLLLa LaLLLLLLL KLa LLmmmLLLLL L LLLLaa 00L aHaaL CaaCLCLCLLaC LLL ammLa aLC LL LmmLLLLLLL LLHaaaaLaL LLLLa LLLLLaLLLLL GLL LaS LTT CLLLGHaCCCCCCCLLL LLL aLa KLLaa funeral of the late butler who "presided over our household" dressed in white sarong and white jacket, and with white Fair, is full of subtle ironies, displaying a remarkable LLLLLaLLLL0 LL LLLLL LCLLLL LLL LLLL LLLaLLLLCHHLLS LL CLaLLHLLLL LLaLaL LCLLLL L L L L L LLLLLLLLS LLLLLSL LaaLLLLLLL LLLL LLLLL LaLLLL lately been given a new name by a person unknown, SLLLLCLLL LLLLCLL S SLTLa LSLSLLLLLSS LLLLLCL LCmaaLLLLL LLLa diplomatic couple are forced to endure the boredom of a Country squire yet living in the drear world of a long past Raj, Ewokes Comparison With our Own planter Raj fraternity, The Road to Arichid explores the varied hopes of a busload of travellers returning home on their annual holiday, whose expectations are shattered by a gang of highway robbers, 0 mtmm CGLGmaCaaaa LLLLLLa L aL aaLLLLLLL LLG L LLLLLLa LLLLLL LL LLLLLL LLC CHCCLCaaaaaLLLLSS S a aLLaLaLa CLLLL LLLLL LaL L LCC CCtLL fo Archa is riveting,
CLLLm GaaLaaCS LLLCLCLLLCL CCM L CHaLaL LLLLLa LLLLL LCaaLLLCS LLLLaLaLLLL and translations is a testament to a gifted and Original talent, This is a collection to be read and enjoyed as much for the lyrical quality of the writing as for the opportunity it invariably presents for musing and introspection.
 
 

| 3auinting through his theodosite, rry Brother
WAT MG - 36
Maligawila
said the jungle, 5ur struck, was beautiful The greeris, Sērenadir1g i 1 a FIFyriad Hues With the tireless Cicadas, Then he leapt in the air Loosing his cool only for arrioriterits Adjustment to gravity and a big green Viper
lding Out of a faller log into the 5un.
We agreed, on cautious Inspection That the Viper too was beautiful, glowing golder At its sides where its belly began Love, you slurried the snake saying you didn't Want to see it auJJSLaLLLJYuLuJS uuuLLSLLLYLL0SuLLSLYLaL
A little further, the jungle tared another cruel sight A colossal quartz Buddha felled to the around Once. 3Culptured toWering above the jungle, Lying in the shrubs now torn from its pedestal But glowing White, Calm, and noble in an equarinity That pervaded the hushed jungle clearing,
We sat there along time Rueirg artid atori ing F1 unitar1 Hate Viper-like in greed and ignorance Eeing told thie waち the ちad fal-o山t of an old Priorlastic controversy Which monks had extended into royal Conflict And this was History's frozen record Of their priestly King making.
U.Karunaltilake

Page 18
BRITISHEMPIRE AS DOPE DEALER
The birth of the British Colony of Hong Kong and the origin of many of its leading commercial EStabli Shri Erits Carl be traCad TC The trade of Opium to China and to the rotorious Opius T Wars.
The British the T1 froLIT1 d ä Way to turi the terms of trade to their advantage. It consisted of Selling Opium to China. Opiur T1 had beer i T1 troduced to Chima in the 8th century by Turks and Arabs End || LI Was Lu Sed for Tie di Ciria | pLIrpı) öSE:S. By th: 17th Carı tLIry, there: were reports of Chinese addicts STOkirg Opiu T1 in pipes after Tixing it. With toba CCO.
The British plan was straight forward. Indian grown opium would be sold to China. The authority which Oversaw the trade Was the British East India company (EIC), the LLLLaLLaH LLLS LL LLLLL S LLLL SLLLLa L LLLLLSLLS S LS S S LSSSKS LLLKLLLSS LLLLLLGLS LLLLLL profits from this trade were soon visible. In 1829-30, the EC Collected taxes Worth Sterling Pounds 1 Tilliost. This separesented tar le tEirith T te E|C"S tota | TE WETLIJE, BLlt SiTICE Opium was an illegal product, the EIC operated through a network of pri Wai La tradars, W F10 SLI J Saqui en Lily made immense fortunes in carrying and selling the drug to China,
|Tĩ Chĩnā t00, the trd{la III Gpium Was balred and as early as 1 729, Imperial edicts promised dire PLInishments to those Caught Selling or consuming the drug. But in reality, the laws were flouted by Corrupt and lackadaisical mandarins who turned a blind eye to the sale of "imported
TIL "",
But in 1834, when the problem of addiction beca TE TIJ TE SE TË DUS, the Chines 8 auth Orities began punishing the Lraders and the El C. un doubted y taken aback by this tough response, took a conciliatory attitude, But then they later gave in to the lobbying of the big opium traders like James
MtF EJ r f ... TIT Was also the Presis CՒlarliէյըր Լյf Cլյrlii The Britis Gw officially backing t Chirla,
Titi is
Ē ti O J FLU FTI had dra Tina! Ea a TCe Cf Era de ir | L. WES E StİTia Led Gi|| WCT id || 5 TG CT JI total silwer holdings of the CCL Intry EË 18 AC. to Goverrimer" | 05|
INFETTI LI IE,
TFE LIFE CO St. The Widespread Opium had a debili wide spectrum of At first it hit the ul as the aristocracy, and rich merchall down the social Bu Lichs, Sedan De BLI did hi5:t TC || k 5. tistirTlatest thitilt 21 China had taken to
OPUMWARS
TREA
This situatic Wils Chilä Or a CDI|ISOT Wocal Coppor Erit Cof was the goverrl [. HLI Il Pr Wiri C3, L SOUTCC.5 live i di 13 ist Brys BW 5 W before Securing hi High Commissione
TāFilE t CE opium trade,
Li fr : # HIT = Brio Cid Tito Til tC HiFid jy of op I LI rimi wall Lied at Four ds. The cirLig tra Ches and Tad E adding a mixture
TE CESE 3. thorough job. Whe Stā āf LCES ospitrim, the was behi
 

lE: MathESüf1, Wh[]
Briti 5 Terda liri Citrji
"TTT-TIT WES TIC''
he sale of opium
15 E ECLITTjC policity of selling cally altered the Eriti Fy. TEL CO T|IOT fift of CII's Werf drä i Ted Out L'oy El 18 FT T mS, the March L DIE TETI If it
was even higher. tion ofם החו5Lחםם tating effect on a
Chinese society. oper classes such Difficiāls, la Fidlo Ttis S. It ther rived | Hill £2 13 Eifft: arers, soldiers and By 1835, it was חple Iסpe חסIIIiוח Y ST1 Oking Opiu'r Tl.
AND UN EQUAL TIES
Setting Britain and | COLTS, TE TOst the opiuri trade: of HLEE Hid i "EX LI. Chiri Ease Cld that it had ith the Enperior is appointment as : I Capitol, with mp doWrl of the
tishi aLI thoritia 5 iri "Eår 20, C0 C0 Chiest5 3 million Sterling
was thrOWn in TO : to decompose by Of Salt a Tid | i E. Ith Oriti e 5 did a die tried to of Lilla li fi Stated eaded on the spot.
The Chinese seiz, Lure of the apium was badly received in Britain. The a CL || Far ECJ H 5 Eries of gwghts WWFi CF culminated in the First Opium War of 1840. In this particular conflict the British army and the Royal Navy were deployed solely to defend the intgreSts of WilliarT Jardi E. JäITES Mäth1:s GT1 a Tid the other big opium traders, Ethics or morality played no part in this conflict.
After suffering a series of defeats at the hands of superior British forces, China signed the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, granting in perpetuity the island of Hong Kong.
In Brit Hill ther: WES T UC || Critici SII of the WyHr, not fra III af gt i C-1 Standpoint but because of its limited spoils. Few saw in the tiny barren island a strategic point from which the huge Chinese market could be
BLUt Britisi HI FTIT EIt is did not grid there. In 1856, the Second Opium War Was la Lunched for the si Tig TEE 5 JF18; Stig first, it Elfodd i 1885) Wher the CC Twention of Peaking gawe KOWO OF ad the St Tec:Utter |s|lä mirisi TC), Britair il perpetuity, The ST1a || Colony had by now not only grown in area, but also had become a bustling settlement which included Chinese, British but also migrants from India, Europe and the Middle
But it was at this point that Cia LaLaL LLLLaa LLLL LLLL aa0 LLLa0K L0L LLLLL British By the Second Convention of Peking in 1398, the Chinese accepted to lease to Britain for 99 years the New Territories. To the British this Was all other COICESSIO which they had been able to extract from the weakened ETpire, But the Chinese knew otherwise,
The C1 il eSe a LI tl iii) rities LL YLL LLLLK S S LLLL S LLLL S S SLLLL LLLLK S S LS SLOL Territories would be fully integrated to the rest of Hong Kong. They Lr der 5to G. Tat unrealistic, upon expiry of the lease, for Britain to hold
WC III d be:

Page 19
NOMORE THEM
ACHIEWING GROW THEEXPERIENCEOFT
Was Premadas a H55 trn god til E: Presidency in 1989, he inherited a country which was a few feet away from anarchy and an economy almost in Lins. The three most important tasks he faced were restoring the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity, saving the democratic system by defeating the JWP insurgency and rebuilding the economy. By 1990 he had completed the first two tasks and was embarking on the third.
Any country faced with the task of economic rebuilding must first answer a decisive question. Who Which class es, which segrinent/s of the popula CE) should bear the burder of rebuilding 2 The for the rebuilding takes depends On the answer to this question.
The period '89-'90 was one in which the world was in the process of becoming uni-polar, in the realm of Economic strategy. With the manifest failure of both State capitalisIT as well as "really existing Socialism, economic neo-liberalism was gaining strength and acceptance as the only option available to the under developed third Orld. In 1988 Sri Lanka had asked TOT and has been granted ar enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) | hich increased Pre Tadasa's
unerability in external pressures.
Considering the state of the economy = 1 thed international Cortext, it Would SK SL 0KJS S S LLLLL LSL LLL LLLLaLSLLL S
Prema dasa took t way out by acc prescriptions of th privatisatiOr 1, a - Tig and reducing the
asking the pe Opili Blts“. However,
experience, how t Economic consequi purely growth Orier Jayevvardвпе regiп flares of the JWP
Sa i TË TOutë Would risking another reb a price Prema dasa pay. He ultiersto of a chiewing gro\, that the only wi. safeguard the syst it and TE SILTU Ctirir po Lula CEE CortinLIE poverty line, if the the top 10% of s. Share of the nati Expense tյf 80% continues, the sys be a ť risk. The poli had to be discar struggle against launched, not only to justice and ed Crite state S ETWI TOT TIL TICE: takes off, high grc SLITViVal. “If our SILFVFWF, sF7CEE' isf S Sr voé, 1/2 fäc f powerty d/гасг/у иvл benefits of grow
t
 

IONNIBLEDRBA\|)
THWITHEQUITY: HE PREMADASA YEARS
he seemingly easy apting the policy e Fls in the main, ht monetary policy budget deficit) and 2 to 'tighten their he knew through he negative Socioences of the almost ited strategy of the 13 served to fan the rebellion, Going the HE TF står i ILIft to allico Ti - āmid thi5 Was: was not willing to Ծd the importantB With but also knew y to protect and m was by changing it. If 30% of the to live below the prevailing trend of ciety increasing its 1ā| isCOTE at til of the populace fër77 WOIJld 7' Ways :y of 'trickle down ed and an urgent overty had to be Jut Of COTITitler| Jality but also to icial and political Sary for e Con Ornic "ith and systemic Fr?70 Cracy W35 f0 'ciety itself was to "ack a tie issue of out afting for the 1 J Trickfi fej WT
... I realised that if we merely Waited for trickle down to Work, the very engine of production and democracy itself, would be destroyed. | saw a rising discontent, specially amongst the youth". A Charter for Democracy, April 1990)
In the next few years Premadasa moved with the dexterity of a highwire artist, balancing growth with equity; investors with the poor ; the private With the State, the foreign with the local; profitability with justice. It would perhaps be correct to say that he stood the prevailing economic dogmas on their heads and elicited a synthesis of his o Wn.
Premada sa addressed the issue of economic development by adopting a double-barrelled strategy - one which was simultaneously market friendly and people friendly and specially pro poor. On the one had he went the extra mile in pur sing growth and encouraging investment. He deregulated and opened up the economy even further and privatised a large number of State assets. |rnwestors Wera provided with a Wide range of incentives. Some subsidies like the fertiliser subsidy) were removed and reducing the budget deficit was made an important target. Steps were also taken to facilitate the rapid expansion of the stock market, To put it in a nutshell, he implemented a structural adjustment programme

Page 20
Capable Of Satisfying the FIS and reas Suring and enticing investors, both local and foreign.
LLaLLLLLL SS S LLLL S SLSLLLS S LHHLLLLLG S LLLLLLLLS Prema dasa's aggressive efforts to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality. Apart from the JSP he implemented a number of other programmes to achieve this goal. Under the 1.5 Million H:uses Program IIle, 159,336 housing Units Waro built With State assistance; Tore than 3 ÖC), CCC = cr=5 wEr B distributed free of charge among more tha i 4CC), COQ) lāci | E-25s familli ES LITEdET the Land Task Force programme; the KLLLLLLLS 0LL LLLLLLLHaHLH S LLLS SLLLLLLL Programme was aimed at export promotion and rural industrialisation and introduced a minimum wage for the first time in Sri Lanka. His Other measures ir includied specia || || OaT aLLHaLLLKS LLLLS L Ha LLLLLL LLLL LLLaLLaLLHH sector, free mid-day meals and Liforms to school children and a plan to develop 15,000 poor and under developed Willages. In other words, far from asking the people to tighten their Belts, he gave them as Tary breaks as possible. He realised that after the tra LIPTIha Of th13 SOLI the rf in 5 Liu FreeCtiOn, the common people and particularly the poor needed a respite, Which was why, in rebuilding the economy, he followed a conscious policy of not placing additional burdens on the Tlasses, specially the poor'.
WHAT DOES THE RECORD SHOW
How did this two track strategy fare in practice At this point it would be illuminating to look at some of the key economic and social Indicators :
al Growth Tata 1 BB7 - 1. EB: 19BE : 2. . 1 Կ է։ 9 2.5 է: 1990: E.2% 19ցՅ3' : E.ցեն
Sectoral Growth rate
Agriculture, Forestry & Manufacture
Fishing
1987 E-E S.E.
TSE 2.1 4.7%
1985 - 1, 19. 4.4%,
1990
| ԿԿ3 4.3 10.5%
Feemocra
C) In westment 35 - ? market prices
IsiligigIII Eirit [. 23.3% 2호, . 21. . 22.5% 25、
137 1988 1989 1 Կ ԿԱ 1993
|]|Fl-Atib T1
19BE - 148։
1991 : 12.2 1992 : 11.4 193 : 117명,
e Budget Deficit (a percentage of GDP
1988: 12.6% 1990 : 7-8 % 1993;6.8%
f). Unemployment
1973 32.1% 1978/79: 20.7% 1981/82 ; 14.2% 1985/86 : 19.5% 1993 : 1 4.5 ,
g) Balance of Paym
1982 - 1B 1988 - 64 1983 : - 57 1990 : # 138 1993 : + 375
Debt Service Ra
1987 : 27,7명 1988; 28.7% 1939 : 24,4명. 1990 1 B, B են 1993: 13.8% Please See (Tablo "
I) Stock Market II
1993 ATLETTO VET
Rs. Mr. Average daily Tiurrow
R5, Mn.)
Shares Tradigs Mr. A III share prite imide:x SE SterldCx
5Ces : C
 

Development
of GDP at current These data clearly demonstrate that the Country Bichieved a remarka bule economic growth during the
or Testic Savings Prenadasa years: 2.3%
2 - - 4.B臀 a high growth rate ( including a
B颚 significant growth of both agriculture
and industry); * Girl in Crea56 in bjgth in West ITI cent and donastic Sawings ; " a relatively low rate of inflation: " a decreasing budget deficit, * a relatival y low un employment Tate
" a massive improvement in the BOP
fter grants) - as a a drastic decrease of the debt service
TätiO " and a fast growing stock market. ^Chi Ewa TT. GT1 ts a mỵ C: Cụ Tht Tỵ, Hfly govern Therint, Can justifiably be pO TO Lud Of, WHET CITIE COTSI dET S that this remarkable economic growth took place while the Country was recovering from a bloody and extremely destructive War ard al III SLITTE Ctitori ärid While being engaged in another full Scal War, the SE achieverents Seg |ika ä Tings ECOn OTC TiiraCle'.
How about the other track - equity ? ents (SDR millions) Latus once again consider some key
in di CatOTS :
See Table 2
These figures clearly indicate that the distribution of In GiorTile inti prowed frott only in favour of the poor but also the
tio
Fiddle classes. For example the share of the income received by the lowest 50% of the population improved by 9.9%. The only significant losers were the highest 10% of the populace whose share dropped by 12.8% | Het Wegri '85/86 GT1 '90/91.
|di Cators
1987 1988 198ց 193D)
5.5 3B.A. 256 15E2.E
1 -7 1.5 TOR 5.57
17.3. 13호 1 2.2 1.7 217.3구 172.44 1" 3B4, 39 384.12. 3.56 341.74 GSO3
Intral Bank Report ri Larka Labour FUrC2 Survay tatistical Pocket Book of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka LLLYLLLLY LLLL LLLLHHLHHLH 0S0 aaLLLLS LLLLLLK L lmKLKLCCLS

Page 21
Et:(Cf izen: Demo
1||n Come distribution
Decies of CLIII i Lillativ 35 of Cшпшlative
Cole | COITIE
LKI Jest TEIiti J.I. J-1 19 1.9 SECT 11 15 3.3 臣、 THist 2. 3.5 1,3 9.5 Furth 3,曰 7.1 53 11. Fifth 다. 12 ā邨 21.2 Siti B.8 18.8 7.5 28. SELEITH 8,1 26.9 .2 7. Eightm 11. 3B CB R7 Mill 1 모 հ[].7 1 -4,5 E3.5 Highest Tenth F. TOO 3. IDC,
These figures clearly indicate that the distribution of income improved of only in favour of the poor but also the riddle classes. For example, the share of the incore received by the lowest 50% of the population improved by 9.9%. The only significant losers were the highest 10% of the populace whose share dropped by 12.8% between '85/86 and '90 91.
2 Literacy Rates
CIGLS "AFT CFE. SE Survey LP & SE Survey LFSLIrway "BTB2 "B586
E.E. R5.4. F-4.2 BEF:
3) Infant Mortality Rate
1987 : 22.5 1ցBց ։ 18, 4 1391 : 17.2
4 Life Expectancy at Birth
Mäle FEIB. 1957 64.8 GES. 1971 12 百草。1 T9 ET 57.7 72, 1 195 . 69,5 4.2
5 Expenditure on Social Services
ELLIGF til 11
s Total expenditure As a % of total
Rs. Million Governiment expandit Lura
5 4,453 B
4853 7
TE 9,400 10դ:
GSO 9,571 E.
t E, 12 7명
---고 12,541 1.
393 14,070
 

acDevelopment
ii) Health
Year Total expenditure. As is of total
RSM|| || || Gower Tim Brmt exper IIILLITE
1985 2, 0511
1 ցE " 3,380 E.
1989 5,385 Eն:
1990 4,954 5,
1995) 5, 229 4.
192 5,541 5、
T 393 7 ՍՃ4 4.
iii) Welfaro
BFT Total expenditure. As a % of total
R5. Mi|ioT Government expenditure
TEEE 4 900 B',
1987 E HE1 |C):
1989 12,455 13
199) 11,998 12
1991 19,21 15
1992 18,5Eg 15巽
1E93 21,33 14
Tota | Expenditure om Social Service
Year Total expenditure AE a 3- of total
F5. Millinn Government Expenditure
1985 12,14 2호
15.531 2 . 1989 28, 4EB 30% 1ցE[] 27,45E 27% 1991. 34.BE.H. 2 . 1992 38,837 32. 1993 43,552 FT
6 Transfer to Households (Rs, Millions
Year Tt As El of total As a % of GDP
expenditure GDJETITI TITE TIL Rs. Million expenditure
19EB 7,100 11 , 3.96% 19E7 8,506 12 4.38 1988 10, 455 119, 4.31 1 1 2, 1-4 1 4, . 1990 15,24 15 4.7. 1BBl 21, 537 18%. 5.8% 1 ցg2 19,819 169. 4.7 1993 22:33E 15° - 5,
7. Real Wage Rates Minimum Wage Rates
19ED T
1 Workers in Wages Boards Trades TÖ E TE 5 , Workers in Agriculture 122, 1365 ii. Workers in Industry and Commerce 89.9 III, WorkFFS IT SE FW || CE 53.3 B2.2
2) ALL Cantral Government employees 113, 115.4 II. A || Tor Executive OfTEC Ers T03, 3 TCE,7 ii, All minor Employees 123.3 121, 1
3 Grgrēt 3:h Tācirs 2 E3-4

Page 22
Een Dem OCE
1) Workers in Wages Boards & Trades , Workers in Agriculture ii, V/N/tr k: gaT5 Ir1 lr)dLIstry & COIT1rFT ErCB iii. Wyk: FE || T. SE T'FICEE
K KS SLLL LLLLLL aaaHCC LLCCLL aaaaaaaa I. A riotice active Officers ii, AII rT1irlcir Brr1plD1 yEE25
3) Gwerri IT CIT TISchini | TEĦID: Hirs
DBGBII ber 1978 THE TEte of Change 'SO-3
- . + 13. O', - 1 ,
- 2.2 - 5.
- D.
According to this data, real Wage rates increased during 1990-93 für twÖ Of the three major categories - Workers in Wages Board Trades by 9% and all Centra Government Employees by 2.2%, The real Wagę rate for the 3rd major Category, all (GCIVETTITTIE TIL SchCOCl Teachers, declined slightly by 0,8%
Of the categories, real wage rates for Workers in Agriculture frcra (15DL SLIEStaritially Ely 13,4% anti for all FlorlExecutive officers by 5.4%. There was a Taderale decling in the Tal vage rätEd E3F WAT kers III SE TWICE:55 (1.2%) and minor Employees (2%), The real Wage rates för Workers || ||Ted Listry and B III שחם חם מוח wwsם וar EE SIחח וחם:t Crga Sed il '91 ad '92 Frid de Clin ed
93.
8, Trade Unions
1 Կ EII) 15:54B FEg StBI Edding thв дуваг EE 1 FLIrhc tipurhirig 3. E1
THE BIG PICTURE
WHä Lis the Corposite picture that emerges 1. A significant reduction in in COTTi e ine qualities; 2. increase in literacy rates and certain. Other social indicators such as the infant mortality rate and life expectancy 3, some improvements in real wage rates; 4. a massive increase in transfer payments to households | 5. more freedom for tra de Unions and 6 af in Crease in trade Union activity, These should be Considered together With more than 300,000 acres of land distributed free of charge to the
andless polor
housing Lur hits
assistance betw. Lilforts ari II to all School : words a massiv inter Waltio on Prema da sa reg powerty and enh
Wit is diring the Premi was more growt that Ing succeei most policy make world iri) 'dewel) | El Id "LITH T15 i Ti CGFTE direla film a Eijo, Lu L : promoting grow, Eզաity simulta; Words he SUCCE that the befit a CCrug Ot IT decile of the C majority as well
THIS WIS II) fortuito LIS GJELIT logica o U t.com thought Out stra by East S LITTE: d L ow words: ". Se 75 el 570 a 7. ITV1, Eigr i 5, IF7). Y developгттелг, г/ha іп htлriger ...”.
Prema dasa regi Buity Otas T
DIT E ''EIT ES S T| | | | | | Ally d si III Lulita II ECOLIS. W only equity that equity irl powert WHICH WES L
 

cy: Development
OO
Jfr
1 59, 333 me Ww ELL vill Stati E G Il 90-93: fra e dday meals given
B and aggressive the part of the irile to ale viate апсв. всшitү.
CILI 5 ibi ? That a clasa years the FE lar more equity HEd in doing what ers through O LItt E Bing' , 'tleveltյբtd" | Countries alike | Sitri W F f f - th and fostering e Jussy, in other Beded in ensuring is of high growth erely to the top La til botto thE
C: Cid E TIL ) TEICE, it Wis the Ie Of a carefLIIIy tegy which can be p in Premadasa's evelopment in any elp peop/e //ve ... Tiga (1 fr7g fri af ry keeps the people
arded gro With and Litua|| y exclusi WE eqLIEF1 tia | b) Ut as 3 pendet Зап (Н Without growth the is possible will be y; a levelling down 11 at: : Epifa bole to
LLLLLLLLSS LLLL LK aLLLLLLS LLLL LL also knew that fostering equity (i.e. ensuring that the benefits of growth accrued to the people) was a faire-t: is idit|Clish for a stable sil-litir i = political enviro rinn: Tnt Which i 1 turn LKLKLKS S LLLLLLaL LLLLL LLLL S S S LLLLL LL LLLLLL growth Premadasa gawe equal priority to growth and equity Plc. V lecause E. Vas al Ideālist Who passionately belie werd in justice, but also because he was a La realist, HEl knew that Wals the only viable formula in the Tiedi Umi and long term - particularly for a politically and socially highly volatile place like Sri Lanka,
Premadasā, SLICCEE:EdEd Whil ETC. Tha Thy sincere efforts at achigowing growth With equity/social justice in Other THј Гt War I GOLJI tri Es failed, EJECHILISE COf This radically diffETETT app] Tobacilli tal EB LI it 'W' SC Cial | L-ISTiCE2, LaL S LaLLL LLaaLLLLLLLaa0LL LLL LGHLLL H L LLJKKL his powerty alleviation prografi Tve, Janrla Saviya.
| Order to Lurder:5 tard that, it is necessary to look briefly at the old debate on powerly and powerty YSSK KSSL a0 S L LS S S L0 L0K S 0 LL L L LL LS alleviati Orl Of poverly S Seen ESE 7 KLCCHCLLLLL LLLLLLLkLCCCC LTT aTT TTCCCLLS Achieving high growth is prioritised 3DOWE Fıl | G|SE arıcd thE beri EfİLS are expected to trickle down eventually resulting in the Ellewiation of powerty. In the The antime, government intervention to reduce incorne in equalities is fro Wred upon as being anti-growth and antiTärket; the maximTILI III ir ter Wention that is Countenanced is the provision of some minimalist safety rigt (oft Er in the forrn (Jf. 5 FTF meagrehardot Suchast fi stamp scheme in Sri Lanka) and improving the standards of 'social infrastructure' (particularly primary education and primary File:alth Care
),
At the other extrelle Of the debate, equity is prioritised over growth and the emphasis is on redistribution, This Ofter takgs ting

Page 23
ji Zene DemoGr
form of provision of subsidies (such as the rice and Other COSLIII: goods subsidies in effect in Sri Laikā ti|| 1373.
Though in the first instance poverty Fall Eviatior is E3 EE as ai e CCG Cormi C issue, it is not accorded priority and is left entirely to market forces, In the secord Case, though poverty alleviation is accorded priority and the led for inter wention is acknowledged, this intervention is se em and implementadas a welfare measure. But both approaches regard growth and powerty alleviation equity social justice as mutually exclusive at least in the initial stages. Therefore, in a sense, the basic premise of both approach Es are the Sarile. The Only difference lies in the different LLLLLLLK LLLLLL LLLLK LLLLLLaLLLLLL S LLLL the first case prioritising growth Over equity, resulting in growth Withoutecquity: in the Second Case prioritising equity over growth resulting in redistribution without growth (equity in poverty). Both approaches can ultimately result in Social and political disaster,
Premadasa's approach to poverty a|| gwiation Was differen L. Fr OPTI bOth these approaches ; perhaps it Would be correct to say it was a imaginative synthesis of both approaches. PTG Tha Clasa Understood the key link between growth and poverty alleviation but he saw the relationship as being Simultane Dus and mutually []=Berlderot father tham seqLlantial pr mutLally Exclusive, even in the initial stage. He regarded growth as a n BC as Sary (b LIt not H sufficient) pre-Condition for poverty alle Viation and p) (3 Verty alle Wiation1 as a necessary (but not a sufficient) precondition for growth. He saw the need for aggressive intervention to aleviate poverty . but he didn't regard these terwentions as social Welfare Teasures; he placed them firmly п the space of macro есопогmic policy Teasures. Poverty alleviation
lea SLIES Were t Welfare. The ESLI: from the sphere C policy and ofter logic of it. They Component of his measures and W thousand thread: of growth from
to industrialis: perhaps be cor|| growth and po, social justice for hi5 la CCD fi OF Tli:: Stri Of his 03:C On Omni a Timed Hitl a C. Finig, Y objectives simult
HOW Was this di Prg mada sa 's
alleviation progral Oriented While i. achieving growth Garf Tier1t Facto T were po verty a justice Orient emphasised earli not just consum Was also produ simultaneously. It bring the poor info. Oress. As Pre "Ee Cal L Se Of War L 77ter of peg Interested ir reali, We car 7 WWE V57 FICLES FL f3 / progгалтгтnes at w/ the poor hawa ric if 1aff)/VEC 7 ffef" Vygg k. We 757 V progrалтгтте, Wa c tifel Varnasa wiiya rE Dr Ċ g ra r77 irr7e. To * סB T 7לg rH (7TrסDr fil') 05:Eg Willio (ja) i'r деople foo согл/а, г/har progугалитте, "
FLOT PfEFTEda Sai TE a bLIrden, an Irkso a per er rial po necessitated SO pallia tilwe, He raga an important resi make a significar the developmer
 

Development
Bree fOrE nOL SOCiial Si Sit Lat-3 cd a Way F "Hard" aC Carlton Timic
(DLInter Lej the Vere an important economic policy Pere linked by a to 2Very aspect 2xp) Cort promoti Carl tiCT. IT WOUJ || || Ect to say that erty alleviation
led the Core of itegy; almost all c policies were ing these twin апеоusly.
me in practice. ? main po verty Time, was growth s major efforts at such as the 200 ties Programme |-Wiation/SOCią | e di AS W H G er, The JSP Wyas Otic3 Ori Eltigd, it | Citi on Ciri EastEd, 'sp'Lropo, se vivas fotoj tije development In ada SF polit it : тasavѓya a fагge J) le COLIl do g et ѓеfодглелt wогќ. Ia pegple Fr de Wei Wa Former 7 : (age level. Today strength to get . They are very e OL r 7o LISing ал еasi/y bring in CEJ ii earts irid to t/iat say I ere is a sie FäťE Vā FÈ YO have a tid. These be bro Light irrito
59)
E JOOT WETE TOIt ime responsibility, C5H1 grn WF) i GF int Irlexpansive
rded the poor as
LIrCE wuHich Cán E COILTEOLltior to t process. This
resource was currently dormant and needed activation through the use of incentives, The poor had an important role to play in the development effort of the country, Et fir 7 order o facilitāte (Whis ft Vivas
ir 7 Eocessar y tu strering ther 7 t F7 er 77
economically, socially, physically and psychologically: "If we detect OL0LLLHHLLLK SLLLLLCLLLLS S S S SKL0KKK LLL S K SHHK L00 LSL Cu S S S S S SSLSYL S L LK HL 0SLS0 YSS L LS K GL research to firado o Lyr wyfi y ff72 Weaves аге суїлg. M/e get adv/ce fгогrт The Tea Research Institute a na provide LLLLLL K LL LLLKKLS0KCC S SLGLL KGGHKKH K LL LH LHLLLLLLLS L LLLSHLLLLHLH L LLLLL S 0 S LK S S K S SJLLLSLSKLHSS
Sir Early there is the Fer FeS gaf CF7 Vr7St Fr Life FC VOOK is FO FF7ë LLLCCLLLLS LL K LLLLLLaL LLL00 KLL LCSuu LLSSLLLL LCLLLLS LL LaLK0KCL HHH S S LLLLL LLLLLLLLS SS YLLLLLLY LLLLLL LLLL LLLLuLuLCLHHLLLLLLL LS L KSLLK HHCL tree. Not only rationally, we would d'o research frтfегrтatјола//y ro firтd a reedy for the defects, Corsider L S LCCL HLHKLGHu JLGLLSLLLLLLLL LLLL L LLLL S SaLLS LLLLLL research and care for oшг bigges г KL0L0LL S S LH LLaLuLLL GL LuKLL0LLJLLLSLL LKKS LSLLL LLLHHLLSLS We give the sa Ine cara and at fer at for 7 to / 7 LU ir 77 ar 7 beirīgs as Live give t'file ter 7 der tea Weavas, rubljer tree, the Coal Cor 1 Lt free or a art of paddy = I(70Luglify it is a hUrriari being Who produces all these Olaf) tafior) Crops P. W. We have it treate the hшг77ал һејп9 everт as ал од/ecг S L HHH S K LL KLK S KS S LLL LLLLLLLKKKS S LLLL S S LL L 00LLSL arı agricultural produce, We have gof used To Treating the доог as a Sier (of worth i less beirnig 5", / 479.59).
There is a certain similarity between this approach and the theory of the development of the "hurrian Capital/social investment' s CF O O | ... B L It LF BarB a rg Ciartin differences as well. The target group's of the social in Westment school is usually the Work force and/or the youth, While Premadasa Was focusing on the poor, the marginalised the LIriderclass''') or the 'Welfare burns'. That very g|IOLIp of the Do Jula CE Which IS simultaneously the bete inoir and the Achilles heel of many a policy maker and economist become the locus of development strategy under Prama dasa. Prema dasa felt

Page 24
CFFFelix-FEDERITOGHE
Lihat "The grand designs of the Economic Strategies scar CEly to LFC:hed tha dewastating polight öf the poor ... " (at the International "Year gif Sg|EET ft the HC TE|SS = 1987, UN New York - 12.10,87) and to set out to "right this Wrong', Unlike the 'social in Westlert" or "social development' school, LLLLLLLLL LLLLLL a aHa LH LLLLLLLK LLLa piece meal reforms such as improving the standards of and aCCESS TO SOC:id I infrast TLC:t LITE || kĒ primary education and health. He wanted to bring the poor into the development process by providing Lheri With a || The ITEC 9SSary requirennents economic, social and psychological). Powerty allewiation El ffefra fred thild : Core Cf Fall is growth measures.
THE 200 Gar Tig It Fa CLOri ES programme was an excellent Case
in point, Launching ambitious
programmes to promote grc) Wyth, П rustrial Isati Оп а пd Exp Cart production is a Common OCCUTran Ce in he Third World. TFla 200 Gärment Factories PTC grāITATE Was aired at achieving all these Objectives ; f. L. thiere Was s or 77 et fi fir 7 g 77 ore. It Was als C) directly and simultaneously aimed at fighting poverty and inequality. "The Criteria Iris) restlifrerneris Of LYYS LLLLLL0 KCL CLLLaLLLL G LaGGLLLLLLLS to f/22 Feed of the reg secret är 7 Cd the deprived sections of our people. They are intended to bring a bolt equity and social justice. " (Preria dasa - THE Address of the LLS LSaSLLaLHHLL L S SL S LSS LLL LLLL aL industries at AGA Division Lewel1 F.2.92).
WHAT WERE THE CRITERIA 2
* Garet fac: LC rie:S to bo E: dispersed among AGA Divisions throughout the country - "No |Origer W ii I t e irwe StO ITIS convenience be the determining tւյրsidtratiori, "" | lbid.)
* Each factory must porto Wide employment to at least 500 people "... because they should make a
s L. Es fär 7 fifa / c er77 po/oyr77 er 71 ğg E Eersip F7 Era / G resid S.
* A minimum sa a TTConth pol LIS 2t| as a frt Erakfas atteri tio I at th "Employees We Ff1f5f5f5; ā FÈ si Woveri, Explosta! defeагіл9. ” (Ibic
* In recruiting TILSL og the Colli priority should yi Luth, parti CLUılar Tarilis3 - "Fetar workforce if erplayerS CCTV. HELFLISS er rose) r77 Last respor 7ed f() stratégies. SLC ? irn corporate distri | bitl |
* A ri. Fiul fac Constructed a CC Specifications - " cer for wer, fra E; sa' isfact for 7"
| Other Words, WWE Tē stTLICILLI red as to directly
jitri) Li tg to th poverty, there E. harmessing of capabilities of th growth.
That, the III, V, approach. Or har messi ring the capabilities E promote growt utilising growth powerty alewiat the Premadasa gro With and a d inequalities (D.C., the success of this approach sh of any future gro With With { justice.
 

I r I ri u II ii r 1 fi Férff FJ FF f fel " (ibid.)
lary of Rs.2COO1ër benefits SUCh it, tea and medical te Work Place - "агвалої елтд/pyег 7 rica Te / y fir 7 ferTVE figās ād FÈ SÈff"
.
WorkGTS, POVEerty у qualificatiопі.в. 38 g|WET to 100 ly those from JSP
Life " | 70 T t Joff f0 I 1621 (25, st 1vis fje угтег7ї g елегагесї po vety a Mevat for
strategies sigue “buffол дагinciples.”
tory should be cording to certain "Ffra Est also refse CT ќег we//-ђеїл9 апої * 凸范从
growth strategies
TE a Tid i The diately é StrLiggle agairl St ly facilitating the the er lergie 5 and 1e poor tOprCITO te
a 5 Prela da Sa'5 the old had poor, their talents, Irhod er1 ergies i to ի , Ճrl thE other, policiesto promote C. THE fai CL that
years saw a high e a SE ini COTE: arty) demonstrates the approach. And Old for the basis affort at achieving 2d Lity and social
cy: Development EFS=5&SS=
FOO totes
* The specific measures included reducing the maximum nominal tariff o imports, intro di Lucing af Lif band tariff and progressively removing export duty on traditional exports ; devaluation of the rupe e lowering in 1 CO ITI e and COO ELE: riat E? taxes and abolishing Wealth and capital gains taxes; and liberating commodity and financial markets and exchange regulations even further by the end of 1990,
As a far from sympathetic analysis noted: "Even prior to the Elections, Mis Pressiad His H | ia | | committed himself to a major progra TTITTY E for the alle Wiation of poverty. He was quick to respond to the perceptions and Tig Tla so Os the rural poor and the Urban Worki ring class that the "rTliddle> class" dynamics of the early liberatio phase häd effectively bW passed the T1. The Cash Value of the food stamps was doubled and a major powerty allewiation project (the Janasawiya programme) was a Liced in 1989 is the lead project of the new gavernment Lunder thea personal s LuperVision of the President in his Capacity as the Minister of Policy & Plan Implementation). It was later supplemented by programmes for School Uniforms and midday. The als Hë als C. la Lunched a Drograf Thrille LO establish 22 Garrent Factories in rural are as to promote rural employ Ternt and to help red LICE regional disparities that Were be corning Socially divisi WE. AI these measures. El el ped to strengther the power base of the President, ELIL they als O reflected Concern for the po o Cor and fČIT political reconciliation in the Wake of the violence that had occurre in the South after 1987, p.10). President Premadasa believed that visible benefits had to come rapid to offset "adjust rent fatigue" an to provide electoral benefits an mot just ower the long terrin" (p.24) TFne scale and the political priorit of these welfare programmes

Page 25
created shock waves amongst economists when they were first announced". (Footnote on p. 10 of ECOlomic reform & Goverlan C : the second Wave of liberalisation in Sri Lanka 1989 - 93 by David Dunham & Saman Kelegana, IPS),
Premadasa was assassinated by tfal LTTE in 1993.
The war between the Sri Lanka Army and the Tamil guerrillas fighting for a separate state in the Not & East stated in 1983. It JLuly 1987 W Sri Lankan President J R Jayewardena and Indian Prille Minister Rajiv Gandhi signed the Indo-Lanka Accord aimed at ending the War and a peaceful, negotiated Settlement to the ethnic problem, All the guerrilla groups were to lay K La LLL LLLL L S S S LL L LLLLL S S L L S LL SLLLLLCLL Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was to Onto the CeaSE-fire, A Series Of incidents in September 1987 ended up with a full scale war betWeer the PKKF and the LTTE the most powerful and the most rooted of the Tamil groups.
In the So Luth a full Scale cann paign against any political Sol Lution to the ethnic problem was in full swing Since the mid-'80's led by the Ilain Opposition Party, the SLFP and the JWP, The JWP had gone In derground after its proscription by the Jayewardene regime by 1986/87 sts Inetamorphosis fror) a seni-Trotskyite" Marxist" party to = Sir HHIa Extremist force Was complete. After the Indo-Lanka Accord, the JWP launched an armed campaign against the AcCord, and the Syster T1 of Provincial Councils envisaged in the Accord and implemented in 1988 ställd the IPKF – WHICH Commenced with the brutal killings of arti-Fascist eftists. || LTS TTC St. Famous victim was Wijaya Kumara natunga, leader of the Sri Lankan Mahaja na Party, the breakaways from the SLFP. After the brutal killings of several leftists by the JVP, Kumara natunga became a strident Critic of the UWP
and its partner SLFP and tha: || E. anti-JWP |eft foi 16th 1988, Ku killed by two J.W. Of his Housta, Ku tFIE SOI-in-la WW I Mrs. Bandarana Cādi kā Scur of Sri Lanka). By insurgency had է powerful and its IPKF Was Wilmir the TCSiti di VersE populace, Throu 1989 the JWPC Conscious camp and eventually d ח| ,y וח סח סEG Prema dasa publi irT1 IThediate a T1 (; With dra Wall of t depriving the . tais i litative His it thit effective slogan. of this strategic CHTilf- the JVP's Nov.'89. symboli of its three topp C leiders.
mid-'89 PE a negotiations with LO facilitat Etha \ PKF in the negotiated politic E3 til: probl PremaCia Sao SG Sil a Wert the res L. hostilities, the reStartEd thill E SEC June 1990.
3. This was a CC Ca LI 5d a dEe nt in
of powerty = low le 10 education - LII only as menial W,
 
 

and patron, the ding figure of the ces. On February laramatu nga Was og Lummen in front na Tarla turga Wa:S
· thg SLFP Bador ke, Hrid His Wife intly the President 1983 the JVP ed ecome extremely stand agains the g it support from segments of the ghout 1988 and arried out a Very aign to sabotage astroy the Lankan August 1989, :ly demanded the | LIGOI1 dit Oral he IPKF thereby | WP of its misit 3 TBföfe tha F17051 Hard Oil the leels political setback militar y defeat in ised by the death litical and military
dasa CornmEnced | the LTTE I OTCdgr "With dra Wall of the hope of finding a :a | 50 | UtiOn tO thie ETT DespitG 1 Cafe efforts LC) Tiption of the TTE Lumilaterally ОПф ЕЕНГП War II
ISCOLS effort to the wicious Cycle WEels Of Edu Cati Ori / employability (or orkers) -
Cord from page. It strated by the retrograde dilution of the few positive attributes of the Basic Ideas in the subsequent Draft ProviSiOS
The GSL's resistance to negotiating a settlement to the Tamil Ouestion has stiffened further principally due to the continuing military campaign in the NEP. The longer the War lasts, the stronger Sinhala chauvinism will beCOITIE and the further Peace Wil|| TËČEde; for a nationalist War against Tamils T115t of necessity streng then the Sinhala right-wing and Lindermine the prospects for Constructing a basis for negotiations. Moreover, the War has been and stil|lis exploited by the GSL to justify er nasculating and even dismantling democratic institutions and practices in the name of national se: curity'. Thus the all important derioCrati: Traffleựựüf'k ES5EFitial for C0Thĩ|{2t Thanagement is being eroded rapidly.
The politically naive human rights and Conflict resolution lobbies in CCCTEC, Who opp Ort Lunistically supported the conquest Lf Jaffna in December 1995, must share the responsibility for this fast diminishing prospect for peace.
It follows that there are two indispensable pre-Conditions for a political settle ment. First, the GSL must Tepeal Articles 2 and 76 of the Constitution. SeCOld, the GSLFTLSt declare a perLLDLLLLLL LLLLHH L SLLLLLLL00 LL LLLLLLLLS diately, The GSL should thereafter begin negotiations with the LTTE. If the GSL attempts any other political scenario it will be a tragic exercise in selfdeception, that a military victory is possible. And if the GSL is unable of unwilling to meet the two pre-conditions specified above, it must confess its incapacity to satisfy the legitimate political aspirations of the Tamil and Muslim peoples, equally it must accept the legitimacy of the Tamil struggle,
- CONCLUDEI) -

Page 26
Cr fri ge
and Kowloon after ratLIThing the NaW Trīrs. Tā iev. Brities therefore decided the fate of Hong Kong and a century of LITiliation was a COIT paratively shorl period for H | H Li ) r1 Whose Finist0r y spammed Geyera|| ||Tii|| ||B || T. ii
CONCLUSIONS
On the 1st of July 1997, China will recover Hong Kong. TE China it will De agreat bCocost to its national poride ä5 t = Erä Df LITEILLä| tréäti=5 will BE gonB forever,
But beyond the pride factor is the fået that Hong Kong Is today H hUge metropolis of nearly 6 million people and the twelwith largest trading place in the world. It is also the leading ethnic Chinese City in the world With a sophisticated and qualified բgբLlation; ahead of Sing Hբ Ճre, Taipei and Shanghai.
It is therefore perhaps not correct to Speak Ðf H. Chinese take-OWPf flf Hỡng Kong, but of a merger between the World's largest Tlation and fast Est growing economy with One of Asia's T1 Ost dynami C trading Centres.
It Would therefore ble il logical for China to persecute the population of the Colory since this would rode Confidence in Hong Kong. Ä. mDre likely approach on the part of the CIESE WILuld betO ESEE Ct HOrg Kong's rights as a Sբ Ecial Administrative Region (SAR) as stipulated in the 1984 Joint Declaration,
Much of the negative forecasts are THE FESLJIt Of British blitt Earless ir having to return their last significant colony, to Asia's rising power, More significant regional powers such as the USA, Russia, Japan and SOUth Korea are following the events with interest and a certain degree of awe. The Handlower of Hong Kong Will LIndoubtedly Contribute to a charge
global balance of CVer.
Circulati
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Page 27
Will privatization mean the end of the union representi oW WII e interess of my members be ΟΓΟίected
Trade Unionist
 

Privatization will in no way dilute or reduce the powers and rights of your union, British Airways was privatized in 1987, and the unions remain to protect worker interests just as before. Some of the world's largest, most powerful and vocal unions exist in the private Sector. For example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) represent over 100,000 workers at the three biggest American car companies, none of which are state owned. In fact, there is every likelihood that Working conditions will actually improve in privatized companies, since there will be substantial investments made to upgrade facilities and training.You can look forward to representing a considerably more
prosperous union.
It is important to realize privatization is a means to an end. It is a means to improve our living standards, foster technological progress, Create employment and take our nation into a more prosperous tomorrow. In order to achieve these aims, privatization has to be executed in the
appropriate manner.
That is the task of the Public Enterprise Reform Commission (PERC). Its mandate is to make privatization
Work for Sri Lankans today, and for generations to come,
Every privatization is a carefully considered decision that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society; the general public, the state employees, the consumers, the
suppliers, as well as the Country's overal economic vision.
PERC's mission is to see that privatization works. In doing so, your interests are always being well locked
after,
With privatization everybody has a stake.
P E R c WATCH FULIN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
PUBLIC ENTER PRISE REFORM COMMISSION,
Eirik of Ceylon - Cth Floor, No.4.P.C. Box 2001, Bank of Ceylon Mawatha, lombo, Sri Lark Teleli. --37A Fa:4-1-25

Page 28
The SN-AA NO OF THE LAN NOW AVAILAB,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

NATIVE)
TY COUNTERPART AGUARDAN