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OBJECTIVES
The Law and Society Trust Fortnightly Revie informed about the activities of the Trust, and associated with the Trust. Our publication is concerning the legal rights of citizens, and at instrument for peaceful change.
Poverty
Work
Socia/ Integration
 
 

keeps the wider Law and Society community about important events and legal personalities aimed at raising public awareness on all issues gaining wider recognition of law as society's

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The Ouality Benchmar
An WGO for the third session of th of the Soc,
Septemb
The World Summit for Social Development will
1995. From the outset our aspirations have beer causes of poverty, unemployment and social disint Our contribution has been set out in various docu Social Summit" on which the current document is
Many UN conferences have been held in the past
the question of sustainable development. In our v its possibility to identify the connection betweenpo development and the interface of those areas. Ag of environmental sustainability and social develop Rights confirmed the universal right of all people social and cultural rights. The important contribu has been the core of the debate in the UN Cairo the preparations for the UN Beijing Conference or a new paradigm for social and economic relations a to reach peace, sustainability and justice.
Concretely the Draft Declaration for the Social broader vision of social development and identifie: to enable social development. It also recognizes the more accountable to standards for social developi though the Declaration is dealing with such key-is
The Declaration fails to note the necessary con progress. This must be strengthened in view of the
unsustainable production patterns in the North that
Within the Declaration "poor" people are still seen
LAW 8. SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE
 

for the Social Summit
tate.net
2 Preparatory Committee as Sunnit
er 1994
be held in Copenhagen from March 6th to 11th,
for the Social Summit to address the structural gration, rather than dealing with their symptoms. ments, including the "Twelve Points to Save the based.
five years which dealt directly or indirectly with iew, the importance of the Social Summit lies in litical, economic and social factors for sustainable genda 21 already identified the inter-relationship ment. The UN Vienna Conference On Human to development and civil, political, economic, ion of women to social sustainable development conference on Population and Development and
Women. We expect the Social Summit to seek mong nations, communities and men and women
Summit should be commended. It embraces a the need to improve the economic environment necessity to make the international organizations lent set by the international community. Even ues, we are still looking for improvement.
ection between Sustainable growth and social relation between poverty, over-consumption and
have already been addressed in Agenda 21.
merely as victims. We feel it is regrettable that
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persons living in poverty are viewed as people i entitled to development and civil, political, econo
We have emphasized consistently that we believe social development cannot be implemented u implementation of the programme. The commitme and consultation process at the national level regal should become part of the national reporting. In adequate NGO involvement must be ensured duri
The huge gap between the revised Programme of closed because the Programme of Action as it cur of the Declaration. The Draft Programme of Act Declaration. We need clear goals and commitmen Programme of Action we need well-defined targets up and implementation and instruments for monit and the national level.
From the experience and analysis of our organiz; the world the following points are essential to the
1. The Social Summit should call on all go Treaties, the International Convention Re their Families and the relevant ILO conve are contradictory to their intention and me governments to recognize the legally bind Social and Cultural Rights, and to est determination of those rights. The Socia World Conference on Human Rights for under the International Covenant on Econc procedure would allow individuals and gr. social rights before an impartial internatio Strategy with specific actions and target d Human Rights Treaties and ILO conventi should be developed in full consultation wi monitored by an independent national com]
2. Structural adjustment programmes focussed distribution and environmental Sustainabilit to develop such strategies. They fail to poverty, and thereby feed social disinteg heavily on women. Trickle down economi Summit must urge that adjustment policie Committee on Economic, Social and Cu underlying premises of World Bank and IN criteria established for the Social Summit:
2 LAW & SOCIE

n need of aid, instead of as citizens universally mic, social and cultural rights.
the commitments of our national governments for nless civil society is fully integrated in the :nts in this respect should be stronger. A dialogue ding the Social Summit is imperative, and NGOs line with the spirit of the Summit's preparations ng inter-sessional meetings.
Action and the spirit of the Declaration must be rently stands cannot be a basis for the realization ion has, therefore, to be brought in line with the its for the Declaration. More particularly, for the , clear time-tables, specified measures for followoring the implementation both at the international
ations working in social development throughout
conclusions of the Summit:
vernments to ratify the six core Human Rights lating to the Protection of Migrant Workers and htions by the year 2000, without reservations that aning. The Programme of Action should call on ling obligations to the Convention on Economic, ablish means for the further elaboration and l Summit should endorse the call from the 1993 the creation of an optional complaints procedure mic, Social and Cultural Rights. The complaints oups to bring alleged violations of economic and nal body. Governments should adopt a National ates for implementing their obligations under the ons related to social development. The strategy th NGOs and civil society, and its implementation mission which is drawn mainly from civil society.
i on export led growth and which disregard wealth y have been an obstacle for national governments create employment, deepen social inequality and ration. The impact of these policies falls most cs is not working - in the north or the south. The S be fundamentally revised. Through its expert ltural Rights. ECOSOC should investigate the MF policies, and measure their impact against the namely, do they exacerbate or alleviate the forces
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which exclude and deprive people living in We, therefore, call for a reform of the multi of the International Financial Institutions - a system.
3. Those national and international programn development, should be monitored thro programmes implemented by the Internatic Organization. Their programmes should be bodies through regular reports explaining W to comply with their economic, social and governments and international organizations evaluations of the effectiveness of thei disaggregated data on the impact of their p1
groups.
4. Low Income Countries should receive comp. Uruguay Round, so that resources are made
5. The UN expert bodies on economic, socia implications of the new trade regime and th There is a need for a social audit to gauge th right of Nations to establish national food hunger and ensure food security should b patenting of life forms.
6. Governments should direct their economic p development, not merely short-term economi operation of market forces, require fairnes adequate public infrastructure, and invest h education and health care). In particular, v market forces are not allowed to degrade t operate. Recognizing that the major unaccountable, the Social Summit should in environment the international monitoring a transnational corporations.
7. For a lot of countries the debt burden remair development. The Social Summit should pri the existing package of options. Most urgent and all Low Income Countries is needed, S major obstacle for releasing resources for sc
8. The UN target for Overseas Development A in the year 2000 by all OECD countries, i commitment. To enable social sector expenc
LAW & SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - I DECEM

overty from the enjoyment of their basic rights. ateral structure, which brings the accountability nd the World Trade Organization - into the UN
es and projects that have an impact on social igh social impact studies, including those hal Financial Institutions and the World Trade submited to the relevant UN treaty monitoring hat steps are being taken to assist governments ultural obligations under the treaties, and both hould provide the treaty monitoring bodies with
poverty alleviation measures and provide ogrammes on women, children and vulnerable
nsation for losses experienced as a result of the available for social development.
l and cultural rights should also examine the e operations of the World Trade Organization. eir impact on human welfare in the South. The and agriculture policies in order to eradicate 2 explicitly recognized. There should be no
olicies towards achieving sustainable economic c growth. They should guide and moderate the s and honesty in business activities, provide 2avily in human resources (especially through igorous action should be taken to ensure that he community and environment in which they actors of the macro-economic system are clude as a condition for an enabling economic nd a code of conduct for the operations of
s one of the most important obstacles to social mote debt reduction initiatives that go beyond y, the writing off of multilateral debt in Africa nce multilateral debt has been identified as a cial development.
sistance of 0.7% of GNP should be achieved cluding those who have yet to make such a ture and to enable investment in the economy
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10.
of people living in poverty, spending of development that caters for a broad rang Official Development Assistance should b would include primary health care, repr sanitation, credit, institutional support and
The Social Summit should establish effe contribution to minimising violent social dis expenditure to make resources available fo
Recognizing the central role of citizenship the Programme of Action should insist on legal and regulatory frameworks for the ( local, regional and national civil society in S of corrupt practices.
The gender specific aspects of each issu explicitly identified in the policy analysis
Governments should pay specific attent evaluation of the impact of government po climate, and should recognize the central development. Governments should ensure harassment and discrimination against wo contribution and respect of the unique cultu and traditional practices which do not vi Vigorous actión should also be taken to pre race, age, religion or sexuality. Specific diversity and for the needs of refugees a tolerance in society.
Data on social development and environn health, education, income distribution, disa seriously gathered and used as the basis development. The Social Summit should v the commitments undertaken in the Comm The Committee's mandate and methods accommodate such responsibilities.
本来本米本水
Sixty NGOs both national and international as we record in areas such as human rights, gender, envir endorsed the earlier version: "Twelve Points to PrepCom.
LAW & SOCIET

ublic resources is required. To achieve social : of fundamental human needs at least 50% of e allocated to social development areas, which oductive health, education, shelter, water and work guarantee schemes for people in poverty.
:tive mechanisms to curb the arms trade as a integration. Governments must decrease military r social development.
and citizens' organization in social development, governments committing themselves to provide ontribution of different actors so as to involve ocial development. This requires the eradication
e addressed by the Social Summit should be and commitments taken by the Social Summit. ion to the development, implementation and licy on women, in order to create a new social role that women play in social and economic that effective laws and agencies prevent violence, men. The Social Summit should draw on the res of people and integrate sustainable indigenous olate women's rights into social development. vent discrimination on the grounds of disability, strategies to develop greater respect for cultural ld migrants should be adopted by encouraging
nental sustainability, including those related to ggregated by gender, are lacking and need to be for new indicators for sustainability and social est principal responsibility for the monitoring of ittee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
of work should be adjusted accordingly to
帐率本冰
ll as national platforms with a well established onment, labour, social welfare and development Save the Social Summit" during the Second
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Expert Meeting om
The Hague, , 27 September -
. THE NEED TO EN ANC
1. The choice of the topic "enhancement of disadvantaged and marginalized groups" as one Social Development reflects a perception in the towards sharpened social inequalities and divisio adversely affects individual well-being as well a of the world.
2. Specific examples of social polarization and d disparities in many societies; increased ec hyperinflation, cuts in social benefits and service and community while stressing the virtues of co provision - an approach perhaps most aptly des rise in violence, conflicts and various forms of and, in some places, to the total collapse of orga exacerbated by intransigent and intolerant ideol
3. People's well-being - better standards of life Nations states - is and should always remain
policies must take people as their main agents an dimensional process which can hardly be dealt v current process of change brings both desirable those which are desirable, significance should Standards and progress in social participation in
A/CONF. 166/PC/8
1 November 1993
LAW & SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DEC
 

Social Integration
Metherlands
1 October 1993
E SOCIAL INTEGRATION
social integration, particularly of the more of the core issues for the World Summit for international community of a worldwide trend ns and growing personal insecurity. This trend s social stability and cohesion in different parts
isintegration abound: there are growing income 'onomic insecurity through unemployment, s; policy shifts de-emphasizing social Solidarity ompetition, economic efficiency and individual cribed as a new social Darwinism. There is a crime. One can point to ethnic and civil strife nized society. Social polarization is frequently ogies, increasingly directed at "outsiders".
in larger freedom, as the Charter of the United the objective of development. Development d fundamental subject; development is a multiwith on the basis of any simplified model. The and highly undesirable phenomena. Among be attributed to the improvement of living some regions and countries.
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The problem
4. The undesirable results need special attent action. These encompass phenomena emergin national and the sub-national. They embrace various groups of people.
5. The growing occurrence of social conflicts groups, and the poverty, alienation and lack c people threatens the peace, survival and sustain
6. The dynamics of the market system sim integration and disintegration. There are not onl into the lifeboat", but also those who are throwi is also the result of the concentration of control of the globalization and restructuring of econo aggravate the deterioration of the environment development. The rapid growth of world popu containing various forms of social maldevelopm
7. The crisis is more serious than is generally thi inequality take both a quantitative and qualitativ historical causes, in some respects diverging becoming marked features of the world of the understood. w
Shared concerns
8. There are several related trends. One is t between the first and third worlds. There is an in most of the 45 poorest developing countries.
9. In the African continent as a whole, the cr provisions are becoming more and more a pipe to shoulder increasing responsibilities in h Malnutrition is another widespread occurrenc increased poverty in this continent exists within
10. Yet another trend is the widening inequal countries of the world, as well as within middle of the richest countries poverty was greater ol increased very sharply by the end of the decade. of some Western cities take forms as bad as thos
6 LAW & SOCIE

ion, analysis and, where possible, preventive g at three inter-related levels: the global, the all the trends adverse to the quality of life of
exclusion of disadvantaged and marginalized f security of a large and growing number of able development of the human community.
ultaneously produce inclusion and exclusion, y those who are left behind or cannot be "lifted overboard, who become excluded. Exclusion
over capital and technology in the framework mic processes. Furthermore, these processes , thus undermining the possibilities for social lation runs counter to any positive policies of
Cht.
ought. The multiplying instability, poverty and reform. Without identifying all the long-term
living standards and deepening poverty are 990s. These have to be traced, measured and
he persisting, and indeed widening, inequality increase in absolute as well as relative poverty
isis is of such intensity that collective welfare iream, with the result that families are having alth, education and employment creation. e which is becoming almost commonplace.
a context of Social inequality.
ity within several, if not most, of the richest -income and low-income countries. In several average in the 1990s than earlier, and had
Material deprivation and degradation in parts e which can be traced in third world countries.
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The re-emergence of tuberculosis, delinquency, violence of young males from disadvantaged gi examples which demand closer investigation an
11. Some similar phenomena to the impoverish systematic transformation in the post-communis partly attributable to the lack of adequate conce
12. In several industrialized countries Statistica of the low-income populations the real value of smaller than at the beginning of the 1980s. The rates, incidents of long-term unemployment, especially personal violence.
13. The common feature of these negative phen social polarization, they tend to cause marginali the status of permanent outsiders; within nation unemployed and the poor, find it impossible tor impoverishment; at the sub-national level varic increasing inequities and regional differentiatio
Challenges for policy
14. To further social integration and social development objectives and priorities, a restru reorganization of productive activities.
15. This is not the first time in recent history th end of the Second World War, the response to happen again") was the social compact in Weste economy, and the development of the social we
16. At the end of a century marked by w unprecedented scientific and technological advar Socio-ecological wholes, bound together by the 1 and our shared evolutionary processes. There coherence and integrity for social development. groups and nations and the question of social e critical aspects of the development process.
II. FORMS, DIMENSIONS
17. Social integration is an objective of develop
LAW R. SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECI

adolescent pregnancy, high death rates from the oups, and homicide and incarceration rates are d analysis.
ment of large population groups accompany the : countries of east and central Europe, which is rn for the social costs of transition.
l indicators suggest that for substantial sections disposable income at the end of the 1980s was e is evidence of a correlation between mortality homelessness and rates of reported crimes,
omena is that, through increasing disparities and ration and exclusion: some poor nations acquire s some social groups, such as the permanently aise their status, being segregated by deepening us societies tend to evolve in the direction of
S.
development will require a reordering of cturing of the institutions of development and
at humanity has faced such a challenge. At the the crisis of the 1930s ("we should not let it n countries, the welfare state and social market lfare agenda in the decolonization process.
urs and conflicts, as well as the creation of ices, there is a need for coherent and integrated realities of the life-support system of the planet is a need to establish the imperatives of social
The question of distribution of power among quity in the access to ecological resources are
, LEVELS AND ACTORS
ment or, perhaps more usefully stated, a good
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organizing principle for policy. But it is importa and potentially deceptive. It is necessary to dis as well as the context in which it is pursued or p) universally, much of the detail that needs to Relevant, of course, is the degree of homoge difference in scale is decisive.
Forms of integration
18. Coming, as we do, from different societies cultures and political realities, we are sensitive t of distinct contexts. However, we can readily cannot be pursued at any cost but only in so f values, enshrined in the Charter of the United freedom of the individual human being. Notal some are clearly undesirable.
19. Two forms of social integration which are clearly undesirable, are hierarchical integratio privileges and restrictions that were once accep as well as the higher social strata. Social integr modern world. More recently, totalitarian regi of social integration by controlling the instrum unacceptable.
20. It also has to be borne in mind that in individuals and groups are integrated into soci problem.
21. Social integration in the contemporary wor some sense of the term. Minimally, there has to without regard to race, caste, ethnicity or gende guarantee equality of outcome. Therefore, in necessary, when considering levels of living, tc one is allowed to fall. In view of the increasing and of the need for global solidarity, it may be
excessive consumption. The global population consumption of food and energy in industrializ developing countries.
Meanings and dimensions
22. The objective of social integration deserves tha clarification lies in comprehending the dif
8 LAW & SOCIE

unt to stress that the concept is both complicated itinguish various "forms" of social integration, romoted. Although broad principles may apply inform policy is specific to place and time. neity of a particular society, but often sheer
and bringing to bear experience from different o the need for receptiveness to the requirements agree that the objective of social integration ar as it is consistent with certain basic human Nations, such as autonomy and the dignity and l kinds of integration are equally valuable, and
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well known from historical experience and are n and coercive integration, whose basis was ted as right, proper and desirable by the lower ration on this basis is no longer tolerable in the mes have sometimes maintained a high degree ents of coercion and manipulation; this too is
many cases it is precisely the way in which ety - in a subordinate manner - which is the
ld has to be on the basis of equality in at least be equality of opportunity between individuals r. But formal equality of opportunity does not addition to equality of opportunity it may be think of minimum standards below which no strain being put on the earth's limited resources necessary also to apply measures to discourage issue is as much an issue of high per capita ed countries as an issue of high birth rates in
clarification in yet another direction. Part of ferent meanings of the term "social" that are
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sometimes intended in calling attention to the in critical importance to keep in mind the distinct virtues and risks of individualism have attracted and consumer values.
23. Individuals are simultaneously private const common good. The present concern about new revolve around the idea of the value of comm observe rules which protect collective interests. principles or programmes designed to provide a much as for individual welfare.
24. Individuals are not, of course, alone.
neighbours, friends, workmates) and commun therefore social obligations, as well as being in methods of care. Individuals belong to social r condition of individual quality of life. The "so individual identities and the conditioning of indiv by means of "natural" relationships. It can vari a motivation shared with others. There are m utilities or services or "social" utilities and servi
25. We think it important to draw attention misunderstandings. In our own discussions, we a warning. For example, disintegration can lea Disintegration can be positive, in the sense that i at a higher level. Only when disintegration leac considered as necessarily negative, and it may ti "belonging".
26. Social exclusion can occur in different spi Exclusion in one does not necessarily mean exch
Exclusion
27. In the case of social exclusion, a number of il First, there is a difference in kind between situat groups or small proportions of the population, majority of the population is excluded from econ the latter include exclusion based on gender, ins based on ownership of land or other assets. Th economy required to deal with these different situ is a difference between exclusion and margina £xclusion (of groups or individuals) along several
LAW 6 SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE.

portance of "social integration". Thus, it is of in between the individual and the social. The worldwide attention in the form of self-interest
mers and users of public services that serve the definitions of citizenship and the civil society on entitlements and rights, but also duties to
Terms such as "citizenship" refer to sets of basis for individual effort and contribution as
they are members of families, groups (e.g. ties. As such they have social roles, and lividual beneficiaries of reciprocal customs or etworks. The persistence of the network is a cial" is more, however, than the extension of idual behaviour through membership in groups ously mean a condition, or an entitlement, or ajor utilities and services which are "public" Cő:S.,
to the need to use terms precisely to avoid confronted this problem and we wish to issue d to forms of exclusion, but not necessarily. it is a precursor or precondition of integration ls to a permanent state of exclusion can it be hen be seen as the opposite of "inclusion" or
Leres: economic, political and socio-cultural. ision in the others.
nportant distinctions should be borne in mind. ons of exclusion referring to relatively small and situations where a large minority or a omic, social or political rights. Examples of ome cases based on ethnic group, or perhaps nature of the changes in policy and in the ations may be quite different. Second, there ization. The latter refers to simultaneous dimensions, thereby putting them outside the
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mainstream of society. But exclusion may be political exclusion, as is true of labour in some not imply marginalization if there is access to g processes leading to the exclusion or marginaliz those affecting social groups. Fourth, the link b and needs to be better understood. Poverty m wealth with exclusion in some dimensions. Nev in most circumstances contribute to the aggrava
28. There are, of course, dynamic inter-relatio political and socio-cultural spheres, with policie: for social integration in others, and vice versa.
Levels of integration
29. In the United Nations the customary startin State, the global level also being increasingly r of States are not homogeneous social units, b linguistic groups, cultures or religions. The 18 contain several thousand "nations' or "peoples' cultural". Thus, we cannot conceive of succes the acceptance of diversity and pluralism.
accommodate differences. A high degree of to
30. Different "actors" are involved in the searc level, central government policies remain of prii functions of central government are moving in while direct provision or involvement is de deregulation, out-sourcing, Subcontracting to organizations are some manifestations of this
government, as provider and government as p changes might promote efficiency without he integration (or whether, indeed, the objectives c circumstances).
Different actors
31. Significantly, new forms of partnership ar. sector and civil society are coming into being. experimentation: at the same time, we see the policies if they tend towards social disintegrati
32. The public service institutions of civil sc their potential as agents for Social integration
O LAW & SOCII

partial; there can be economic inclusion with ettings; exclusion from the labour market may neral systems of social protection. Third, the tion of individuals are often quite distinct from 2tween social exclusion and poverty is complex ay be consistent with integration, and relative rtheless, it appears probable that exclusion will tion of poverty.
ships of cause and effect among the economic, or events in one sphere affecting the possibility
g-point for discussion of social integration is the levant. The present reality is that the majority ut include, typically, a diversity of ethnic or 4 Member States of the United Nations actually Most countries are "multi-ethnic" or "multisful integration as being based on anything but Societies will need to adjust institutions to lerance will be required.
h for greater social integration. At the national mary importance. At the same time, the specific the direction of "orchestrator" and "organizer", -emphasized in various areas. Privatization,
the private sector or to non-governmental trend. A distinction is being drawn between rchaser. It remains to be seen whether these avy social cost or negative impact on Social fgreater efficiency will be realized, and in what
long different levels of government, the private
We welcome these developments and support eed for careful monitoring and readjustment of on or exclusion.
:iety are becoming more significant. We note nd the promotion of equal opportunity, as well
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as for pluralistic, full and democratic participat
33. Among the positive characteristics of c particularly the voluntary nature of these institut and values, and the importance of their self-org of scale, communicative function, basis in socia
... APPROACHES TO G.
34. Individual national and sub-national condit as we noted earlier, any attempt at defining uni grounds for redirecting policy based on an analy needs and aspirations of people traditionally left an approach be adopted, not because it would a it would), but because it is fundamental to the goal is not merely to integrate a "social dime redefine the concept of development - and,
development policy - so that it becomes truly sc
35. Several aspects of a new approach to social i a basic divergence of opinion as to whether re which reflect a new, "socially appropriate" app designed to alleviate the worst instances of de perhaps transitional strategies on the road to a n
Redistribution policies
36. At the national level, corrective measure including national and local government, the priv, Nevertheless, national government action will rei future. Among the actions government may take redistributive policies which discourage exorbital to the poor or disadvantaged. Redistribution of 1 only one of the primary means of influencing the also may have strong political ramifications.
towards the basic objectives of social developme is not seen by the public as supporting strong so
37. We contend that the benefits to be obtaine interests of the entire society and hence should case should be made for making wide use of pro of excessive income disparities, which may be t This is primarily true because of the inordinate
OCIETy TRUST REVIEW - I DECE
 

on at all levels of society.
ivil society as an integrative force we note ons, based as they are on shared consciousness anizing and self-limiting nature, their intimacy l movements and ecological values.
REATER INTEGRATION
ons vary significantly and thus limit severely, versal policies. Nevertheless, there are strong ical approach which pays more attention to the out or discriminated against. We urge that such sist the disadvantaged and excluded (although lefinition of a just and equitable society. The insion into the development process", but to therefore to change the primary concern of Icially relevant.
ntegration are discussed below. There remains medial policies and programmes, even those roach, can be more than temporary measures privation. From this point of view, they are hore just society.
s require cooperation among various actors, te sector and independent social organizations. main of primary importance for the foreseeable top priority should be attached to establishing it income differentiation and channel resources esources through government tax policy is not social consequences of economic policies, but Redistribution policies should, however, be nt (health, education, culture); taxation which cial priorities is likely to be resisted.
d from compensatory policies fall within the be considered desirable. At the same time, a gressive taxation to discourage the emergence ken as an indication of social disintegration.
power which accrues to the wealthy: when
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resources and incomes are highly skewed, the ab economic, political and social discourse is exa development of democratic institutions and trad
38. Nevertheless, there are limits to the soci: measures, such as redistribution through taxatio instead, it is those groups which already have ac also be added that excessive taxation must be objectives because it may stifle individual i advancement of societies. Such motivation conti income-earning potential and the prospect of p generation. Ideal levels of taxation cannot be d adapted to the particular needs, traditions and c.
39. In addition to the rather basic tool of ta available to government. One such option is to priorities to services which meet their needs. T from curative treatment towards preventative pri primary education are well known and do not rec that the success of attempts to target services ha the poor. The chronically poor or excluded attention.
40. To reach the "poorest of the poor" or oth from society requires pro-active intervention n services available but also to ensure that they are from both developed and developing countries available to groups which have historically been e do not and cannot automatically utilize those ser word is empowerment. In order to ensure the ef at the poorest or most excluded groups, efforts
capacity of those groups to utilize the services of the fuller empowerment of such groups and ulti
41. Policies of redistribution have to be rationa relation to inheritance, consumer-good and corpc the all-important role of policies of "distributic salaries, as well as rates of taxation and minim deserves priority over corrective measures such
42. Corporate boards should be more accountab their decisions to make redundant thousands introduce casual or temporary work and should public consultation.
12 LAW & SOCIET

lity of the richest sector of society to dominate ggerated. The negative implications for the tions are obvious.
l impact of redistributive taxation. Generic l, rarely benefit the neediest sectors of society; cess to the system who benefit most. It should :onsidered counter-productive to development litiative and the motivation needed for the nues to require the enticement of relatively high assing on a part of one's wealth to the next etermined in any general way. They must be onditions of individual countries.
xation, there are other redistributive options target-specific groups and reallocate budgetary he relative merits of directing spending away mary health care and of strengthening universal uire repeating. It bears mentioning, however, s been mixed; they rarely reach the poorest of groups require additional and more specific
er groups which have been severely excluded ot only to ensure that they are aware of the capable of utilizing those services. Experience indicates that often, when services are made xcluded from partaking of social services, they vices merely because they now exist. The key ectiveness of redistributive programmes aimed must be undertaken to empower and build the ered. This may be a fundamental step towards mately their better integration into society.
lized. Indeed, some have a new relevance (in rate taxes, for example). But that still ignores in". The rationale of rates of profit and top um wages, is critical in such an analysis and
as personal income taxation.
le and should exercise greater responsibility in of employees, transform pension rights and not close plants without advance warning or
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Corrective vs. preventative action
43. When considering steps aimed at overcom balance "corrective" action with "preventive" at might be taken at international, national and re chances, wages and minimum entitlement to ben and elderly people) to create the conditions an policy framework must also include provision corporate aggrandizement, in the common, or pl constructed not just to the detriment of the mar general insecurity and sudden impoverishmento there have to be social and not just market "pol
Overcoming discrimination
44. There can be no question that invidious di modern societies. In compliance with internation to ensure that all forms of discrimination which a are outlawed. Sadly, there is some evidence th discrimination to perpetuate their own power, in Status of favoured groups and their own position or support discrimination is to be deplored and I
45. At the same time, legal prohibition of discr accumulated negative effects of historical discrim become internalized in the culture or even w Sophisticated responses are required to counterac
46. In some instances, attempts have been ma through the development of preferential policies o of positive discrimination, or affirmative action palance two contradictory principles: equal opp some. The evidence from several countries in Improving the situation of groups which have suf egislative action needs to be supported by stron 2nd social support for the measures concerned.
equires a clear understanding of the complex iss ocial, economic and political structures (such as
.7. It is important to keep in sight the political ome to be adopted and to distinguish between pol ind those adopted in order to secure a balance rection when preferences designed for severely
political bargains, to groups that use their pov
1 V 6, SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE

g social exclusion, there is an urgent need to ion. There is a complex list of measures that gional or local levels to establish rights, lifefits (on the part of unemployed, sick, disabled framework for social development. Such a to restrain excessive forms of personal and blic, interest. Hierarchies of wealth are being inalized and excluded, but also at the cost of the formerly secure middle-classes. In short, cies" for wealth creation.
crimination is abhorrent and unacceptable in lstandards, Governments have a responsibility im to exclude or repress individuals or groups it certain Governments have utilized forms of essence victimizing minorities to preserve the ; any attempt by a Government to perpetuate esisted in the strongest terms.
imination is rarely sufficient to overcome the ination. In many societies discrimination has ithin family or community networks; more t such a complex and slippery problem.
ile to overcome the effects of discrimination measures of a compensatory nature. Policies in favour of disadvantaged groups, seek to ortunity for all and special opportunities for licates that such policies can be effective in fered disadvantage or discrimination, but that g state intervention and broad-based political Effective action to eliminate discrimination es at stake, and it implies direct action on the labour market segmentation) involved.
conditions under which preferential policies cies adopted in the interest of greater equality of power. Preferential policies lose their isadvantaged groups are extended, as a result 2r to declare themselves disadvantaged.
MBER I994 f 13

Page 16
48. A danger of intervention which does noth a backlash which sets back policy objectives ra for intervention is therefore as important as de equality of opportunity is an important objectiv opportunities is itself highly unequal and remair at restructuring the pattern of opportunities as
49. Furthermore, an in-depth understanding counteracted is essential to effective policy-mak discrimination do not always achieve the desire unexpected groups or by the better off among til discriminate against others, merely perpetuating
50. If the ends of social justice require not m creation of abilities, then quotas in education a most satisfactory way of meeting those ends opportunities for a few, whereas what is require all. What is required are policies which guarant equity to all members of society, combined with There can be no question of eliminating all dist aim to integrate can themselves be discriminator diversity. Furthermore, careful attention must a designed to remove barriers or eliminate discrim equalize life chances for individuals.
The development of alternative networks; civ
51. The concept of the civil society as a comple been discussed previously in this report. What i society" to provide a more appropriate responset needs and the implications of this alternative net effective participation of those people in their sc
52. Where social disintegration or exclusion ex hierarchical integration, there is also a primary minority or marginalized groups to social equity: process. It is essential to support and promote t integration of the perspective of peoples in movements which constitute a part of the "civil for the participation and the empowerment of th be fundamental to Social integration on the b democracy.
53. Clearly, the definition, composition and fi
LAW & SOCIET
l
4.

ve broad-based support is that it may provoke her than advancing them. Mobilizing support igning legislation. In this context, promoting , but it may not be enough if the structure of so. Economic and social policies need to aim 'ell as the distribution of access to them.
of the nature of the discrimination to be ng. Evidence indicates that policies of positive results. They may sometimes be co-opted by e discriminated group, or they may be used to the evil they were intended to eliminate.
rely the removal of impediments but also the nd employment, for example, may not be the
Such quotas can at best provide special i is the creation of certain basic capabilities for :e fundamental human rights, social justice and policies which respect pluralism and diversity. inctions or diversity in society; policies which y if they result in the destruction of individual lso be given to the distinction between policies ination against groupS and policies designed to
il Society Self-empowerment, participation
ment to government and the private sector has s of interest here are the potential of the "civil o people's (and especially poor people's) social work for the fuller social integration and more cieties.
ist, or where there is evidence of coercive or eed to acknowledge the fundamental rights of ind to facilitate their access to the development he "civil society" as a voice for the normative communities. The organizations and social ociety" have the potential to provide a forum excluded in society and as such are likely to asis of equity and for the development of
nctioning of the "civil society" in its various
Y TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECEMBER 1994

Page 17
national and cultural manifestations requires m
New initiatives in the private Sector
54. Something to be avoided, in an analysis o. person, group, institution or organization for the existence of poverty, misery, unemployment, vi be a temptation to seek easy explanations or to ic certainly does not promote a better understandir
going.
55. Greater inequalities, increasing poverty an of negative results of the traditional models of decades. The Communist model had some su failure had a lot to do with its inability to c participation. The crisis of capitalism, ön the o the development of a society where the results all its members.
56. A new model is now emerging, where th solidarity and diversity are as important as (or m of goods and services. From the economic poi private enterprises will have to change from a 1 which emphasizes social responsibility and acco
57. The focus is no longer simply on production, of consumers, with the participation of manager also remunerating the shareholders. The focus of survival in the long run is on people rather than
58. Competition is certainly maintained, but so i. learned is that teamwork is more important than the model of the authoritarian chief must be repl to the needs and aspirations of his staff and t operates and seeks to survive. The attempt is b which both the company and the community ca survive in the longer term.
59. In essence, private business may be lear mplications of this development have, perhaps :rgued is that at the micro-economic level, this n workplace and that this development has an enorr sith tremendous implications for the constructio
4. W. B. SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE

:h greater attention and analysis.
current problems, is the attempt to blame any inability of society to resolve the long-standing lence, exclusion or disintegration. There may entify villains, but giving in to such temptation of where we are and especially where we are
| more violence are some of the extensive list evelopment we have witnessed during the last :cess in reducing levels of inequality, but its eal with questions of personal freedom and her hand, is founded on its inability to permit of growth could be more evenly distributed to
le values of freedom, equality, participation, ore important than) access to the consumption ht of view, it is clear that in order to survive, model based on maximizing profit to a model untability to the community.
but on attending to the desires and expectation S and workers, respecting the community and the productive organization that seeks its own merely on profit.
, the idea of stable partnership. What has been the individual contribution of one person, and ced by the model of the leader who responds he larger community in which his company ing made to create positive sum situations in not only benefit in the short term but also
ing to integrate social considerations. The yet to be fully understood. What is being w paradigm is leading to a more democratic ous influence on the formation of citizenship,
of a new democratic society.
fIBER I994 15

Page 18
Measuring Social development
60. Comprehensive measurement of social inte can be expected is the systematic measurement relative income equality, levels of unemploym democracy and other indicators. Increasing lev of social integration. However, since many di only qualitatively, and indeed there is no agreer construct general indices of integration are not indicators for the opposites of integration, in ter useful to pursue these notions further and to try dimensions and among different groups, since thi programmes.
61. Understanding and analysis of questions through greater disaggregation of statistical mea
The role of international/multilateral mecha
62. Many of the concepts, analyses and sugges operative with the support of supra-national forc. of a new and socially just global system of govel the resources to move in new directions. Foll national level, it should be pointed out that polici be actively pursued. Where resources are lackin international cooperation. Where national Gove equitable social integration, people must have
mechanisms to air their grievances. The time has that the cloak of "national sovereignty" used to
63. International action has to be oriented towai sources of tendencies which lead to disintegratio eliminated by military intervention: there is : importance to the policing role of the United N integration is sometimes wrongly interpreted in force which would enforce "integration" wher particularly towards ethnic conflicts which often
interests between various groups find expression intervention nor any other coercive measures ( issues. On the contrary, they rarely attack the
may only contribute to the aggravation of inhere be disappointing, at the very least, if the potenti is represented and embodied by the United Natio. of military solutions. The issues and problem
6 LAW & SOCIET

gration is not a practical proposition. All that of some aspects of integration, as reflected in int, levels of school enrolment, the extent of ls of people's participation are a positive sign mensions of social integration can be assessed lent what all these dimensions are, attempts to recommended. It may be easier to develop ms of exclusion or disintegration. It would be to measure the extent of exclusion in different s would be important in supporting anti-poverty
of social integration could be greatly assisted
SUTCS.
isms
ions provided in this report will only be made as promoting change and operating on the basis nance. Individual Governments may not have owing up on the issue of redistribution at the es of redistribution between nations should also g they will have to be sought through increased rnments hinder human rights, social justice or recourse to international bodies, standards or come for the international community to insist mask abuses be dropped.
ds the peaceful elimination or reduction of the n. They cannot be expected to be successfully disturbing tendency to attribute increasing lations in world affairs. The need for social terms of the need for an international police e spontaneous processes go the other way - are only a form in which conflicts of economic
It must be clearly stated that neither military an really be expected to solve the pertinent real sources of negative social tendencies and nt tendencies towards disintegration. It would al for positive change and development which is were to be sacrificed to the false expediency s raised here will have to be dealt with by
"Y TRUST REVIEW - I DECEMBER 1994

Page 19
peaceful measures.
64. A recommendation to the World Summit Nations to deal with the root causes of disinte
65. The Group of Experts agrees that without governance not much can be expected from individual negative aspects of social developme awareness and appreciation for the social objectives, policies and programmes of the mu
66. Finally, it must be recognized beyond any and problems for which only international solut to national parochial interests severely hinder problems. There is a pressing need for the wo and future and to act on the basis of mutual res dignity of all the people of the world.
LIST OF PA
Experts
Mr. Andre Beteille (India) Mr. Mohipnarain Joynathsing (Mauritius) Mr. Maximo Kalaw (Philippines) Mr. Zdzisław Sadowski (Poland) Mr. Akilagpa Sawyerr (Ghana) Mr. C.J.M. Schuyt (Netherlands) Mr. Rodolfo Stavenhagen (Mexico) Ms. Julia Szalai (Hungary) Mr. Peter Townsend (United Kingdom of Great Ms. Dorothea Werneck (Brazil)
Host t
Mr. Gerard van Rienen (Ministry of Welfare, F
Ms. Jacky Roos (Ministry of Welfare, Health a Mr. H.J. Bakker (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE
 

r Social Development is to empower the United ration discussed in this report.
ubstantial change in the international system of sectoral measures meant to deal with certain t. There is also a crying need to integrate better mension of development in the institutional tilateral development institutions.
ioubt that there are a growing number of issues ons can be found. The continuing priority given the attempt to find lasting solutions to global d community to recognize its common heritage bect and a sense of shared responsibility for the
RTICIPANTS
Britain and Northern Ireland)
ealth and Cultural Affairs) d Cultural Affairs)
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Page 20
DRAFT DEC
1. For the first time in history, at the invitatio State and Government to give social development now and into the twenty-first century.
2. We acknowledge that the peoples of the worl to address profound social problems specially po affect every country. It is our task to address bc consequences in order to reduce uncertainty and
3. We acknowledge that our societies must ) spiritual needs of individuals, their families and diverse countries and regions. We must do so sustained and unshakable commitment through t
4. We share the conviction that social developm for the achievement and maintenance of peace al turn, they cannot be attained in the absence of pe was recognized 50 years ago in the founding Chi
Stronger.
5. We share also the conviction that, when economic development are interdependent a development is a necessary foundation for sustair based and sustained economic development is a
6. We recognize, therefore, that social develop people throughout the world and to the responsi society. We affirm that in both economic and
investments are those which empower people opportunities.
壺
AfCONF. 166/PC/L.22
25 November 1994 At its second session held in New York from 22 Augus its Chairman to submit a draft declaration to the Com
8 LAW & SOCIET
 

LARATTOMW
of the United Nations we gather as Heads of and human well-being the highest priority both
d have shown in different ways an urgent need verty, unemployment and social exclusion that th their underlying causes and their distressing
insecurity in the life of people.
respond more effectively to the material and communities in which they live throughout our as a matter of urgency but also as a matter of he years ahead.
lent and Social justice are crucial preconditions nd security within and between our nations. In ace and security. This essential interdependence arter of the United Nations and has grown ever
properly understood, social development and nd mutually reinforcing. Equitable social hable economic prosperity. Conversely, broadprerequisite for social development and justice.
ment is central to the needs and aspirations of bilities of Governments and all sectors of civil social terms, the most productive policies and to maximize their capacities, resources and
it to 2 September 1994, the Preparatory Committee, requested mittee for consideration during its third session.
TY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECEMBER 1994

Page 21
7. We gather here to commit ourselves, our G. development throughout the world so that al responsibilities which enable them to lead satisf their families, their communities and human overriding goal of the international community,
8. We make this solemn commitment on the Nations and with a determination to capture thi Cold War. We wish to launch at this Summit : Governments and between peoples, based on aspirations of people at the centre of our decisi
9. We gather in a Summit of hope and comm difficulty of the tasks ahead but with a convictio achieved and will be achieved.
10. We commit ourselves, here in Copenhagen for enhancing social development throughout the people, in all countries and in all walks of life,
PAR
A CURRENT SOCIAL STU,
CONVENING T
11. We are witnessing unprecedented progress of prosperity is being accompanied by an expar unacceptable and dangerous.
12. Globalization - which is a consequence of trade and capital flows and technological di development and growth of the world econ experiences, to learn from one another's achieve of ideals, values and aspirations. At the sar adjustment have resulted in inequality and margi These trends have had a particularly sharp impa how to manage these processes so as to enhance t on people.
13. There has been progress in some areas:
Аи г. SOCIETy TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE

vernments and our nations to enhancing social
people may have the rights, resources and ing lives and to contribute to the well-being of ind. To support these efforts must be an
eve of the fiftieth anniversary of the United unique possibilities offered by the end of the new era of international cooperation between spirit of partnership that puts the needs and
)S.
itment. We gather with full awareness of the n that major progress can be achieved, must be
, to this Declaration and Programme of Action world into the new millennium. We invite all to join us in our common cause.
T
ATION AND REASONS FOR THE SUMMIT
but also unspeakable misery. The expansion ision of poverty. This flaring contradiction is
enhanced communications, greatly increased velopments - opens new opportunities for omy. Globalization also permits to share ments and difficulties and a cross-fertilization he time, the rapid processes of change and nalization, both within and amongst countries. ct on developing countries. The challenge is heir benefits and mitigate their negative effects
MBER 1994 19

Page 22
(a) The wealth of nations has multiplic grown even more dramatically;
(b) Life expectancy, literacy and prim. countries and average infant mortality in devel
(c) Pluralistic and democratic institutio
14. Yet we recognize that many people in the
(a) Within many societies, both in in between rich and poor has increased. Further, countries has widened, even more so in the ca:
(b) There are serious social proble experiencing fundamental and democratic chan
(c) More than 1 billion people in the v go hungry every day. A large proportion of least developed countries, have very limited or
(d) Over 120 million people worldwic underemployed. Too many young people inclu of finding productive work;
(e) Far too many people, particularly w marginalization, violence and insecurity about poverty, unemployment and social disintegra reinforcing features of the contemporary world
15. While these problems are global in c acknowledge that the situation of developing developed countries, is critical and requires countries undertaking fundamental economic, of the international community.
16. The goals and objectives of social develo eliminate major sources of social distress. Pai diseases, organized crime, drug abuse, drug traf and terrorism. In this context the negative im trade in arms must be acted upon.
17. We know that poverty, lack of productive
2O LAW & SOCIE

ad sevenfold in the past 50 years and trade has
ary education have increased in the majority of oping countries has been reduced;
ins and civil liberties have expanded.
world are affected by growing distress:
dustrialized and developing countries, the gap the gap between most developing and developed se of the least developed countries;
sms and problems of transition in countries ges in their political systems;
world live in abject poverty, and more than half men and women, particularly in Africa and the
no access to income and resources;
le are officially unemployed, and more remain lding those with formal education see little hope
omen, increasingly face vulnerability, isolation, their future - their own and their children's - as tion seem to become pervasive and mutually l.
haracter and affect all countries, we clearly countries, and particularly of Africa and least special attention. We also acknowledge that social and political changes require the support
pment require continuous efforts to reduce and ticular focus should be given to communicable ficking and r13elated criminality, armed conflict pact, upon development, of the production and
employment and social disintegration represent
ETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECEMBER 1994

Page 23
a waste of human resources and ineffective institutions and processes. They are an offenc hold the trust of the people of the world if we
18. Our challenge is to establish a people-cent us now and in the future, to build a culture of c. immediate needs of those who are most affected this challenge and promote social development
B. PRINCIPLE
19. We, Heads of State and Government, are vision for social development based on human and cooperation. Accordingly, we will give international policies and actions to the promoti human condition.
20. To this end we shall create a framework f
(a) Place people at the centre of develop needs:
(b) Fulfil our responsibility for intergenerational equity and protecting the integ
(c) Recognize that social development which is enhanced through the support of interr
(d) Integrate economic and social policie acknowledge the interdependence of public and
(e) Recognize that sound, broadly-basec to achieve sustained social development;
(f) Promote democracy, human dignity, international levels; ensure tolerance, non-violen
respect of diversity within and among societies;
(g) Promote a more just distribution of and equality of opportunity at all levels;
(h) Recognize the family as the basic uni
LAW & SOCIETY TRUST REVIEW - 1 DEC

less in the functioning of markets, societal to human dignity. We can only continue to make their needs our priority.
ed framework for social development to guide operation and partnership and to respond to the
by human distress. We are determined to meet throughout the world.
S AND GOALS
committed to a political, ethical and spiritual lignity, equality, respect, mutual responsibility the highest priority in national, regional and on of social progress and the betterment of the
or action to:
ment and the economy at the service of human
present and future generations, respecting
rity and sustainable use of our environment;
is a national responsibility, the full success of lational cooperation;
s so that they become mutually supportive, and private spheres of activity;
economic policies are a necessary foundation
social justice and solidarity at the national and ce and pluralism and non-discrimination in full
income and access to resources through equity
of society and acknowledge that it plays a key
MBER 1994 21

Page 24
role in social development and as such should b is entitled to receive comprehensive protection Social systems;
(i) Promote and protect universally re development; promote the effective exercise of levels of society: promote equity and equa strengthening of civil society;
(j) Support progress and security for p of our global society is enabled to satisfy bal dignity, safety and creativity;
(k) Underline the importance of good private, national and international institutions;
(i) Recognize that empowering people objective of development and its principal participation in the formulation and implementat well-being of our societies.
21. We acknowledge the primary responsibility acknowledge that they cannot be achieved by Go the United Nations and all sectors of civil socie and resources to narrow disparities within and social tensions, and to create greater stability an personal commitment of enhancing the human c fields of activities and through assuming specia
PAR
COMMT
22. On the basis of our common vision, whi within and among countries, in full respect f( development priorities and religious and cultura progress and development embodied in the follo
Commitment 1
We commit ourselves to create an enabling conducive to social development, at all levels,
LAW & SOCIE"
2
2

: strengthened. In its various forms, the family and support in different cultural, political and
cognized human rights, including the right to ights and the discharge of responsibilities at all ity between women and men; promote the
'ople and communities whereby every member sic human needs and to realize their personal
governance and accountability in public and
to strengthen their own capacities is a main resource. Empowerment requires their full ion of decisions determining the functioning and
of Governments to attain these goals. We also vernments alone. The international community, ty need to contribute their own share of efforts among countries in a global effort to reduce d security. We invite everyone to express their :ondition through concrete actions in their own
civic responsibilities.
T
MENTS
ch aims at Social justice, harmony and equity }r national sovereignty and policy objectives, I diversity, we launch a global drive for social wing commitments:
economic, political and legal environment
"Y TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECEMBER 1994

Page 25
To this end, at the national level, we shall:
(a) Provide a stable legal framework, opportunity for all women and men, res. the rule of law, elimination of de jure representative organizations of civil soc
(b) Reinforce the means and capacities and implementation of social and decentralization and strengthening of th local communities to develop their own
(c) Promote dynamic, open, competitiv access to markets by all people, particu
At the international level, we shall:
(d) Promote international cooperatio development strategies;
(e) Formulate and coordinate macr development and reduced protectionisr stability and access of developing coul technologies, with due consideration f transition;
(f) Support, particularly through tech developing countries to achieve rapid, bro consideration should be given to the spe
and the least developed countries;
(g) Ensure that universally recognized h as a basic and fundamental right, are re.
Commitment 2
We commit ourselves to the goal of eradica national actions and international coopera imperative of humankind.
To this end, at the national level we shall:
(a) Formulate and strengthen national st
LAW & socIETY TRUST REVIEW - I DEC

that includes and promotes equity, equality of 2ct for human rights, fundamental freedoms and and de facto discrimination, and promotion of ety;
or people to participate fully in the formulation conomic policies and programmes through abilities and opportunities of civil society and organizations, resources and activities;
2 markets together with expanded and equitable arly the poorest and most disadvantaged.
as an integral component of overall social
o-economic policies to facilitate sustainable n in the world economy, enhanced financial ntries to markets, productive investments and or the needs of countries with economies in
nical and financial cooperation, the efforts of adly-based sustainable development. Particular cial needs of small island developing countries
man rights, including the right to development pected and implemented.
ing poverty in the world, through decisive ion, as a moral, political and economic
ategies to substantially reduce overall poverty
MBER 1994 23

Page 26
and establish specific time-bound commit
(b) Focus our efforts and policies to addr the basic needs of all. This includes the e provision of primary health-care and repr water and basic sanitation, universal prim special priority to the needs of women a
poverty;
(c) Ensure that people living in poverty other productive resources, and benefit fi enhances their overall capacities and € employment and economic opportunities;
(d) Develop and implement policies to adequate economic and social protection du disability and old age;
(e) Review national budgets to orient the inequalities.
At the international level, we shall:
(f) Ensure that international institutions, developing countries and all countries in of our overall goal of eradicating poverty
Commitment 3
We commit ourselves to enabling all people to through freely chosen productive employment employment.
To this end, at the national level, we shall:
(a) Put the creation of adequately rem unemployment at the centre of the strategic for workers' rights and with the participal special priority to the problems of stru unemployment;
(b) Develop policies to expand work opp urban sectors by investing substantially i
2
4
LAW & SOCIET

ments to eradicate extreme poverty;
2ss the root causes of poverty and provide for imination of hunger and malnutrition, and the ductive health/family planning, safe drinking ary education, and adequate shelter; and give ld children who bear the greatest burdens of
have access to land, credit, information and om a policy and regulatory environment that mpowers them to benefit from expanding
progressively ensure that all people have ring unemployment, ill health, child rearing,
m towards meeting basic needs and reducing
particularly the financial institutions, assist need in their efforts towards the achievement
and ensuring basic Social protection.
) attain secure and sustainable livelihoods and work, and to maintain the goal of full
unerated employment and the reduction of 2s and policies of Governments in full respect ion of employers and trade unions; and give ctural, long-term unemployment and youth
ortunities and productivity in both rural and n the development of human resources, by
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Page 27
promoting technologies that generate pro employment and small enterprise develo
(c) Ensure that workers and employers economic conditions, technologies and la
(d) Explore innovative options for em work, and seek new approaches to provi
(e) Pursue the goal of ensuring quality j of the International Labour Organization
At the international level, we shall:
(f) Ensure that migrant workers benefit national and international instruments.
Commitment 4
We commit ourselves to promoting social int fostering societies that are stable, safe and ju
To this end, at the national level, we shall:
(a) Promote basic values of respect responsibility, non-violence and solidar communication media to raise people's social integration;
(b) Ensure the protection and full integ and individuals, including children, the e
(c) Adopt specific measures to enhance r rights and needs of refugees, internally workers;
(d) Recognize and respect the identity, Support their aspirations to be self-sufficie and political life of their country;
(e) Strengthen institutions which enhance of the family.
LAW e SocIETy TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE

ductive employment, and by encouraging self)ment;
have the training needed to adapt to changing bour markets;
loyment creation and the fair distribution of ding income and purchasing power;
obs, with full respect for relevant conventions
(ILO).
from the protections provided by all relevant
egration and participation of all people by St.
for pluralism and diversity, tolerance and ity, by encouraging educational systems and understanding and awareness of all aspects of
ration of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups lderly and people with disabilities;
espect for cultural diversity and for the human
displaced persons and migrants and migrant
culture and interests of indigenous people and :nt and participate fully in the social, economic
Social integration, recognizing the central role
MBER 1994 25

Page 28
At the international level, we shall:
(f) Encourage the ratification and full i relevant to the elimination of discrimina
Commitment 5
We commit ourselves to achieving full equity to recognizing and enhancing the partici development.
To this end, at the national level, we shall:
(a) Promote change in attitudes, policies to full gender equity and equality; and women in social, economic and poli implementation of public policies;
(b) Establish policies, objectives and in decision-making processes at all levels an support the empowerment of women;
(c) Take effective measures to eliminat against women, with particular attention armed conflict.
At the international level, we shall:
(d) Encourage the ratification, remov; provisions of the Convention on the Elim Women and other relevant instruments, looking Strategies for the Advancement
Commitment 6
We commit ourselves to promoting the econo of Africa and the least developed countries.
To this end, we shall:
(a) Support economic reforms and comm through technical cooperation, trade and
26 LAW & SOCIE

mplementation of all international instruments tion and the protection of human rights.
and equality between women and men and pation of women in social progress and
and practices in order to eliminate all obstacles promote full participation of urban and rural tical life, including in the formulation and
heasurable goals to enhance gender balance in d broaden women's economic opportunities and
e all kinds of exploitation, abuse and violence to women refugees and women in situations of
al of reservations, and implementation of all hination of All Forms of Discrimination against
and implementation of the Nairobi Forwardof Women.
mic, social and human resource development
odity diversification efforts of African countries
financial assistance;
TY TRUST REVIEW - I DECEMBER 1994

Page 29
(b) Find a realistic, comprehensive and S by taking urgent action and measures, in framework of the mid-term review o Development of Africa in the 1990s and the Eradication of Poverty;
(c) Ensure the implementation of the st Africa decided by the international c development strategies and programmes developed countries;
(d) Increase official development assista without reducing the resources allocated
Commitment 7
We commit ourselves to ensuring that struct development goals of eradicating poverty, enhancing social integration.
To this end, at the national level, we shall:
(a) Protect basic social programmes and weakest and most vulnerable segments reductions, while eliminating inefficient
expenditures;
(b) Review, on a country-by-country programmes on social development, by relevant methods, and develop policies to positive impact;
(c) Reinforce the social development programmes, including those resulting fro change, through policies designed to pron
At the international level, we shall:
(d) Request that the multilateral develo adjustment lending with targeted social d
(e) Secure the support and cooperation ( particular the Bretton Woods institutions
LAW I SOCIETy TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE

stainable solution to the external debt problem ralia, the cancellation of bilateral debt in the
the United Nations New Agenda for the no later than 1996, the International Year for
ategies and measures for the development of ommunity and support the reform efforts, lecided by the African countries and the least
nce, both in total and for social programmes, o other sectors.
ral adjustment programmes include social generating productive employment and
expenditures, in particular those affecting the of society, from across-the-board budget spending and increasing the quality of social
basis, the impact of structural adjustment means of social-impact assessments and other reduce their negative effects and improve their
objectives of all adjustment policies and n economic transition, globalization and rapid ote equitable access to income and resources.
pment banks and other donors complement velopment investment lending:
f regional and international organizations, in in implementing these goals and in further
MBER 1994 27

Page 30
integrating social development goals into
Commitment 8
We commit ourselves to increase significant assigned to social development in order to ach action and international cooperation.
To this end, at the national level, we shall:
At the
(a) Develop economic policies to m resources for productive investment and and private, for social programmes whil
(b) Implement macro-economic and stri growth to support social development;
(c) Increase access to credit for small informal sector, with particular emphasi
(d) Ensure that taxation systems are fa contributions from those people and bus to pay, and ensure effective collection o
(e). Undertake reductions in military exp So as to allow allocation of additional fu
international level, we shall:
(f) Mobilize new and additional financi and mechanisms including multilateral concessional and grant terms;
(g) Increase the flow of international fi transfer sufficient and adequate resource transition countries;
(h) Strive for the fulfilment of the ag product (GNP) for overall official dev increase the share of funding for social the Scope and scale of activities require Declaration and its Programme of Actio
28
LAW & SOCIET

) their policies, programmes and operations.
ly and utilize more efficiently the resources teve the goals of the Summit through national
obilize domestic savings and attract external seek innovative sources of funding, both public e ensuring their effective utilization;
uctural policies to ensure stable and sustainable
wa
and micro-enterprises, including those in the s on the disadvantaged sectors of society;
ir and economically efficient, based on larger iness enterprises which have a greater capacity f tax liabilities;
benditures and investments for arms production inds for social and economic development.
al resources from all available funding sources , bilateral and private sources, including on
nance, technology and human skill in order to s for development towards the developing and
reed target of 0.7 per cent of gross national elopment assistance as soon as possible, and development programmes, commensurate with 2d to achieve the objectives and goals of this
n;
TY TRUST REVIEW - I DECEMBER 1994

Page 31
(i) Ensure urgent implementation of exi. early date, further initiatives and innovat bilateral debts of severely indebted count a permanent solution to the growing dif
(j) Implement the Uruguay Round of including the complementary provision recognition of the fact that broadly-basec mutually reinforcing;
(k) Monitor the impact of trade liberaliz to meet basic human needs, giving partic access to international markets;
(l) Give attention to the needs of the cou to international cooperation and financia
(m) Increase financing for operational a agencies in order to fulfil their responsib of the World Sumthit for Social Develop
Commitment 9
We commit ourselves to a strengthened frame development, in a spirit of partnership, throu, institutions.
To this end we shall:
At the national level:
(a) Adopt the appropriate measures and 1 the agreements of the World Summit for request, of the agencies, programmes an system, with broad participation of all se
At the regional level:
(b) The regional commissions, in c. organizations and banks, should convene Ministers of Social Affairs to evaluate pr of the Summit, exchange views on their r measures. The regional commissions sho
оствТу TRUST REVIEW - 1 DECE
 

ting debt-relief agreements and negotiate, at an ve measures to reduce and ultimately eliminate ies at an early date; and consider means to give iculties of servicing multilateral debt;
multilateral trade negotiations as scheduled, s specified in the Marrakesh agreement, in growth in incomes, employment and trade are
ation on progress made in developing countries ular attention to new initiatives to expand their
ntries with economies in transition with respect
assistance;
ctivities of the United Nations and specialized ilities in the implementation of the agreements ment.
战
work for international cooperation for social gh the United Nations and other multilateral
mechanisms in order to implement and monitor Social Development, with the assistance upon d regional commissions of the United Nations ctors of civil society.
ooperation with regional intergovernmental
on a biannual basis, a meeting at the level of ogress made towards fulfilling the agreements spective experiences and adopt the appropriate uld report to the Economic and Social Council
MBER I994 29

Page 32
on their outcome.
At the international level:
(c) Instruct our representatives to the international development agencies and these institutions take appropriate and coo progress in attaining the goals and comm
(d) The Economic and Social Council sh regional commissions, progress made implementing the agreements of the Wor report to the General Assembly according
(e) Schedule for the year 2005 a secon review progress to date in the implemen agree upon further initiatives, as necessar
3 O LAW & SOCIET

institutions of the United Nations system, nultilateral development banks to ensure that dinated measures for continuous and sustained tments agreed to by the Summit;
ould assess, on the basis of the reports by the by the international community towards d Summit for Social Development and should
ly;
d World Summit for Social Development to ting of the first Summit's agreements and to
y.
TRUST REVIEW - I DECEMBER 1994

Page 33
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