கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Citizenship Education & Governance: Grade 10

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MEN. N. "BAAR N
N N.
O OU O
 

NSIKIPEDUNUDIN
onal Pications Department

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CITIZENSHIP
8. GOVERN
GRAD
EDUCATIONAL PUBLICA

EDUCATION
ANCE
Ε ΤΟ
TIONS DEPARTMENT

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First Published in 2006 All Rights Reserved
PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY DEPARTMENT AND
Printed by The Associated Newspap Commercial Printing Department.
2007/E/O/89 / 15OOO

THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS
ers of Ceylon Ltd,

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The Nation
Sri Lanka Mãthã Apa Sri Lankã Namõ Namõ Namõ Na Sundara Siri Barini Surandi athi sõba Dhanya Dhanaya neka mal palathurt. Apa hata säpa siri setha sadanã jeeva Piliganu mäna apa bhakthi pooja Nar Apa Sri Lankã Namõ Namõ Namõ NaI Oba ve apa vidyã Obamaya apa sathya Oba ve apa shakthi Apa hada thula bhakthi Oba apa ãlõke
Apage anu prãne
Oba apa jeevana ve Apa mukthiya oba ve Navajeevana demine nithina apa pub Gnana veerya vadawamina rägena yä Eka mawakage daru kala bawina Yamu yamu Wee nopama Prema wada sâma bheda dhurárada
Namo Namõ Mathã Apa Sri Lankã Namõ Namõ Namõ Nam
iii

al Anthem
mõ Mã thả
a mána Lanká u piri jaya bhoomiya ramyã anaye mãthã mỐ NamỐ Mã thấ.
mÖ Mã thả
udu karan matha nu mäna jaya bhoomi karã

Page 6
අපි වෙමු එක මවකගෙ දරුවෝ එක නිවෙසහි වෙසෙනා එක පාට,ති එක රුධිරය වේ අප කය තුළ දුවනා
එබැවිනි අපි වෙමු සොයුරු සොයුරියෝ එක ලෙස එහි වැඩෙනා ජීවත් වන අපි මෙම නිවසේ
සොඳින සිටිය යුතු වේ.
සැමට ම මෙත් කරුණා ගුණෙනි වෙළී සමගි දමිනි රන්මිණි මුතු නොව එය මය සැපත: කිසි කල නොම දීරනා
- ආනන්ද සමරකෝ
ஒரு தாய் மக்கள் நாமாவோம் ஒன்றே நாம் வாழு மில்லம் நன்றே உடலில் ஒடும் ஒன்றே நம் குருதி நிறம்.
அதனால் சகோதரர் நாமாவோம் ஒன்றாய் வாழும் வளரும் நாம் நன்றாய் இவ் இல்லினிலே நலமே வாழ்தல் வேண்டுமன்றோ.
யாவரும் அன்பு கருணையுடன் ஒற்றுமை சிறக்க வாழ்ந்திடுதல் பொன்னும் மணியும் முத்துமல்ல - யாண்று மழியாச் செல்வமன்றோ,
-ஆனந்த சமரக்கோன் கவிதையின் பெயர்ப்பு.
iV

yj2ガー
அதுவே

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FOREV
The objective of the Educational Pul textbooks of high pedagogical standa is with pleasure I write a foreword to
Grade lO based on the new curriculu system from 2007 which will fulfill th
By studying this textbook which cov subject, the younger generation will build a virtuous society and to face th
I take this opportunity to thank th worked hard with dedication and ent wish to extend my gratitude to the S all others who gave their fullest coop
Educational Publications Departme “Isurupaya” Battaranulla.
Date: 8. O8.2OO)6

WORD
olications Department is to provide rds to all students in the country. It this series of textbooks produced for m reforms introduced to the school e expectations of our students.
Jers the prescribed syllabus on the acquire the competencies needed to Le challenges of the unknown future.
le officers in the Department who husiasm to meet our targets. I also ecretary, Ministry of Education and eration in numerous ways.
N. Dharmasena Commissioner General of Educational Publications
eat

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Direction N. Dharmasena - Commissioner Ge E.F.D. Nanayakkara — Consultant –
Panel of Writers Sugath Alahakoon, B.A. (Political St Kuliyapitiya M.M.V., Gampola
A.S.D. Godakumbura, B.A. (Sociolo, K/Atabage, Udagama M.V., Gampol
Kumudu Kumari Dissanayaka, B.A. A/Kallanchiya M.V., Anuradhapura
W. N. R. P. Ghanawathie – B.-A... (Econ G/Devapathiraja National School, F
Anoma Shiyamalee Saheeb – B.A. (F K/Teldeniya National School, Telde
Translation W.P. Jayawardhana P.W. Wickramasinghe
Technical Advice Visakha Jayawickreme — Assistant C
Project Co-ordination W.D. Padmini Nalika - Additional (
Co-ordination Assistance Visakha Jayawickreme — Assistant C
Drawing & Illustrations Nanila Publication (Pvt) Ltd.
Typesetting & Layout ANCIL
Cover Menaka Sanjeewanie Thilakarathne Educational Publications Departme
Publishing ANCIL

eneral of Educational Publications Educational Publications Department
Cience Нns.)
gy Нns.)
al
. (Political Science)
Omics)
Rathgama
Political Science Нns.) niya
Ommissioner of Educational Publications
Ommissioner of Educational Publications
ommissioner of Educational Publications
nt

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OONTE
Democratic GOvernment
... 1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 7 .8 .9 ... 1
Democracy:- The origin and history of democra Direct democracy and representat Components of a democratic form The factors needed for the succe The nature of the State and the Types of Government The role of the states The significance of the democrat
O Challenges of democracy
Decentralization and devolutio
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Introduction
Decentralization and Devolution o Devolution and Decentralization o The Composition (structure) of a F
Multi Cultural Society
3.1 3.2
3.3.
3.4
Let us identify the multi-cultural The factors which promote the cre Multi-cultural Societies and model
Multi-cultural Assimilation and Sl
Economic systems and Econoi
4.1 4.2
4.3 4.4 4.5
Basic Economic Problems and Ecc Identifying various economic syste mixed-economic systems) The concept of Market Economy State of the present Economy of S The influence of technological adv the world economy and Sri Lanka
Conflict resolution in a democ
5.1 5.2 5.3
5.4
Introducing Conflicts? Types of conflicts and their source Methods of resolving conflicts The advantages of avoiding conflic
Vii

NTS
1. tic government. 2 ive democracy 4 of government. 5 ssful operation of democratic rule 12 government 16 22 24 ic government 25 27
n of power
28 f POWer in modern States 29 f Power in Sri Lanka 37 Provincial Council 43
SOCieties. 45 !ation of a multi-cultural society 51 rn State 54
i Lanka 55
mic relations
Dnomic Activities 59 'ms (Capitalist, socialist, 66
68 ri Lanka and Development 7O ancement and globalization on 76
ratic society
83 eS 86 89 sts and amicably settling them 94

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Page 11
Democratic G
1.1 Democracy:-
Democracy means the rule of t word, "democracy" is made by "Demos" and "Krotos" respecti words are "people" and "rule" F of the people (Encyclopaedia Br
In a democratic both, the election of ru of power to rulers are (
Democracy is a concept, whic philosophers in different ma democracy goes as follows -
"Democracy is the government the people"
Democracy is not something that car something that has to be constantly si no formula to produce a perfectly des done is to plant the seeds of dem
“UNESCO” conference on the princ through peace anc
2001 July, Seoul,
Democracy is the system of Govrnn delegated power to the people directl they wish, in the three-fold function people's freedom, rights, equality ar
operate without limiting them
 
 

he "demos" or people. The English joining two separate Greek words vely. The meanings of these two Hence "Democracy" means the rule itanica — 2004).
government lers and delegation lone by the people.
:h has been defined by different nners. A popular definition on
of the people, for the people, by
U. S. PreSident, AbrCahCunni LinCOln. Getesberg Speech - 1863
be produced or exportable. It is afeguarded and nurtured. There is signed democracy. All that can be Ocracy in the minds of people.
iples of learning to live together i co-operation.
South Korea
hent, which has constitutionally y and indirectly to participate as is of government, while allowing ld direct democratic methods to merely to the constitution.

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Activities 1.1
O Collect various definitions put O Explain, what is meant by del
Explaining democracy, Encyclop models of it.
I. Direct Democracy: Demo in the
II. Representative Democrac
The throu
III. Free Or Constitutionalize(
The Which and COISt by th
Out Of different models menti functioning in ancient Greek
Representative democracy is f Britain, Israel, New Zealand a
The free or constitutionalized & Sri Lanka.
Accordingly it is clear that, it is On democracy.
Activity 1.2
l. Discuss the reasons for
of democracy.
1.2 The origin and history of de
There is evidence to believe t system of government were fo India also there were certain
B.C. which had governments Kingdom of Lichchavi Kings is

forward on the nature of democracy mocracy.
aedia Britanica has identified three
ocracy where citizens directly take part e function of the government.
су: form of democracy which functions gh the reprsentatives of the people.
d democracy:
system of democratic government n has granted the fundamental rights manifold freedoms. It iS itutionally designed and administered e people's representatives.
oned above, the direct democracy was Cities.
unctioning in countries such as Great nd in many other countries.
democracy is operative in U.S.A., India
S difficult to make a common definition
having many definitions on the nature
mocratic government.
hat certain features of the democratic Dund in ancient Sri Lanka as Well. In Kingdoms as far back as 6th century
based on democratic principles. The an example.
2

Page 13
In the 4th century B.C. during appointing "Gamika" – the leader consent was sought. In the latter p evidence democratic methods have State affairs. The Kings of that time taking decisions on important mat ruins of ancient royal courts where be seen
Greece is considered the cradle of city-states of Greece were ruled
citizens of such city states Athens cities assembled together & too dicussions on affairs of government
Greek City States
l. 1
The Parthenon Acropolis Athens, Greece
 
 

King Pandukabhaya's time in of the village council, majority eriods also according to available been used in the running of the have Consulted their Ministers in ters of the state. Even today the such dicussions were held could
modern democracy. The ancient
On democratic principles. The , Sparta and many other Greek k important decisions through t.
Porch of the Caryatids at the Erechteion, Athens, Greece.

Page 14
1.3 Direct democracy and repre
Direct democracy was pract system all the people who wi and made decisions on impor
Why direct democacy is not p
The large size of the lanc The influence of populat The complex nature of m The practical difficulty
take decisions. On matter
:
What happens in modern de test the people's will and to ap who would take decisions on 1 This is called indirect democr.
Representative democracy me representatives appointed at majority consent of the people
Since all voters cannot take p in modern democracies, peo affairs through the direct dem
According to representative di a state who receives the right adults irrespective of their ger
Activity 1.3
Make a list of qualifications in
Direct democratic methods
“Referendum: Consultation Ol legislative matter can be intr. France are two Countries whe
Initiation: means the ability certain legislative function (in be enacted by the legislature). employs this method.

sentative democracy
ised in Greek city states. Under this ere subjected to the rule, got together tant government affairs.
racticable in the modern world.
l areas of modern states
ion growth
nodern Societies of assembling all citizens together to 's of government.
mocratic states is holding elections to point their representatives accordingly, matters of government, on their behalf. acy or the representative democracy.
ans the rule done through the people's an election for a specific period on the
w
art directly in the affairs of government ple are given the opportunity in state
Ocratic devices.
emocracy the section of the citizens in o vote is called voters. Generally all the nder come within this group.
eeded to be a Voter in Sri Lanka.
people's will on a constitutional or a oduced as referendum. Sri Lanka and re referendum is used.
of the people to initiate or originate a other words requisting a certain law to Switzerland is one such country which

Page 15
Recall; the ability to recall or abol politicians is called "recall". Agai this method is practised.
Plebiscite - What is expected thro people on how to solve a specific where this method is employed a
Lanka.
Activity 】。4
l. Collect the information. On a methods mentioned in the C employed.
1.4 Components of a democratic fo
Certain components of a democra
Election of governments and rul
Universal franchise means not o their rulers, but to participat through direct democratic met universal franchise is the will
country, the will of the majority
1. Appointment of a governm 2. Appointment of people’s rei 3. Existence of a competitive
A competitive political party functioning of a democratic sy party is an Organization in assembled together, based on ci of gaining political power in the there should be the opportunity of political parties which ha objectives.

ish the posts of corrupt officials or n, Switzerland is a country where
ugh this process is to consult the political problem. Some countries re U.S.A., France, Canada and Sri
in Occasion where direct democratic :Onstitution of Sri Lanka has been
rm of government.
|tic government, worth recognition.
ers based on universal franchise.
nly the right of the people to elect e in the affairs of government hods. What is expressed by the of the majority. In a democratic
is a decisive factor.
ent presentatives political party system
system is an imperative for the 'stem of government. A political which a group of people have ertain policies, with the intention country. In a democratic country for the existence and functioning ve been registered with these

Page 16
Different types of political pa mOdern WOrld
米 Free and Fair elections:
In a democratic country held at stipulated time People's participation in is sought through the e sovereignty lies with th entrust their representa for a specific period.
 

rty systems could be seen in the
○」 。 * てつ つ ○ YA بنتی ہے۔ میں ” 総 を 季 W富い @ 。 。 Ꮻ
A H + È ? | ? ||B || 《ཡོད། *To ŝ S | | |
5 s 28 5 2
2 - I91Je A VMܸ ܠܵܐ * tII AhIed oV 窓�\
2. Jo Ioaut'
, free and fair elections should be es according to the constitution.
the functions of the government lections. In a democratic country e people and at an election they tives to operate it on their behalf

Page 17
Delimitation of the country
To demarcate the electora delimitation COmmissions a population distribution
population are some of tho:
ܛܢܦܬܐ ܬ
ܕܬܐ ܘܢ
',
North Province
E.
North Wessen Province
Souther Provinc
1.4 (The electOral m
 

into electoral districts:
ul districts on accepted criteria, Lre appointed. The land area, the and the composition of the se criteria used very often.
Eastern Province .
Uva Province
ap of Sri Lanka)

Page 18
2k Freedom, rights & equity:
The basis of democracy people. The people in a them without any discrin a country without the fre equality.
Activity 1.5
Examine, to which political parties belong (answer your q
米
Liberty (freedom)
Liberty means the suppo individual to fulfil hiS r others' rights.
Liberty means the safet man to act while safegua
Liberty means the oppor his individuality without
 

is freedom, rights & equility of the democratic country should enjoy mination. Democracy cannot exist in edom of the people, their rights and
party system, Sri Lanka's political (uestion in 15O words)
frt given by outer environment to an equirements without infringing on
y provided by environment for the arding his own individuality
PrQf Hoarold J. Lasky
tunity an individual has to develop
eXtraneous Obstacles.
G.D. H. Hail

Page 19
Human Rights:
The set of conditions needed by man private life is called human rights. forward by knowledgeable persons o
"Rights are the conditions requi life in a satisfactory manner".
Most of the rights enjoyed today historical revolutions of the past
e.g. English Revolution - 1688 AD
French Revolution - 1789 AD
The rights won on different occasic and adopted by the United Nations o caption "Universal Declaration of Hu mankind to enjoy them without any
Civil Rights
Right for life Liberty & security of person Freedom from torture or Cruel inhuman treatment Freedom for education Freedom of movement The right to marry and to raise a family Freedom of thought conscienc and religion Right to employment and Own property Right to create artistic, scientific and technological Creations and to enjoy their results
The concluding articles 28 - 30 in recognized that everyone is entitled t in which these rights and liberties stressed further the duties and resp. the society.

who is a social animal to fulfil his There are many definitions put in human rights.
red by man to carry on his social
Harold J. Lasky
are won by man through the
American Revolution - 1776 AD
Russian Revolution - 1917 AD
ons have been compiled together n 1 Oth December 1948 under the man Rights", enabling the whole discrimination.
Political Rights
Right to cast the vote Right to contest an election as a Candidate Right to take part in the affairs of the government Right of equal access to public service Right of freedom of opinion & expression
he Declaration of Human Rights O a social and international Order
may be fully realised and they Onsibilities the individual Owes to

Page 20
D
Virtuous ィつ
O Built upon the principles of ethics and socially accepted
OS
O Respect of the elders Observanci of social customs Protection of Historical, Social and Cultural objects.
Activity 1.6
1. "Human rights start with ch (Charter for Children's Rights
2. Trace five instances, where
from the newspapers and pr
Equality:
What is meant by equality is, tha among others in enjoying all righ
An occasion where equality has below.
s
It is clear according to this, th: aspect, but they are equal when li pursuit of happiness are concern
 
 

Legal
O Recommended by the legally
constituted government
O Lawful conduct Payment of taxes
in the right manner extension of support to uphold law and order
ildren's rights"
Write down five rights of the children.
children's rights have been flouted, esent then to the class.
it man as a Social animal is an equal
at every man is not equal in every berty and the rights, such as life and ed.
O

Page 21
In a democratic society there is the liberty, life and equality under the ( and political in, all social activities, certain practical limitations on this.
vi. Acting in conformity with the co
Given above is one of the main in nature of the constitution.
In every democratic system of gover can be a Written or unwritten one. essentially, that it is written or un constitution is a Written One.
What is meant by an unwritten cons1 by a constituent assembly and legislature. Example, Great Britain,
Generally in all other countries writt
Main features included in a constitu
1. The composition of the mail (legislature, executive & the The functioning of these in nature of institutional relati Relationship between the st Fundamental rights of the c Matters pertaining to the re
i
Constitution is the supreme docume Country.
A constitution is created by a constit approved by the legislature and peo majority vote at a referendum. Th country the constitution is functioni people.
 

possibility to own rights such as livisions such as civil, economic but it could be seen there are
nStitution
troductions put forward on the
nment there is a constitution. It What is meant by this is not written. Broadly speaking every
titution is that, it was not written not formally approved by the Israel, New Zealand.
en constitutions can be seen.
tion
in components of the constitution
judiciary) stitutions, their powers and the onships among them ate & the citizen
citizen
vision of the constitution
nt and the fundamental law of a
uant assembly. Then it has to be ple also should approve it with a is means that in a democratic ng on the majority consent of the

Page 22
The existence of a develo functioning of a democratic ru economy is essential. Such a protection of liberty, equality the people to work in accorda and the constitution of the income disparity among the factor in upholding democrati Democracy cannot exist in a needs are not fullfilled.
The existence of a two party s
k Birth of a strong ruling p * Ability to use univers
meaningfully. ak Party organisation becom k Maximum service for the
Such factors can be assured en VirOnment.
Acceptance of the majority coi consent of the minority.
Since the democracy is the
fundamental feature is the e) the majority. But because oft of the minority is not int democracy is to listen to the
discussion. When majority op the pride of place. In other w after considering all available
O Election of rulers on the n
all elections O Approval of all Acts and
majority consent
● Acceptnace of the majori On the revision of the cons in taking important politi O Through direct democrati
is allowed to manifest.
3.

ped economy for the proper le. The existence of a developed in economy is congenial for the & other rights. It will encourage unce with democratic principles country. However, a smaller people is also an important ic values. a country where basic human
system
arty and an opposition party all franchise effectively and
es more methodical people.
in a two party system political
nsent while not suppressing the
government of the people, its ntrusting of the government to his the suppression or crushing ended. A main feature in a minority point of view through inion is formed discussion gets ords majority opinion is formed
Opinions.
najority consent of the people at
Bills in the legislature on the
ty consent, in taking decisions stitution or any existing law and
Cal decisions. C methods the majority consent

Page 23
6. Existence of free public in
In a democratic country their ideas and tO liste information is an accepte
Therefore in a democrat Conditions in all other Cill is safeguarded and promc people, they can seek rec When free media is opera
k Creative activity (ci stories, poems, musi
k Opportunity to receiv international affairs classical WOrks
k Experimentation on
activities Building and promc issues
Public opion is the expression population's individual aspiration important issue as a unitory opi
In a democratic country, state p public, political parties, trade uni forward their criticisms, revisions state through open discussion, pr new papers, journals, periodicals, internet. A democratic governmen public opinion into consideration
In receiving and supplying inform the media institutions as well as th and assure the accuracy and auth an indispensable ingradient requi Country.

nedia
the right of the people to express 2n to others' ideas or any other 2d principle.
ic society except under emergency rcumstances the right of expression oted. If these rights are denied to the tress before a court of law. utive there is opportunity for,
nema, stage plays, novels, short
C, etc.)
re various information on world and and to appreciate and evaluate
l human aspirations, ideas and
ting public opinion on important
of a sizable proportion of the ns, beliefs and points of view on an ni On.
ower is guided by the people. The |Ons, religious Orgnizations etc. put , denials etc. On the actions of the inted and electronic media such as books, radio, television and the nt would take these expresisons of when they act further
ation to and from free public media, he public should be very responsible enticity of such information. This is red for the safety of democracy in a
14

Page 24
7. Upholding the Rule of
independence of the judicial
In the civilized World whe discrimination for the ruler law is applicable and whoe the same punishment. discrimination is expected b
Rule of law means governin
l. Collect information on ruled have been treat flouted in democratic co
2. Discuss the adverse ef misuse of mass media f country.
8. Giving priority to the public
The main purpose of a d services to the public. Ac democratic government to services to the people, need Poverty alleviation, providii occur and similar Welfare ac in a democratic country.
"It is a characteristic Of the initiative in provi education, health and t)
Activitvy 8
“According to democracy, discussic decisions"
With the guidance of your teacher, p decisions are made through discussi
5

Law and safeguarding the ry
n the law operates there is no and the ruled. For both the same ver that breaks the law receives Enforcement of law without by this principle.
g according to law.
instances where ruler and the ed alike when laws have been bUltrieS.
fects that may occur due to the reedom available in a democratic
welfare.
emocratic Society is to provide :cordingly it is the duty of the interfere in providing necessary ed for them to lead a better life. ng relief when natural diasters rtivities are provided by the state
a democratic government to take iding public services such as ransport.”
on is the better way in taking
prepare a list of instances where on in our country.

Page 25
1.6 The nature of the State a
We live within a state. A civilized h without a state. Therefore, practi the authority of the state.
Government directs the admi) According to democratic principle a suitable government on their m
State and the government are tw understood by examining the foll
"Government is the represental people or state into policies an
"State is the human society whi all other social organizations w
STA
Population Land
| Phyical factors
Legislative
People's Privy Council Representative Council
government
opposition
partу
government
party opposition

ind the government
human society cannot be found today cally every person today lives under
nistrative functions of the State. 2s, the people from time to time elect Lajority consent to rule them.
vo different institutions. this Can be Owing chart
Live who transforms the will of the d put them into action"
Prof. Garner
ich has the Supreme power above
lithin a demarcated land area"
Prof. Harold J. Lasku
TE
GOVernment Soverignty
|
Mental factors
Executive Judicial
Nominal Exact Executive Executive
political Standing -அ- eXeCutiVC eXeCutiVe
16

Page 26
According to this diagram you car stable institution with four compone
*k Land sk Population % Government % Sovereignty
Government is an unstable orgnizat is a unit consisting of three administrative and judicial in a stat
State
Master Complete Imanimalte Has difinite land Monotonous Stable
1.7 Nation State
(a) A Nation State is an organizatio) in a definite area based on ( specialities inherited by th international recognition as wel
It is accepted the origin of nineteenth century. Britain ar States. Then Germany and Italy States. From there onward by large number of Nation States World.
The factors that influenced the creat
Christian religious reforms Renaissance Collapse of the fuedal syst Industrial revolution Rise of capitalism
17

L understand that the state is a 2ntS
ion with three fold institutions. It specilised branches, political, C.
O Vern Innent
er Vant incomplete ni Inate so definite land arried
Instable
n established by a group of people 2ultural, linguistic and religious em. This organization needs l.
Nation State goes back to the hd France were the first Nation transformed rapidly into National the advent of twentieth century a Came intO eXistance all OVer the
tion of Nation States
CIT

Page 27
  

Page 28
There are different types of Nation Unitary State and the Federal state
(b) Unitary State and the Federal S In identifying various types of S
practicable to divide them as ul
Unitary State
If the constitution of a certain count internal and external affairs of that then that country is a unitary state.
Federal State
The form of government in which its central government as assigned
provincial governments perform the the same constitution is called a fed
ဖွံိဋ္ဌိ
(c) The main components of the go
Government is the institution W. power emanaters from the judiciary.
Legislature:
The functions of the legislature legislature which is elected for from country to country. The are called by different names cultural & political background given below shows some of thes
19
 
 

States today and among them the are the two major types.
tate tates which exist today. It is more nitary or federal states.
ry is designed so as to conduct all t country by a single government
main functions are fulfilled by the by the constitution. While the ir internal functions according to leral system of government.
vernment and their functioning
hich puts into operation the state legislature, executive and the
is to make laws, the nature of the a specific period of time differs legislatures of different countries lepending on the socio-economic s of different countries. The chart e differences.

Page 29
Country
BilCanneral || UI
United States / -
of America
Great Britain / -
India -
Sri Lanka -
1.6 Sri Lan)
Executive
The institution which puts into opera called executive. There are two methc
I. Elects directly by the II. Selects from the leade
Executive operates in differe
Country Method of
appointment
United States || Presidential electi
of America
FranCe Presidential eleCiti
Great Britain
Parliament majori party leadership
Sri Lanka
Presidential electi
 

ni Cameral | PeriOd Nanne
2 years COngress
5 years parliament
5 years parliament
6 years parliament
kan Parliament
tion the acts passed by the legislature is ods of appointing the executive.
people's consent !rship of the majority party.
nt forms
Period Name
O 4 years President
O 6 years President
ty 5 years Prime Minister
O. 6 years President

Page 30
Presidential Secreta
Judiciary
The basis of democracy is personal fri on the independence of judiciary. The j by the legislature and implemented by various types of Conflicts that Crop up the task of adjudication of justice.
Some of the conflicts that may occur i
% Conflicts among citizens
米 Conflicts between citizens a 米 Conflicts between citizens all 米 Conflicts between the State ;
When implementing the powers of th models have been adopted by differen
Example
1) Great Britain
Even though the three pc judicial have been entruste implementing them they very subtle manner under for practical reaons.
2) United States Of America
The three powers-legislat been entrusted to three institution has the oppor their respective fields.
21
 

uriat — Sri Lanka
eedom. Personal freedom depends udiciary inteprets the laws enacted the executive. Further by resolving in the country, judiciary performs
in a state is given below.
nd organisations nd the State and the Organisations
e three-fold institutions - different t COuntries.
wers - legislative, executive and 'd to three different institutions in nave been brought together in a
the legislature or the parliament
ive, executive and judicial have different institutions and each tunity to work independently in

Page 31
3) Sri Lanka
Even though the consti the parliament, in the executive has the upp dissolution and prorog parliamentary bill or ac
If it is desired to protect the pu should be allowed to function inc
1.7 Types of Government
Parliamentry system of governm government are the two importar
(a) Parliamentary system of g.
Parliamentary government has th
(a) Parliament, which is the legi specific period by the people
(b) An executive Which is creat
responsible to the same.
(c) A judiciary under the super
Minister of Justice.
These three institutions handle fields of authority, but their func
Some salient features of a parlial follows:
Dual Executive
I. Nominal Executiv Birth of real executive t Appointment of the cab InniniSter Principle of collective re Cabinet. The power of dissolutio) the prime minister Opposition becomes an government Political party system is

tution has entrusted these powers to last analysis the president or the er hand in most of the affairs. e.g. ation of parliament, subjection of a t to a referandum.
ublic liberty, each of these sections lependently.
lent and the presidential system of nt models.
OVernment:
he following features.
slature of the country is elected for a
ed out of the parliament is directly
vision of the parliament through the
he ruling powers of their respective tioning is inter-related.
mentary system of government is as
re II. Political (real) Executive hrough the legislature inet of ministers by the prime
sponsibility is observed by the
n of parliament is in the hands of
important feature in running the
an indispensable feature
22

Page 32
While the true cabinet which is the cabinet is held responsible to the the nominal exeutive as the hea responsibility in a cabinet or parli
Activity 1.9
Write the names Of the nominal e. Great Britain.
(b) Presidential system of gover
Executive is not Created Out Of the l the government exercises its po presidential government. Some sp government are given below.
%. Single executive
2k Executive is appointed thr * Separation of powers is op 2k Executive is relatively stab 2k Executive is not held resp.
There are presidential system of gov
The government which has all execu President while he is made immune constitutionally, in addition to no policies to the legislature and enjoyi own, is the presidential form of gove
Parliament Executives
% The leader of the party which wins the majority in the parliament is appointed prime minister
k Held responsible to the legislature
individually and collectively
% Two types of executives - nominal
and acutal
* In practice separation of powers at .
a l'O'Wer le Vel
% Parliament power is supreme.
23

I board of ministers inlcuding the : legally constituted partliament d of the state stays away from amentary government.
Prof Garner
Xecutives in India, Australia and
nment.
egislature and each component of wers independently under the eical features of the presidential
ough a presidential election eratiVe
Dle
onsible to the legislature
fernments with several variations.
tive powers concentrated with the 2 from the influence of legislature t being held responsible for his ng an independent existence of his
Innen.
Prof Garner
President Executives
* Elected as the president at a
presidential election
* Not held responsible to the legislature, receives advice from a board of advisers outside the parliament
* A single executive exists
* President enjoys power on a stable
footing for a specific period.

Page 33
1.8 The role of the states
The role of the state has undergo due to social changes. A pione democracy Thomas Hobbs (1588 protection provided by the state r social progress". Accordingly it wa of the state was to protect la philosophers who put forward ide policeman. Thomas Hobbs, Joh Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1788 philosophy put forward by them philosophy of old liberalism is a meant by leisses-faire is that economic activities it should on private entrepreneur to handle th supply forces so that the whole other words the price mechanism direction.
The duty of the state is to maint enabling the private entrepreneu demand and supply forces.
When the feudal state was gr capitalist system to set in wi obstacles which stood on capit liberalism was brought forward.
The living conditions of the oppr the ruthless exploitation got from and political opposition were grow Of new liberalism.
Among the philosophers who put L.P. Hobhouse, T.H. Green, Mai important. A report put forward stressed the fact that to ellim poverty, welfare measures shou delay. New liberalism expected t weaker, confronted with industria towards the market through welf

he changes during the course of time !er who promoted the concepts of to 1679 AD) stated that "Without the nan cannot achieve any economic or is thought in early times that the role w and order. Among the political as assigning the state the role of the in Lock (1532 - 1704 AD) and Jean AD) are Outstanding. The political is called "liberalism". The economic accepted as "leisses faire". What is the State should not interfere in ly prepare the background for the he economy freely on the demand & economy will function properly. In will direct the economy in the right
tain law and Order within the State, to run the free market economy on
adually fading away allowing the th the intention of removing the alism's way, the philosophy of old
essed people who were subjected to n bad to worse daily, and a religous sing against this resulting the advent
forward the ideas of new libaralism C Ivor and Thomas Jefferson were | by Lord William Beverge in 1943 inate ignorance drunkenness and uld be implemented without further o direct the people who were getting al capitalism at least to some extent ATC 116C3SULTECS.

Page 34
New liberalism is the political schoo people who were oppressed with should be provided with welfare m by taxing the entrepreneurs.
Due to the economic influence Of sector started growing, resulting til The philosophy put foward to revi market system is called Neo-lib Freedman, Francis Fukayath are ou put forward this ideology. Amol implement this concept U.S. Pres Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher a
Neo-liberalism is the theory on forward as the solution to the publi the scarecity of goods and servic growing inefficiency in the public s
It is the duty of a democratic stat due to contemporary social dema
Activity . ILO
Discuss the changing role of the s social Conditions. Pay special attent aSWe
%. Activation of leisses toure 2k The emergence of a neces %. Birth of a market econom
1.9 The significance of the demic
Democracy is the most humane fo
types of governments, in the world. the human society can afford would

1 of thought who proposed that the the rise of industrial capitalism easures utilising the funds raised
welfare policies, the government he shrinking of the private sector. italise private sector and the free Dralism. Prodichi Haiek, MilitOn utstanding among the persons who ng the politicians who tried to sident Jimmy Carter and British are well known.
market economy which was put C Outcry and agitation rose against 'es and rising prices due to the ector enterprises.
e to resolve the problems arising ndS.
state according to the changes in ion to the following aspects in your
policy in the society sity for social welfare
y.
ocratic government
orm of government, among many The highest level of well-being that ill be reached through democracy.

Page 35
Democracy is the system of gove
highest freedom and well-being w being
Identify the democatio features th government in Sri Lanka, under th them with appropriate examples.
 

brnment which brings about the hich can be achieved by a human
lat can be found in the system of e guidance of youir teacher and list

Page 36
1.10 Challenges of democracy e.
Democracy exist to a large extent nowhere in the world a complete in The democracy should originate in people. Therefore we should nurtur democracy by observing and p. challenges of democracy in the pract met.
Some of the challenges faced by der bellOW.
sk. The inability for the public t commercialization of and rapic
* The difficulty in holding the ele free and impartial atmosphere,
2k Emergence of conflicts due opportunities as a result of un
Activities 1.12
1) Prepare a list of countries v democractic features are in op of each country.
2) Describe whether you have be
life with the rights you are democratic country.
3) Discuss the Obstacles found functioning of democracy. P Overcome these Obstacles.
4) Prepare a set of qualities a citiz inculcate and practise. Exhibit

rists
on a conceptual basis. Therefore, nodel of democracy can be found. the minds and aspirations of the e and develop the fundamentals of ractising them. Then only the tical situations can be successfully
mocracy today are given in the box
o get correct information due to | growth of media institutions.
:ctions at the stipulated times in a
2 to the competitive business limited freedom.
where a considerable amount of eration. Account for your selection
en able to lead a happy Contented enjoying as a citizen living in a
in Sri Lanka for the smooth ropose a list of suggestions to
ten of a democratic country should
this in your classroom.

Page 37
2 Decentralization of P
2.1 Introduction
The task of governance of a state reasons such as the increase in its territory. The ideas of Liberalism th: 17th and 18th centuries too Crit government which was a centralized developments from the beginning of of government in modern states und
i. Decentralization of power, and
can be stated as two forms of acti purpose of integrating their regional, task of governance.
2.1.1 Decentralization of Power
The system of vesting only the ad regional level without devolving legislative, executive and judicial pC Here Decentralization of power take but through an Act passed by the Legislature or the Parliament is entit at any time. A large number of count system of "Devolution of Power" in d
2.1.2. Devolution of Power
"Devolution of Power" means Vest specifically separated, but cons Government, in the regional admini adopted by modern multi-cultural countries have vested in the regior held by the Central Government, ir here is such devolution of power h itself, through the system of "listing" the powers to be held by the governments. Devolution of power i manner in all the countries, and devolution to suit its requirement.
Activity 2.
Explain the basic differences in the and the Devolution of Power.
 

l and Devolution
OVVe
becomes complicated on account of population and the expansion of its at swept the entire world during the ticized the monarchical system of dictatorial form. As a result of these the 18th century itself, the systems terwent change.
ii. Devolution of power
on followed by these states for the ethnic and cultural variations in the
ministrative powers of the state at its main arms of power, namely, wers, is known as Decentralization. s place not through the constitution, Parliament or Legislature. Hence the led to divest and amend these powers Iries in the World have resorted to the evolving power to the regional levels.
ring of a certain amount of powers titutionally held by the Central strative units. This system is mostly states. Under this system, various hal administrative units, the powers different degrees. A special feature as been effected by the constitution . These lists have specified separately Central Government and regional s not done in a uniform or common each country has performed the
concepts of Decentralization of Power
8

Page 38
2.2 Decentralization and Devoluti
As you have learnt in a previous less under two groups as unitary states a Structure.
A unitary state is one with a system ( of governance are controlled by a sing
The system of government where eve in one central authority is a unitary
By a federal state is meant one in wh performs the stipulated or agreed func are performed by the state governmel
A federal system of government is work independently within their are: to work in union with regard to cert
Main features of a Unitary Government
sk. There is only one Central
GOVernment
2k. All administration is performed
by the Central Government
sk All power is centralised
* The regional administrative authorities cannot challenge the authority of the Government.
%. There is a difference between the representatives Of the government and those of the regional administrative bodies
%. It is the Central Government that takes the final decisions. On the powers of the regional administrative bodies.
29

on of Power in modern states
on, modern states can be classified nd federal states, according to their
of government where all the aspects gle central authority.
:ry aspect of power is concentrated
government.
- Prof. Herman Finer
ich the central governing authority ptions while the remaining functions ints that form the federation.
one where the component states as of authority, adopting strategies lain matterS.
- K.C. Whedrce
Main features of a Federal Government
% There is devolution of powers between the Central Government and the State Governments.
k. It is the Supreme Court that resolves any problems regarding the powers of the Central Government and the State Governments.
% The assent (approval) of the Central Government as Well as that of the state governments is necessary to change the Constitution.
k The representatives of state governments represent the Legislature of the Central Government.
>& There are Se Veral State Governments, and they enjoy similar powers.

Page 39
It is clear from the features ol government in a Unitay State and
from each other. Moreover, there methods adopted in vesting the governments or regional bodies. Ac
O Unitary states adopt the proc O Federal states adopt the proc
2.2.1 Decentralization of power
The majority of the nations in the Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Great Poland and Spain are examples countries are unitary states their co the mode of decentralization of pow each other. In the process of decent by these countries, can be identified
. The system of decent administrative bodies through c principles.
Great Britain is the best example O the relationship of the regional admi Wales and Scotland with the cent London is based on the esteemed though this system has reached th arrangements that obtain in a federa Hence it does not take the form of a
. The system of decentralizir administrative units, and strict S' governments by the central governn
The best example for this system is
regional administrative machinery
Arrondissements and their adminis and a Deputy Prefect. These office1 regional governments.
The regional bodies called Consalis ( vote, work under the supervision o Central Government. Here power i powers of the Prefect in the Consali

tlined above that the process of that of a Federal State are different
is also a difference between the administrative powers in the state 2ordingly,
ess of decentralization of power, and ess of devolution of power.
in Unitary States
world can be termed Unitary States. Britain, The Netherlands, Japan, of such states. Although all these mposition, institutional pattern, and rer in the regional bodies differ from ralizing power, the methods followed d under three main categories.
alizing power in the regional Onventions and not on statutory
f this type of decentralization. There nistrative bodies of Northern Ireland, 'al (national) government located in principle of regional autonomy. Even he level similar to the administrative al state, it is not a statutory measure.
federal system.
g only a few powers in the regional upervison of the regionally elected lent.
the Government of France. There the is carried on by Departments and iration is supervised under a Prefect 'S also serve as executive officers of
3 enero comprising officers elected by executive officers appointed by the s decentralized through vesting the s Genero.
3O

Page 40
. The system of the officers d being responsible to an officer appoin
Under this system, the administrativ regional administration by vote, ar concentrated in the officer appointe During Adolf Hitler's administration, prevailed in Germany. Here Hitler regional administrators. This is als operated in the People's Councils i Countries.
Most unitary states have decentralize above, While Still Other Countries con merging these methods in various wa
Activities 2.2
k Briefly state the methods
the Unitary States.
k Select the method you co mentioned above, and st
2.2.2. Devolution of Power in Fed
Under the federal system, political au two independent systems of govel devolution is not similar in all the fed
Certain countries define the powers o remaining powers that do not come u vest them in the state governmen separately the powers of the central governments and define the powers government as concurrent powers.
Now let us examine how power has be
31

ealing with regional administration ted by the Central government.
e powers of the officers elected for e at a minimum. Here power is 2d under the central government.
this is the type of situation that appointed people loyal to him as o the type of administration that n the East European Communist
d power in all the methods outlined duct their administrative affairs by
ys.
adopted in decentralizing power in
insider most democratic out of those ate your reasons for it.
eral States.
thority has to be devolved between inment. However, the nature of eral states.
if the central government, state the under them as residual powers and its. Still other countries define government and those of the state
common to both these types of
en devolved in some federal States.

Page 41
2.2.2.1 Hov svitzerland has dev
Switzerland which was formed in t three remote cantons, Uri, Schewyz modern federal state by amending had been adopted in 1848. Today it known as cantons. Twenty of these half cantons. Although the consti document consisting of 123 articl devolution of power in Switzerland i the distribution of franchise (suffr and the state governments have no central government can be indicate
Foreign Affairs (includ Declaration of War an Entering into agreeme Defence and military a Communication, posta telephone. Financial affairs. Weights and measures Customs affairs. Trade and commercia Right of publication a Monopoly of ammunit Public Health. Naval (Maritime) trans
The powers devolved among the ca can be stated as follows:
- Education and Higher Education. - Press control.
- Highways.
- Industries.
Although the cantons have been v matters affecting their internal affa For example, article 24 of the con clauses, and initially the administ the control of rivers (waterways) is another sub clause (quinquies) it atomic energy comes under the Ce has stated that the pattern of the nOt aS clear as in Other federal Stal

plved powers
he 13th Century through a merger of , and Unterwalden, developed into the in 1874, the federal constitution that is a federal state comprising 26 states e cantons are full cantons and six are tution adopted in 1874 is a lengthy es, unlike in America the method of s not clear. It is because powers about age) between the central government t been clearly listed. The powers of the 'd briefly as follows:
ting the appointment of Ambassadors) d Peace.
nts with foreign countries.
affairs. al, railway, telecommunication,
ܪܚ
Il activities between cantons. nd ownership. ion (explosives) and alcohol.
sport.
ntons or regional administrative units
- Immigration. - Prevention of infectious diseases. - Banking.
rested with the power of dealing with irs by the Constitution, it lacks clarity. stitution is stated under several subration and supervision of forests and delegated to the cantons, but under
is stated that the administration of intral Government. Hence, Lord Bryce devolution of power in Switzerland is eS.
32

Page 42
In the American pattern the power defined and the residuary powers a Switzerland the residuary powers are Moreover, if there are problems ab decisions of the Central Legislature : foremnost. However, the Swiss Canto with regard to the devolved powers. T work independently, and they have im complete power in the people through
Activity 2.3.
List separately, the powers vested in delegated to the cantons, in Switzerla
2.2.2.2. Devolution of power in Am
United States of America which is government in the world was formed has expanded to 50 states. Power Government and the state governmer stages, is being concentrated in the C spheres.
On account of the growth of the Amel concentration of power in the Pres today the authority of the Central C powers of the states. The current w have made the President's powers mc
Although in terms of paragraph 1( Constitution, the Congress alone ha there are instances where Americar without the ratification of the Congre;
Sections 8, 9 and IO of article 1 of th low power should be separated betwe State Governments. Similarly in the between these powers, it will be refe ruling on the issue is important.
33

s of the Central Government are re assigned to the states while in vested in the Central Government. out the devolution of power, the and not those of the Judiciary, are ns are able to work independently oday the cantons have the power to upiemented those powers and vested
direct democratic devices.
the Central Government and those nd.
erica
recognized as the foremost federal in 1789 with 13 states, and today it that was devolved to the Central hts by the Constitution at the initial entral Government today in certain
rican political party system, and the ident through practical measures, overnment has expanded over the ars and events leading to conflicts re complex.
) of section 8 of article 1 of the s the power to declare war. Today n Presidents not only declare war SS, but also conduct war.
e constitution lay down very clearly en the Central Government and the event of there being any conflict rred to the Supreme Court and its

Page 43
What the Central Government i section 8 of article 1 of the Cons
Imposition and collect Providing security. Foreign trade and exte Maintaining a commor a financial system. Providing the necessa development.
What the Central Government is 9 of article 1 of the Constitution
% Prohibiting the autho)
corpus (excluding situ k Enforcement of laws w 2k Obtaining funds from
What the state governments ar. section 10 of article 1 of the Con
Maintaining foreign re Issue of currency note Enforcement of laws til Maintaining armed for Enforcement of laws a Disenfranchisement O. religious and sex, Introduction of slavery Depriving equality.
Thus the manner in which pow Governments and the Central Gove what the central government is ent be limiting the powers. On the Governments cannot do are laid dow down. Hence when they are laid ( done, there appears to exist wh Accordingly, it appears that unc Governments are entitled to more Moreover, in the event of effecti Constitution, it has to get the co Congress and 3/4 of votes of the S

s entitled to do according to the titution
on of taxes.
'rnal affairs.
system of weights and measures and
ary measures for national economic
entitled to do according to section
rity granted to issue writs of habaes ations of revolt). rith retrospective effect. the Treasury outside legal authority.
e not entitled to do according to stitution.
lations.
S.
hat affect judicial procedure.
"CeS.
ffecting imports and exports. f voters on differences such as racial,
7.
er is separated between the State 'rnment is laid down. Here, in stating itled and not entitled to do appears to
other hand only what the State wn and a what they can do are not laid lown, in addition to what cannot be at can be done without any limit. ler the American system the State powers than the Central Government. ng an amendment to the American incurrence of a 2/3 of votes of the tate Governments.
34

Page 44
Activity 2.4
Discuss the conspicuous differences powers in Switzerland and in America
2.2.2.3 Devolution of Power in Indi
India, which having been a British c 1947, due to its desire to be an integ federal system of government. Howe devolved in India too under three list the system that obtains in Canada dissolved in India under 3 lists in tern is as follows:
List II: Powers of the Central Government
Safeguarding the Consti Management of the arme Foreign affairs. Financial Control. Major development unde
List II: Powers of the State Governments (
sk Protecting regional law a
k Local Government. k Agricultural activities.
List II: Concurrent Powers (under 47 he common to both State Government
k Marriage and divorce. k ECOn Ornic and SOCial Pla
Although India follows such a patterr State, nevertheless, it can be notice States. For, unlike in the ideal federal have not been vested with a wide articles in the Indian Constitution th have been limited,
35

in the systems of the separation of
2.
olony and gained independence in rated unified state, has chosen the ver, even though power has been s as in Canada, it is different from . The manner in which power is ls of articles 246 of its Constitution,
(under 97 heads)
tutiOn. ed forces.
:rtakings of the country.
under 66 heads)
nd Order.
ads). This indicates the powers cs and the Central Government.
米 Electricity. unning.
1 when devolving power as a federal d that it differs from other federal model, the Indian State Goernments form of autonomy. By three main e powers of the State Governments

Page 45
Article 249: The powers vested i Constitution can be ve 2/3 majority of the m Chamber).
Article 250: At a time when a state GOvernment can Vest GOvernment.
Article 251: With the Concurence Of Central GOVernment Cae State GOvernments, at
In addition to these President of India to Governments. Accordir
Article 352: The President Can de C emergency situation in President Commands supersede the powers (
Article 359: In a situation when as the President has the fundamental rights anc
Article 360: In circumstances when stability has collapsed declare a State Of em6 President can issue fundamental rights anc
In such instances the power of the powers of the State Governments. FC has stated that what operates in Indi features.
When amending the Indian Constit followed depending on the nature O. articles that are amended by a simpl a two-third majority of both House those specific articles that require 1 a 2/3 majority of votes of State Gov.
The Indian Constitution is the OutCC single nation while at the same tim as racial, ethnic, religious, langauge

n the State Governments by the sted in the Central Government by a embers in the Rajya Sabha (Second
of emergency is declared the Central in itself the powers of any State
two or more State Governments, the Lin VeSt in itself the powers of the any time requested by them.
articles, the powers vested in the Do limit the powers of the State
lgly,
lare a state of emergency during an the country. In such a situation the excessive powers. These powers Df the States.
tate of emergency has been declared, power to suspend the exercise of il the rule of law.
the President feels that the financial or on the verge of collapse, he can 2rgency. In such situations too, the Orders to suspend the exercise of i various types of liberties.
Central Government supersedes the or this reas On Professor K. C. Whearce a is a unitary state containing federal
ution, three types of procedures are f its articles. They are categorised as e majority, those articles that require s of Parliament for amendment, and /2 of the votes of the legislature and 2rnments for amendment.
me of an attempt at standing as One e maintaining the existing diversities
and cultural differences.
6

Page 46
What factors prompted describing Inc federal features?
2.3 Devolution and Decentraliz
There have been certain features of administrative set up of Sri Lanka fro this type of devolution can be stated t
%. During the reign of Kil Kingdom) the area of eac of the village was appoir for the administration o the power to take indepe
sk. During the reign of
(Polonnaruwa Kingdom), and they were assigned a
* During the early da administration of the Kau "Resident" according to K system there
The foregoing examples indicate that t periods, units of dissolution of power and Gamsabha, and that the democra Opeated within those units were perm
2.3.1. The nature of the Decent British Period and the Post
The Municipal Councils Ordinance ca the decentralization of power during this ordinance, they established th Councils.
The British who revived the Village Co
further expanded the powers of the Councils Ordinance of 1924.
37

ia as a unitary state which reveals
ation of Power in Sri Lanka
the concept of devolution in the m ancient times. Some examples of hus:
ng Pandukabhaya, (Anuradhapura sh village was demarcated, a leader ited under the designation Gramin f each village, and he was granted ndent decisions. On Certain matters.
king Parakramabahu the Great provincial rulers were appointed administrative powers.
ys of the British Period, the Indyan Kingdom was carried on by a (andyan Law and the administrative
here existed in Sri Lanka in Various such as Grama Sabha, Rata Sabha atic opportunities of the people that litted.
tralization of Power during the -Independence Era
n be stated as the first step towards the British Period (1865). Through e Colombo and Kandy Municipal
uncils (Gam Sabha) system in 1871 Village Councils. by the Village

Page 47
The Executive Committee on Lo Donoughmore Constitutional Refor in the sphere of Decentralization ( S.W.R.D. Bandaranalike who was th steps to further expand the powers
Urban Councils were established Service Ordinance was passed in 19
In 1981, the District Development under this system, an attempt was functions in 24 District Developmer
By the Pradeshiya Sabha Act of Municipal Council Acts of 1988, an of power.
Collect historical evidence availabl discuss them with the class.
k Insert here a model S Village Council or an U
2.3.2. Devolution of Power in Sir
Speaking of Sri Lanka's experience that its roots go back to the 1920s submitted on how power should be Provincial level and the amount { devolved, and arguments were pri proposals. At this time Mr S.W.R.D.
for the paper The Ceylon Mornir government for Ceylon", emphasizec order to resolve the problems that
then, even though similar proposals from time to time, they went underg At times even Select Committees w Particularly in 1947, Mr S.W.R.D. B Local Government at the time had
stressed even more emphatically th to contribute towards taking decis process of the devolution of powe Donomore Commission are very im
 

cal Government established under the ns in 1931 too was another landmark f Power. Under these reforms, Hon. e Minister of Local Government, took of the Village Councils in 1938.
in 1940 and the Local Government 343.
Council system was introduced, and made to vest all the local government it Councils.
1987 and the Urban Council and attempt was made at decentralization
e on decentralization of power and
howing the structure of an ancient Jrban (Town) Council.
i Lanka
in devolution of power, one notices . Accordingly various proposals were devolved from either the District or or limits) of power that should be 2sented both for and against these Bandaranaike contributing an article ng Leader on the topic "A Federal the need for decentralizing power in arise in a multiracial country. Since
for the devolution of power came up round in the face of severe objection. rere appointed to take up the issue. andaranaike who was the Minister of raised the issue once again. He had e possibility of various ethnic groups sions at regional level, through the r. Here the proposals made by the portant X.
8

Page 48
By the proposals submitted by the F request was made for the introduc government for the North Eastern Sinhalese and Tamil languages as
rights for Indian estate labour. In th pact that was negotiated on 26th Jul matters pertaining to Rata Sabha are
(1) Explaining matters in th under Rata Sabha, unde
(2) While declaring the Not region dividing the East Sabha regions.
(3) Providing for the merger even by extending beyon the right of dividing the parts subject to the conc Several Rata Sabhas
purposes.
It had been proposed for these ma Constitution but by a Parliamentary mentioned as the subjects to be assig
Agriculture. Cooperative Movement. Land and Land Development. Education
Health Establishment of Colonies (Set
However, since the majority of the p against these proposals they had to proposals did not lapse with that, and of Mr Dudley Senanayake in Marc contained in the Dudley Chelvanayag.
X (2) k Performing the adm
the North and the
& Establishment Of
that the power of remains in the GOV
39

ederal Party since independence, a
tion of an independent system of
Provinces, the recognition of both official languages, and citizenship
ne Bandaranalike – Chelvanayagam
y 1957 on the basis of these ideas,
indicated below:
e Bill itself about the areas coming 'r a schedule.
hern Province as One Rata Sabha ern Province into two or more Rata
of two or more Rata Sabha regions d the Provincial Limits, providing for areas of a Rata Sabha into Smaller urrence of Parliament; providing for to work collectively for special
Ltters to be entrusted not by the Act. There the following had been ned to Rata Sabhas:
% Industries and Fisheries sk Housing and Social Service % Electricity sk Irrigation and Water Supply
k Roads
tlements)
opulation of the country protested be abandoned. Nevertheless these 1 were reintroduced during the time h 1965. Accordingly the matters an Pact are Stated below in brief:
ninistrative and judicial activities in East in Tamil Language.
District Councils, and recognizing giving directives to these councils ernment.

Page 49
k Amending the La priority to the fo
(a) When alier
PrOVinCeS, provincess
(b) The second residentiS ir
(c) The third p areas of the
In June 1968 it was decided to pre and they were published as a v possibility of implementing these
proposals would clearly separate t remaining provicnes in the South power under the District Councils i proposed Rata Sabha system in 19
Activity 2.7
(a) Compare the Bandarana: Dudley - Chelvanayagam F
(b) List the methods you sug
power.
Under the District Political Authc United Front Government that can taken to devolve power. The United into power in 1977, proposed a De Sri Lanka under Act No.35 of 19 Village Councils were abolished an vested in a Development Council e showed a certain amount of agre southern political parties protested
Of the 13th Amendment to the C effected under three lists.

ind Development Ordinance and giving llowing matters:
nating lands in the North - Eastern the landless residents in those hould be given priority.
d preference is for Tamil speaking
those areas.
reference is for Tamil citizens in other 2 island and other citizens.
pare a draft incorporating these ideas, white paper. However, there was no proposals. It was charged that these he North-Eastern Provinces from the . With this the attempts at devolving in 1968, failed as with the case with the 57.
ike - Chelvanayagam Pact and the
act.
gest, most suitable for devolution of
ority too established in 1973 by the le into power in 1970, action had been National Party Government that came velopment Council for each district in 80. By this Act, Town Councils and i legislative and executive powers were lected by popular vote. The Tamils too sement with this move. However, the
against it.
onstitution, devolution of power was

Page 50
I Provincial Council list under 37 s
米
米
Maintenance of public order Government. Preparation of economic plar Local Government. Housing and Construction. Construction and maintenar Highways. Social Services and Rehabilit Agriculture and Agrarian Sei Rural Development. Health Services (other than established for special purpo Indigenous Medicine Commercial activities and th Co-operative Undertakings. Land and Irrigation. Animal Husbandry Licensing fees on the posse liquorS. Fees charged under the Moto
In relation to these matters, provisio and Order within each Province, an statutes for the development, manage Was vested in the Provincial Councils
II The ist of the Central Gover.
subjects
All functions relating to the three armed forces and the N Foreign Affairs including inte Posts and Telecommunicatio Justice, Supreme Court and National Resources, Finance Foreign Trade, Inter-Provinct Ports, harbours and navigati Aviation and airports. National Transport.
41

subjects:
in areas determined by the Central
ls and their implementation.
ice of Highways other than National
ation. ViCeS.
Teaching Hospitals and hospitals Ses).
e distribution of food.
ssion and transport of intoxicating
or Traffic Act.
n of services, while maintaining law d the power of enacting necessary ament and organization of resources
nment (Reserved List) under 16
national defence of the country (The
National Police).
2rnational relations.
ns, Broadcasting. Television. the Court of Appeal. and External Resources.
e Trade and Commerce.
O.

Page 51
Rivers and Waterways. Minerals and Mines. Immigration and Emigratio All election matters. Census and Statistics National archives. Work relating to national w Matters pertaining to Inter
Details of the matters of national in
List.
III Concurrent List (Common Pov
Planning, including plannir Progress control of both go Formulation and implemer and Higher Education. National Housing and Cons Social Services and Rehabi Agricultural and Agrarian S Health Planning within Pro Irrigation. Rural Development. Animal Husbandry. Tourist Industry. Employment.
Subjects common for both the Councils were spelt out in detail h Amendment to the Constitution, a b nature was effected.
Activity 2.8
(a)
(b)
List the aspects of devolut Amendment to the Const classroom.
Study how these activities

h, and Citizenship.
eights and measures. Province Migration.
portance were stated in the Reserved
vers) under 36 subjects.
ng at provincial level. vernment and private sectors. ltation of policies related to national
struction. litation. Services. Vin CeS.
Central Government and Provincial re. In this manner by the Thirteenth road devolution of power of the federal
ion of power introduced by the 13th itution and display the list in the
Lake place in your Provincial Council.
42

Page 52
2.4 The Composition (structure) o
The composition (structure) of a according to population and extent ( of a Provincial Council was determin area of approximately 1000 square population. In terms of section 154 President should give a name for ea the number of members to be elected District is deemed an electorate. A should be made up of one electorate The total number of Provincial Cou country was 455. Out of this num Proportional Representation System members. Based on the total numb Party or Independent Group, the under the PR system and on the basi polled by individual members the me group were decided.
As the nominal executive of each I appoined by the President in consu Governor could hold office as long as commanded the confidence of the me 5 years. Through a vote of no confide Of a Provincial Council, a GOVerno Governor can summon, prorogue Or consulting the Chief Minister.
The Chief Minister is the Chief Execu The person who commands the maxi Of each Provincial Council is nomir Minister. The leader of the party th number of members at the poll col appointed by the Governor as its Chi discretion, should select four persor Ministers. The Ministers including
responsible to the Provincial Council
Each Provincial Council has a High ( General and a Chief Justice.
The High Court Judges are appointe matters pertaining to each Province Any person who is not satisfied with to appeal to the court of appeal again
43

If a Provincial Council
Provincial Council Was determined land area). The number of members 2d On the basis of One member for an : miles and 40,000 persons of the of the amended Constitution, the ch Provincial Council and determine l. At the election each administrative ccordingly, each Provincial Council or a maximum of three electorates. ncillors to be elected for the entire ber 437 Were to be elected On the While 18 were to be chosen as bonus ber of votes polled by each Political number of members were allocated is of the number of preferential votes :mbers of each Party or Independent
Provincial Council, a Governor was ltation With the Chief Minister. The s the President desired or as long as :mbers of the Council, for a period of nce proposed by a two-third majority r can be removed from Office. The * dissolve a Provincial Council after
Ltive Officer of the Provincial Council. mum confidence Out of the Members nated by the Governor as its Chief lat has elected more than half the inducted for the purpose should be ef Minister. The Chief Minister, at his is out of his members as Provincial the Chief Minister are collectively about their activities.
Dourt functioning under an Attorney
'd by the Chief Justice. The judicial are dealt with through these courts. the judegments given has the power lst such judgements.
3.

Page 53
The Structure of Provincial Counc
Appointed by GOVer) the President Oos
The Chie and 4 Othe
Provincia
GOVernment PaI
Elected by p.
Since the introduction of the 13th A northern and eastern provinces wi Council, and with this there were 8 P. Sometime the President dissolved the Only 7 Provincial Councils are functi
Activity 2.9
l. Identify the Provincia
belongs. Describe its down.
2. Discuss the way the contributed in developi
3. If there are any short System, Suggest how y
44

il
ΩΟΙ High Appointed by Court Chief Justice
Minister r Ministers
1 Council
ty Opposition
popular vote
Amendment to the Constitution, the ere merged to form one Provincial rovincial Councils in operation. After 2 NOrth-East PrOVincial Council. NOW Oning.
Ll Council to which your locality structure (Composition) and note it
e Provincial Council System has ng your area.
comings in the Provincial Council Ou could Overcome them.

Page 54
Multi-cultur
3.1 Let us identify the multi-cu
3.1.1 What is a culture?
Culture has number of definitions. S Historians and Philosophers have subject. E.B. Tyler an anthropologis Words.
"Culture is the Sun total of knowle
evaluations and practices or habi society, as an individual"
The above-mentioned statement say and capabilities belong to the Cultur
We all have got adjusted to a soc adaption or upbringing is called cult
From birth to death as an individual
Are you talking about people, then a Culture.
Be
 

al Societies
ltural societies.
Ocial Scientists, Political Scientists, but forward different ideas On this t has explained culture in following
*dge, beliefs, arts, laws, traditions, s, a man receives, by living in a
- E. B. Tyler
s our actions, thinking, aspirations e.
ially accepted pattern of life. This LLC.
we behave according to our culture.
essentially you have to talk about
ornard Ronsenberg and Leuvis Kosen:

Page 55
In every society culture plays an in society. Culture is a process whicl various changes throughout time.
Culture changes according to the s Therefore, in different societies cultu
Observe the process which takes occasion in the society, in which y Identify how all these occasions dep
3.1.2 Multicultural Society
If groups of people of different cultu such a society can be identified as a
In a multi-cultural society group languages, observe different faith traditions, live together under the sa modern world can be identified as n
Sri Lanka is also a good example for
 

portant role for the existence of that n grows up in a society undergoing
ociety in which the individual lives. res of their own, have been evolved
place step-by-step at a ceremonial ou participate and take down notes. ict the culture of the country.
res live together in the same society,
multi-cultural society.
ps of people who speak different is and follow different cutons & ame rule. Most of the countries in the
ulti-cultural Societies.
a multi-cultural society.

Page 56
3.1.3 The fundamental features
Some fundamental features commo be identified as follows:
米
Groups of people wł religions, castes and languages live under 1
The existence Of con evaluations indigenou
"Birds of a feather people who belong to
The realisation of targ promote cultural unif
The probability of acci the dominant culture cultures can be seen
3.1.4. Sri Lanka is also a multi-c
Sri Lanka also can be identified as : ethnic groups who speak differe
religions.
When ethnically considered Sinhala the Muslims are the Major Groups addition to then, the minorities Bul people - Veddhas, Kafris & Gypsies
Ethnic composition of Sri
Ethnic group
Sinhala
Sri Lankan Tamil
Indian Tamil
Muslim
Other
table 3.
Source — Sri Lanka Socio-Economic

of a multi-cultural society.
on to every multi-cultural society can
no belong to different communities, creeds some times speaking different the same regime in the same country.
siduent set of customs, ethics and s to each culture. .
flock together" tendency among the the same culture.
ets towards social development which ication and co-existence.
usations and creation of conflicts that ) is trying to discriminate the other in certain multi cultural Societies.
ultural society
a multi-cultural society, with different nt languages and observe different
a, Sri Lankan Tamil, Indian Tamil and
s of People who live in Sri Lanka. In
ghers and Malays and the Indigenous also live in Sri Lanka.
Lankan Population
Percentage%
74. O%
12.6%
5.5%
7.1%
O.8%
OO.O
l
Data 2006 Central Bank of Sri Lanka.
47

Page 57
Activity 3.
in Sri Lanka. State in your boo
There are six pictures above, w
belongs.
48
 

(6)
hich denote the main ethnic groups k, the ethnic group the each picture

Page 58
Geographical Distributio.
9086/.90%ZZI ‘91g/8°81889'iz919'90999,8 #9toutost, VW 60)881887,8/8“GZ890' L IIZZ“,'69).Logoi: 18əIIes) 08Z" IGƐ I'I969891 ‘ZI8) too ZigZ.6tzio'9)g/8“fogo,// g'809eẢIIGI-enewnN 899† 2.9ZZZG66'too,ZI6's,6,9°07,fBQB83†98'/g8o[e].es/N ɛɛ9'8GGZ (ZZZI ‘Z.6,6019€ioooo16,9109“G/L/.Z 18 og tvO'IÁpuey! 9gioZ9).Ioto69 I“ 19699*88†† Zooɛɛsooo,)†0,6Z8semeļnsey! GƐƐ,Gaeo"8ƐZ†'89,8“ (8616 ogZ81'8 #7ZIg'6ZZ" IZ88'06€“ Ieqedueso 8£ €'8£ € © · ZZ || 889°6' L£t;..."88. IᎭᏃ8*6 [069'O). IG€8°8I£'IIto Z'669' 1OquoIoO 86€“oz || 896"9ff" | † 18°6€.ZZ6*8 #0"I || 999*818† 89'988*1 || 999'6/6°01 | 09/'9+8*#1exquio, si S roosaeIsurelIsuue:L srɔųąo | Kerew | reqsing | exqueri yısuespuiextu oni sis | osərequisIeņo).sopross01 1861
IOOz “Ises I snsuəo ‘qosiq ssp pue dnoro oyuqqq sq uoņepndoa

1 of Sri Lankan Population
£9). g6I'I 81, 8), “Z. ɛɛfo Z00" | 109 Ito aelo I izae, Zgo †, I 80 /.../, I Otto I GII 6/
6.ZZ. Z. Ito £81 6. Ito'I 601 8£ € 寸96 69, "I I89 891 977
61
†78
98
Z/. Gţizoto
991 Zizo 0) € 19 69 8ZZ Ototo Z99 69 I“ I 2.69 Z6Zoo. 96
9,
98 888 Z8
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† ZO'GI †760,61 gizo“G OZgo Zo Z9Zog 970'8 Z8ZoZ8 0,6° ± 1 09/, “Zo 9,8“ae £IZ'88Z 60Z"8g 6) I “tog †/fotog g88'06/. 00g“Z
I89'889 019: ".......9 Z/googo, † ZO‘8ți, G96'88, †788“Gog Z90“/„Oiz Z 16“gỡI'I 80g“G8 £i>5'8 #1 gogo, o II Z66*8 †76). “GI £89'8 699,9 gɛO“ZIto
†† 6oi*89 2.90”./62. 0/goo.,, Zg6'Ovo 899'Io', 6Z6°/89 ƐƐg“Z6ț¢ 108“I IZ’I 8 #6“ggo, 0,6°898 ɛɛɛ'088 681',// 8£fogo GƐZ’ GOI Zgg'088 †† 8'i, iz
assessays eundeuness epeseneuow seInpeg e^Anneuuosoa eundeų pernuw Uuele]] na elessaumunyi əəlɛuuoous IJL ereduw seose01]]es nAspeInW eáuna e A Jeuue W. euJJeso eļoņueque H

Page 59
Religion
Buddhists
Hindus
Muslims
Christians
Others
Table 3.2
Source — Socio-Economic Data Of Sri
There are Buddhists, Hindus, Muslim in Sri Lanka.
(3)
Activity 3.2
Identify the religious places in the according to the number given.
5O
 
 

Percentage%
63.3%
15.5%
7.5%
7.6
O.1%
DO.O
Lanka, Central Bank.
ns, Christians and Roman Catholics
pictures and state in your book

Page 60
Activity 3.3
Collect information about the peopl you and record them in the table gi
Ethnicity || Religion | Stap
3.2 The factors which promot society
米 None of the cultures in the general acceptance among every culture has been influ this, cultures have under Creation of multi-cultural SC
Let us see what are the factors t Cultural SOCieties.
Cultural dominance
Infiltration Immigrations & Invas New discoveries & Inv Development of comm Development of trans
Globalization
3.2.1 Cultural Domination
An occasion when a strong culture culture super-imposes its all cha: culture, fascilitating the birth of cultural society is born. This is cal
For example, it can be shown, that this country with the introduction made Sri Lanka. One of their coloni

2 of different cultures who live around Ven below.
Le FOOd || DreSS
e the creation of a multi-cultural
World is uncontaminated. This is the
anthropologists. According to them enced by other cultures. As a result of gone changes and resulted in the CietieS.
hat influence the creation of multi
iOn:S
"entiOInS
lunication and mass media. portation methods
invades a subdued culture, the strong
racteristics by force on the subdued new cultures and thereby a multi
led cultural domination.
the birth of a new cultural pattern in of christianity by the Europeans, who
ՇS.

Page 61
3.2.2. Infiltration
Through infiltration certain charac another, through the long associa spontaneous process and it only enl other culture. Due to infiltration als
Infiltration takes place mainly unde
Direct Infiltration
An important characteristic originate other cultures because of its impres
米 Around 105 AC China rapidly accepted by C because of its utility va
Mutual Infiltration
Due to the political cultural and soc may develop, resulting the creation C of Sri Lankan Kings of olden days g as their consorts the features of E Lankan culture.
Reviving infiltration: The assimilat culture to the new culture causing influences the creation of a multi-cu
With the advent of Arhath Mahinda were absorbed into the Sri Lankan C
3.2.3. Rebellions and revolutions multi-cultural societies. The new soc or rebellion tries to create a culture
Algerians gained their independence and in their newly established state new culture Was Created.

teristics of one culture creeps into ion of the two cultures. This is a iches one culture by the influence of
a culture undergoes changes.
three methods.
d in one culture spreads rapidly into SiVe nature.
a first produced paper and it was ther cultures, in the world simply ulue.
'ial relationships cultural differences of multi-cultural societies. As a result atting down South Indian Princesses Hindu Culture entered into the Sri
ion of certain features of another g a revival in it. This process also ltural society.
Salient features of Buddhist Culture ulture of that time reviving it.
also have influenced the creation of iety which emerges after a revolution Df its own.
from France after a freedom struggle of Algeria under a new government a

Page 62
3.2.4. Commercialization:
Through the development of intern takes place and it promotes multi
Through the Arabian traders who religion and various elements of th culture.
3.2.5. Immigrations:
Due to reasons such as tourism, en groups of people migrate from coul to culture, thereby facilitating a mi
During the British colonial era a
labourers migrated and settled do Sector. With them the South Indiar became a part of Sri Lankan cultur
3.2.6. Discoveries and new inve
The new apparatus added to the technological and scientific adva changes.
With the introduction of the tract played by human and animal lab caused changes in the socio-cultu well.
3.2.7 Development in mass me
The rapid development of mass m influenced to introduce changes in
of a multi-cultural society.
米 Through items such as inte
take place rapidly.

ational trade a cultural exchange also 'ultural Societies.
ame here for trade purposes, Islamic ir culture spread into the Sri Lankan
ployment, education and repatriation. ntry to country or rather from culture xture of different cultures.
large number of south Indian Tamil
wn in the hill country in the estate
a Tamil Culture also entered here and
'e.
ntions
daily consumption process through
incement also contribute to cultural
or in agricultural activities, the part our in agriculture also changed and ral pattern of Sri Lankan farmers as
lia and information technology.
edia and information technology has
culture. It has promoted the creation
rnet the exchange of cultural features

Page 63
3.2.8. Globalization
The attempt to promote all the cou global village" through the develop known as globalization. Under the in in the world is laible to change. It societies, while promoting a single wi
Due to the development of transport spread from one culture to another.
Various items of food dress patterns into our society in recent times came
3.3. Multi-cultural societies and
The political concept "Modern State"
affairs, which is being appreciated in this concept, a state is a single nati groups of people belonging to differen of them are considered as one nation
In Sri Lanka several ethnic groups and a few more minorities who b together in a single State and Sri Lankan S.
Modern States who honour democrati Cultural groups in them, atempt t individual nations, by honouring assimilating them together.
Almost all modern states can be id Developed states as well as developil The developed countries have utilised effect in their economic, social and pi
Countries like Singapore and Switze: nature of their people a blessing for
On the theme "Unity in diversity" the today. In this venture they have take the cultural characteristics of every e
54

ntries in the world towards "single ment of science and technology is luence of this process, every culture helps the creation of multi-cultural orld culture in the long run.
methods too, the cultural features
Pattern of living which have extend through this globalization process
modern state
is a concept on the running of state the present day world. According to on. It implies, even though several Lt Cultures live in the same State, all
such as Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim belong to their own cultures live all of them are considered as
c ideals, even when there are several O march towards development as those cultural identities and
entified as multi-cultural societies. ng states can be seen among them.
their multi cultural nature to good litical processes.
land have made the multi-cultural he development of those countries. y have become developed countries in steps not to harm but to honour thnic group.

Page 64
Activity 3.4
Collect information on some moder above in the above lesson and prese
3。4 Multi-cultural Assimilation
Today every multi-cultural State tries the assimilation of People of different the development of that country.
None of the ethnic groups can imp caste, ethnicity, language etc. If th such grounds, then, it will be a majo country.
We all are equal as human beings.
rights. Basic necessities are common sorrow and pain equally. What is in these common interests than livings
"All men are born free with equa rights irrespcctive of differences suc language religion, political ideas ar.
“United INOqtüOnS Uniu
From ancient times all nationalities The following examples will elaborat
米 The Buddhist shrine,
Trincomalee has been Raja Perumpalli" by C. century when cholas w
米 Wijayabahu I who libel
built a Hindu temple named it as, "Wijeyara
米 King Buwanekabahu awan boassador from Sri L
5

1 multi-cultural countries, not given ht it to the class.
and Sri Lanka
s to utilize the strength built through cultures, who live in the society, for
rove by staying divided on religion, 2 Sri Lankan people are divided on r obstacle for the development of the
AS Sri Lankans, we all have similar l to everybody. All of us feel hunger, nportant is to live together realizing separately on narrow differences.
l rights. They should enjoy equal :h as their ethnicity, colour, gender, 1d nationality".
ersal Declaration of Human Rights"
in Sri Lanka have lived in harmony. 2 On this.
"Welgam Vihara" situated close to
renovated and renamed as, "Raja hola Emporer Raja Raja in the 11th ere ruling Nothern Sri Lanka.
ated Sri Lanka from the Chola yoke, for God Shiva in Kantale area and a Eashvaran”.
I of Yapahuwa sent a Muslim anka to Sultan of Egypt.

Page 65
米 During the region of protection of the Tooth was entrusted to the "Ve Of Tamils.
米 As a special feature of
Vel Procession — a Hindu
Vishnu, Kataragama, Natha, Pattini I Kandy Dalanda Perehera.
The leaders who represented all t tremendously to gain independence ti
A large number of similar instances history. This shows that we have acte
A Hindu Religious Perehara
Fig.
In recent times outstanding succes people, belonging to different cultures
Representatives of every ethnic group such as politics, economics and socia
In such features like food, attire, lar integration can be seen very clearly. through the influence of different cul belonging to various cultures - easter example rice, bread, wadai, hoppers, hoppers which belong to different cul Lankans today.
56
 

Jayabahu I of Polonnaruwa the relic and the property attached to it liakkara" regiment which consisted
the DeVinuWara ESala PrOCeSSiOn a 1 religious ritual is being held.
Devala Perehara too have joined the
he nationalities, have contributed O the motherland.
can be traced throughout our long 2d as one nation in the past.
Kandy, Dalada Perehara
3.5
s could be achieved by groups of s working together in our country.
in various spheres of country's life lactivity could be seen today.
nguage, art and sports the cultural
Our food habits also have evolved tures. In a major meal of Ours, food "In and Western can be seen. For an buriyani, thosai, noodles and string ltural groups are common to all Sri

Page 66
Picture
This common ownership of different and Ornaments of the Sri Lankan different cultures Such as the sare sarong are generally very popular.
In our national teams of various spor be seen. Mixed language properties a languages. A mixture of several fe; groups can be seen in most of the r the country. Shrines dedicated to Hi with Buddhist temples, in the same
this cultural integration could be se
Members of all communities are er irrespective of their ethnic difference professions such as education, med respect, all of them contribute to the
5
 

3.6
Cultures could be seen in the dress people. Dresses which came from e, trousers, salvar, kurtha, and the
ts, players from all ethnic groups can represent both in Sinhala and Tamil atures belonging to different ethnic :ligious festivals of major religions in ndu GOdis Can be Seen in a SSOCiation premises. In the field of fine arts also 2n quite clearly.
gaged in every type of employment S. Agriculture, fishing, commerce and icine, law are good examples. In this : economy of the country.

Page 67
In fact, what a significant event, w people work with mutual understanc Under such circumstances, it is fo multi-cultural society. Through this achievements gained by each culture
Peace, security and justice are the ri country. We must build up a united can live happily. By absorbing the build up a strong single nation
”---............................. being the children of a sir without further delay"
This is the English translation of a lir it is our duty to get together and development of our country.
Activity 3.5
l. The concept "Unity thr in the development tas achievements gained through "cultural integ
2. "It is fortunate even to Prepare an article for a
3. Do you know any instan in cooperation as a mu suggest Solutions.
4. Among your neighbour there may be people, b briefly the suggestions and with mutual under
58

hen different people and groups of ding for the happiness of every body! rtunate even to be a member of a we get an opportunity to enjoy all the
throughout it's long progress.
ghts of every citizen in a democratic and strong country where everybody unique strength of diversity, let us
ngle mother - let us march forward
he from our National Anthem. It says, work with dedication for the future
Ough diversity" can be applied by us sk of our country. Prepare a list of by us in different fields of activity ration".
be born in a multi-cultural Society" newspaper on this topic.
nces, which we found difficult to live ticultural society. Find reasons and
s or students in your school or class belonging to various religions. State you would take to act harmoniously Standing.

Page 68
4. Economic
Ec OO mic
4。L Basic Economic Problems
4.1.1 Identifying human necessi
People living in a society use vario vehicles and medicines are some of
The items essential for man's Sust dwellings (shelter) and clothing necessities are limited and are eSSe
"Wants' are various forms used to Wants are unlimited and increase da
Goods and services are used to Resources are necessary to produc resources are not confined to One alternative uses. Therefore, a choice and Services.
Activity 4.1
Complete the following table
Necessity/Need
I. Food 2. Dwellings / Shelter 3. Clothing
Man, when going through various p requirements by using the resourct hunting age, the pastoral (nomadic) in these periods. With the passage complex. In order to satisfy these w services making use of the available

ystems and
Relations ി
and Economic Activities
ties and wants
us things. Food, clothing, dwellings, the items they use.
enance are called necessities. Food, are regarded as necessities. The ntial for living.
satisfy human needs or necessities. ay by day.
satisfy human needs and wants. 2e goods and services. The uses of single need or want, and thus have } has to be made in producing goods
Wants
Example: Rice, bread
eriods in history was able to meet his
es available in his environment. The age and farming age are landmarks of time, human wants, too, became
ants, man had to produce goods and
ręsources.

Page 69
4.1.2 Production of goods and st
Some of the goods and services in wants are obtainable free from the el For others, a cost has to be incurr free gifts. There are instances wh having a cost. When electricity i sunlight, and when rainwater is obt goods with value (economic goods).
Economic goods are produced thro' place in a society. In order to effec takes decisions regarding the proc factors of production are used to pri
( 1 ) Land (3) Capital (2) Labour (4) Enterpris
By Land is meant the natural reso the atmosphere. Accordingly, items livestock belong to this. The price p
Labour: The physical and mental society in the production of goods a like WOrkers (labourers), masons an while those such as doctors, enginee energy. The payment made for labo
Capital: By capital is meant the pro in the productive process. Tools and water supply schemes, factors anc money invested are examples of interest.
Enterprise: Enterprise or entrepr other types of scattered factors organizing and leading these activi task by bearing future risks and profit.

ervices
:cessary to satisfy man's needs and nvironment (without incurring a cost). ed. Air, sunlight, rainwater are such en these items, too, become goods s generated with solar cells using ained through pipelines, they become
agh a production process that takes t a production process, an economy luction of goods and services. Four oduce goods and services. They are:
e (Entrepreneurship) or Organization
urces associated with the earth and S. Such as mineral resources, Water, aid for land is Rent.
energy expended by the people of a nd Services is Called labour. Members di farmers offer their physical labour rs and technicians Offer their mental Lur is Wages.
ductive aids made by man and used l instruments, machinery and plant, | buildings used in production and apital. The payment for capital is
eneurship is bringing together the and taking production decisions, ies. The entrepreneur performs this he payment for enterprise is called

Page 70
4.1.3 Basic Economic Problems
One basic problem that affects ev sufficient amounts of resources t entirely. This situation is known as faces the basic economic problems relative sense of the term. There ar.
( 1 ) What and how much of it to pr (2) How and by whom to produce? (3) For whom to produce?
1. What and how much to produ
A society, will have to take such de
(1) Suppose that the block of lan extent. What are the things you a list.
(2) Suppose that you wished to cul things you hope to cultivate the
(3) Out of the various things you ca you choose to cultivate in what
Since the supply of resources is limj society is able to fulfil all its wants c only some of its wants in certain q that arises here is to decide as to w quantities. According to whatever di as food and clothing can be product or buildings can be produced; or
Otherwise, certain quantities of bo goods can be produced. A decision each type of these goods should be can be found according to the mann

ery society is the non-availability of ) fulfil all human needs and wants 'Scarcity'. Every economy in general that arise from scarcity taken in the 2 three basic economic problems:
oduce?
Lice?
CiSiOnS.
d in which you live is 40 perches in can do on that block of land? Prepare
tivate this block of land. What are the
re?
un cultivate, if you have to decide what quantities, what would you choose?
ited and since wants are unlimited, no ompletely. Thus, a society acts to fulfil uantities. Therefore, the first question hat goods are to be producted in what cision is taken, consumer goods such 2d or capital goods such as machinery else, luxury goods can be produced. th consumer goods as well as capital has to be taken as to how much of roduced. Answers for these questions er in which the economy is organized.
6

Page 71
2. How and by whom to produce?
Study the following illustration :
Diagra
It is clear from the above diagram tha in production, and that production institutions. Now, let us examine how
After deciding on what goods should next question which the society faces The question "How to produce?" production. Here, it has to be decided else in what quantities or combinatio The appropriate technique should be use of the labour resources and capit
"By whom to produce' means that the various people and Organizations. whether production will be done by sector, by a local government institut
The private sector, too, is made up of as sole proprietorships, partnerships decisions have to be taken as to industry, fisheries and all other types degree should they engage in them.
62
 

m 4. 1
t labour and machinery can be used can be done by various persons or v this occurs in the economy.
be produced in what quantities, the is "how and by whom to produce?" means the technique applied in 1 whether to use labour or capital or ls are labour and capital to be used.
decided so as to get the maximum all resources.
production process can be done by Accordingly, it has to be decided the Government, or by the private on or else by a co-operative society.
various types of organizations such
and companies. Accordingly, here who should engage in agriculture, of productive activities and in what

Page 72
3. For whom to produce?
Study the following illustration:
Diagrau
This illustration ShOWS hOW the StO during a particular period is distribut members. It has to be decided to who mentioned earlier, the amount or qui obtain is also determined by the amo of production, namely, wages, interes
 

m 4.2
ck of goods the economy produces ed among various people who are its m those goods should be traded. As lantity of goods various people can unt of income earned for the factors
st, rent and profits.

Page 73
4.1.4. Economic Activities - Defini
[4]
Diagra
When studying the above diagram, it take place within an economy. Ar processing, storing, trade, distributi
For the purpose of fulfilling the unli limited resources, the activities perf under three categories, namely;
(1) Production (2) Exchange (3) Consumption
 

ιIm 4.3
is clear that a multitude of activities nong them are cultivation, mining, Dn of services and consumption.
mited wants in an economy with its Drmed by the society can be grouped

Page 74
Production : Production is the use
their form or transforming them com goods produced are divided into two c or the use they are put into. They can when utilised to satisfy the consumpt when they are utilised in the product
Production of goods can be further cl capital goods according to the funct feature of intermediate goods is that the goods that are being produced; or, the goods that are being produced. As is that they can be used only once. A agriculture. Capital goods are durabl Over and Over again in the production are examples.
Activity 4.2
Study the following list and compl
Highways, tanks, anicuts, ready-ma cement, food, milik powder, playgrou ships, airports, buildings, factories, Sheet rubber.
Type of goods Relevant things Consumption goods Intermediate goods
Capital goods
Exchange: The other important pro economy is exchange. In a subsisten the goods it requires, while goods ar. modern society, goods and services a market. At present, with technologica also types of cards that have the electronic-money is used in transacti
The system of exchange has expan market but also to the broad foreign in in which no country in the world is ab and services with Other countries.

of natural resources and changing pletely so as to satisfy wants. The ategories depending on their utility be classified as consumption goods ion needs and as production goods On process.
assified as intermediate goods and ion performed by them. A special they are absorbed in some form, in intermediate goods are used to feed pecial feature of intermediate goods in example is the use of fertiliser in e production aids that can be used | process. Buildings and machinery
ete the table given below:
de garments (apparels), fertilizer, nds, music, agro-chemicals, buses, shoes, yarn used to weave cloth,
cess or activity that occurs in an ce economy, the economy produces e exchanged for goods. However, in e exchanged often for money in the | advancement, not only money, but
same value as money, namely, DIS.
ded not only within the domestic larket. Today, a situation has arisen le to exist without exchanging goods

Page 75
4.2 Identifying various econom mixed-economic systems)
An economy or an economic system organized for the purpose of resolvir basis for the emergence of economi solutions to the basic economic pro Accordingly, there are three types namely,
(1) Capitalist Economy (2) Socialist Economy (3) Mixed Economy
4.2.1 Capitalist Economy
In a Capitalist ECOnomy, the OWner belong to the economy rests with revenue earning avenues in the hydroelectric plants, machinery and sector. In a capitalist economy, econd price system with profit motive and sectors through market forces (basec in the market). Here, for the reso private sector institutions such as Limited Liability Companies organiz and foremost motive (objective) of maximum profits.
The questions “What?' 'How much?'
aVailable resources are decided aC entrepreneur who faces the questio those goods that fetch him a profi things that do not fetch him a pr question "How to produce?" he choo: brings him the maximum profit. H intensive and capital-intensive techr cost of production. The question,
produced be directed (or sold) is al

ic systems (Capitalist, socialist,
is the manner in which a society is ng the basic economic problems. The c systems is the method of seeking blems faced generally by economies. of economies or economic systems,
'ship of property and resources that the private sector. For example, all economy such as factories, land, highways are owned by the private omic activity takes place based on the
they are distributed among various i on demand and supply that prevail lution of basic economic problems,
Sole Proprietorships, Partnerships, e in suitable manner. Here, the first these organizations is to make the
"For whom?" to produce utilizing the cording to the 'Price System'. The in "What to produce?' produces only t and does not attempt to produce ofit. When finding solutions to the ses the technique of production that ere, he chooses Out of the labourliques, that which has the minimum
for whom should what has been so determined by the Price System.

Page 76
Accordingly, what has been produced the capacity to buy them.
Since, in a capitalist economic syste) and since economic activities occur inequality in the distribution of reso that there will emerge in society a clas and the proletariat (non-capitalists various tactics to attract the consil consumer, too, has the freedom to S choice.
The capitalist System is also known a
Activity 4.3
(1) State four basic characterisitic
(2) I. Name 5 countries in which a
operates. II. Mark and name the countries with the help of an atlas.
(3) Study the advantages and disadv,
tabulate then.
4.2.2 Socialist Economy
In countries with a socialist econo productive resources is in the govern also carried out not with profit motiv as to maximize social welfare. Here plans and executes all economic systems having these characteristi centrally planned economies.
6,

t is directed to the parties that have
n, priority is given to earning profit under private ownership, there is an urces. Hence, it is alleged by some is distinction between the capitalists ). Although the producers follow umers towards their products, the elect the goods and services of his
is the Private Enterprise System.
s of a Capitalist Economy:
capitalist economic system
you named on a model world map,
antages of a capitalist Economy and
mic system, the ownership of the ment. Production and exchange are 2 as the basic objective. It is done so 2, a centralised planning authority activies. Countries with economic es are also known as those with

Page 77
Activity 4.4
1. MentiOn 4 baSiC CharacteriStiCS
2. Name 5 Countries in Which the
3. Look for the Countries in which
operates, and mark them. On a
4.2.3 Mixed Economy
Economies with both capitalist an above are Called Mixed ECOnOmies. property and resources is with botl The private sector entrepreneur
government works with the motive
government sectors work to resolv majority of the countries in the worl In Certain COuntries, State interve instances, during certain periods, t been seen in a greater or lesser deg
4.3. The concept of Market Econc
For the last two or three decades, economic pattern (order) is the mal have tended to follow this system
their economic development. Some economic system was in operation, and turned into market economie cited as examples of such countries Countries to turn market economies
(1) The difficulty in determining
products that have to be produ and wants. (2) Not making any attempt at
competitiveness. (3) The consumer being depriv
Sovereignty) which means the (4) On account of the flexible natu under the prevailing system, th as production and distribution.

of a socialist economy. Socialist economic system functioned.
the socialist economic system world map.
ld socialist characteristics mentioned
Under this system, the ownership of n the private and government sectors. works with profit motive while the of social welfare. Both the private and re the basic economic problems. The ld have economies with these features. ntion is more prominent. In certain he influence of these two sectors can gree.
Dmy
the tendency prevailing in the world rket economic system. Most countries as the strategy to achieve the goal of
of the countries in which a Socialist have changed their economic pattern S. Russia, China and Poland can be . Several reasons have prompted these
S.
in practical terms the multitude of uced in order to satisfy human needs
innovations due to the absence of
ed of his sovereignty (Consumer reedom of choice he enjoyed.
ure of decision taking which operated Iere occurred delays in activities such
68

Page 78
The economic system in which ec basis of prices determined by forc structure) in Order to resolve the ba faces is called a market economy economic problems are sought t anybody's guidance.
The aim of the market system is interest. Accordingly, only what is p) is made to produce those goods that will be enormous profits if the mar producing goods, that course of
resources will flow towards those sec
Harmful features of the Market E.
(1) Ignoring (not paying attention
externalities is the influence e consumption activity on a third the market system, there may environmental pollution. The damage caused to the envir a factory in a certain locality car (2) No inclination to produce goods
the entrepreneurs work only on (3) There occurs an inequality in
people. (4) Since there is vast advertisemer consumer's purchasing capacity
Activity 4.5
Explain two each of the beneficial a in a market economy.

)nOmniC decisi Ons are taken On the es of demand and Supply (market sic economic problems an economy . Under this system, solutions to through the price system without
personal profit. It is known as selfrofitable is produced and no attempt do not fetch any profit. Since there ket price is higher than the cost of production will be chosen. Thus :tors that fetch profits.
2ΟΠΟΙΟΥ
to) negative externalities. Negative xerted by a certain production or party that is not relevant to it. Within occur negative externalities such as
onment on account Of the location of
be cited as an example. aimed at people's welfare, since all the profit motive. the distribution of incomes among
it to market the goods, it affects the
hd harmful features you can identify

Page 79
4.4 State of the present Economy
Within the economy of Sri Lanka, economy tending towards socialist public sector showed enhanced inte. sector participation in all the secto services was prominent. Through t all public enterprises were further e. to develop industries based on local with the intention of achieving maximum use of local resources.
Significant changes were effected in 1977. Under the market economic p the purpose of effecting the part promoting that sector, was imple imposed so far in order to protect taxation policy was simplified and scope for free trade. For this, vario foreign investors. Steps were take ECOnomic Commission (which was
Sri Lanka) to establish Free Trade
were started in Katunayake, Biyaga accelerating the Mahaweli Multi-Pu the objectives of supplying water agriculture, generating hydroelec providing land to the landless.
On account of the privileges and co. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka ( Lanka from a large number of coul tarrif concessions, and the provi harnessing local resources and lab came to Sri Lanka in large numbers
Consequent to this, the problem of
new employment opportunities bec know-how, too, flowed in. On the di Structure facilities Such as the deve and telecommunication system development.
Since the government followed the p of the 1990's several enterprises a industrial spheres have been privati

of Sri Lanka and Development
prior to 1977, features of a mixed features could be noticed. Then, the rvention in economic activities. Public is, namely, agriculture, industry and he Business Acquisition Act of 1971, xpanded. The government took action raw materials as well as agriculture economic development making the
the domestic economic policies after olicy, a suitable industrial policy, for icipation of the private sector and mented. The tariffs that had been
local industries were removed. The steps were taken to provide a wide us incentives were Offered to attract n in 1998 by the Greater Colombo renamed the Board Of Investment Of Zones. Accordingly, free trade zones ma and Koggala. The government by rpose Scheme, took steps to achieve for the development of domestic tricity, providing employment and
ncessions granted to investors by the BOI), investors were attracted by Sri intries. Due to export incentives, and sion of the necessary facilities for jour for industries, foreign investors and established their industries here. scarcity of capital was resolved while ame available and foreign technical omestic front, the expansion of infra'lopment of ports, airports, highways S, further enhanced economic
olicy of privatisation by the latter half ld industries in the agricultural and Zed.

Page 80
Following are a few examples of sucl
Operation of the Privatisation Progra
Name of the state enterprise
Agriculture: Bogawantalawa Plantations Ltd Kegalle Plantations Ltd WataWala Plantations Ltd. Hingurakgoda Seed Paddy Farm Sale of Assets Sewanagala Sugar Plantation
Industries: Tullhiriya Textile Mills Lanka Loha (Lanlo) Ltd. Lanka Ceramic Ltd. Ruhunu Cement Ltd. Prima Ceylon Ltd
Financial Services : Sri Lanka Insurance
Other: Sri Lanka TeleCOnn Ltd
Tab1
Activity 4.6
Study the Central Bank Report a sector enterprises and industries th
Measures taken for regional decen Contributed towards eCOn Omic de Vel
Examples: 200 Garment Factory Programme Establishment of Industrial Estates Establishment Of Industrial Parks

privatisation :
Ille
Percentage of Date of
Privatization Privatization
1 OO September 1995 1 OO October 1995 1 OO January 1996
TJuly 1998 1 OO June 2002
1 OO February 1990 1 OO October 1991 1 OO June 1992 85 January 1993 1 OO June 1991
1OO June 2003
5O.5 August 1997
е 4.1.
und Other information about State lat have been privatised.
tralization of industries since 1990 opment in various ways.

Page 81
Describe briefly how it affected the
Activity 4.7
(1) Gather information about
Industrial Estates Industrial Parks Export Processing Zones Export Villages
that are currently in Operation in
containing this information.
(2) On a map of Sri Lanka, markar Estates, Industrial Parks, Export P. are located.
Consequent to the changes effected contribution of the agricultural sect has dropped while the contribution C Further, the contribution of the contribution of the industrial sectOr.
Contribution of the agricultural, inc
Domestic Product (GDP)
Year Percentage of Pe
the agricultural the
sector
1977 26.7
1996 18.4
2004 17.9
2OO5 17.2
Tab1
Moreover, the contribution of agricu has dropped, while the contribution rapidly. Through the development pursued since 2004, the contributio
1Se.

betterment of the people.
Sri Lanka and prepare a booklet
ld name the places where Industrial rocessing Zones and Export Villages
in economic policies since 1977, the Or to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) f the industrial Sector has increased.
Service SectOr has exceeded the
lustrial and service sectors to Gross
centage of Percentage of industrial the service Sector sector
22.5 50.1. 3O4. 51.2 26.4 55.7 27.O 55.8
e 4.2
ltural exports to export income too, of the industrial Sector has increased strategies in the agricultural sector n of that sector shows a tendency to

Page 82
Contribution of the agricultural a export income
Year Contribution of agricultu:
export sector to export income %
1977 79.3 2OO4 14.2 2OO5 18.2
Table
Activity 4.8
Referring to the Central Bank Report come under agriculture, industry an
According to the above information, growth of the industrial sector in 200
Examples: O Satisfactory performance of export O Rise in the domeStic COnSumer de1 O Growth in the infrastructure faci
ports and information technology.
The contribution of the service Sect economic growth. Significant among hotels and restaurants, storage, comu
In the country's march towards de aspect but also the socio-cultural Compared with the other developing Lanka reveals a high value. It comes countries. The special focus in the tw. of sustainable development.
Sustainable development is : Through development, without limit generations to satisfy their wants, th present wants,

ld industrial export sectors to
rall Contribution of industrial
export income %
18.5 78.3 78. O
4.3
(after 2004), classify the items that di SerViCes.
several factors contributed to the 4.
-Oriented industries. mand. lities such as telecommunications,
or too is important in the rise in them are wholesale and retail trade, munication and financial Services.
velopment, not only the economic aspects too are very important. countries, the social aspect of Sri : close to the data about developed 2nty first century is the achievement
ing the ability available for future ley should be made to satisfy their

Page 83
The government works with enthu with the objective of achieving sust
At the Millennium Summit held in
together to draft a system of goals a timeframe for combating pov environmental degradation and disi
Assignment 4.3
Find out the 8 millennium goals : United Nations Millennium Sumn them down.
When taking action to reach the mi Sri Lanka too, have been adjusted Satisfied about the achievements fulfilment of development goals.
The situation regarding the devel
(1) The ratio of the poor which was
2OO2. (2) The percentage of children who
in 2000/2001 was 97 percent. (3) In 1990, the number of deaths was 23 for every thousand live In 2003 it dropped further to 1 (4) The number of families who
1990 was 62 percent, which percent in 2005. (5) In 2000, the Gross National Pr which rose to USS 103O in 200 (6) Literacy rate in 1996/97 was
percent mark after year 2000. (7) According to the Human Devel index for measuring developme with medium level Human dev Lanka is the 93rd in year 2005

siasm to formulate economic policies ainable development.
September 2000, world leaders joined und targets to be achieved within a set erty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, Crimination against women.
agreed upon by world leaders at the it held in September 2000, and note
llennium goals, the economic goals of to suit them. Accordingly, we can be made in the march towards the
lopment of Sri Lanka
; 26.1 in 1990/91, dropped to 22.7 in
) were enrolled for primary education In 2002, it increased to 97.9 percent. below 5 years of age (child mortality) births, and in 2001 it dropped to 23. 1. Il per thousand.
had access to pure drinking water in rose to 70 percent in 2000 and 92
oduct (GDP) per capita was USS 813 4, and to USS 1183 in 2005. 88.6 percent which exceeded the 90
ppment Index too, which is a modern ht, Sri Lanka is regarded as a country 'elopment. Out of 177 countries, Sri

Page 84
The annual reports of the Central Ban to further the prevailing developmen poverty, reduce unemployment and sustained basis. Proposals for the
development are spelt out in the (manifesto). Accordingly, there are se initiated for execution as develo programmes can be stated as exampl
Programme for the restoration of a Nena Sala Programme. Gami Diyawara.
Maga Neguma.
Gama Neguma. Loan schemes for Small and medit Provision of the fertilizer subsidy.
On the path towards development, th activities that have arisen within the ( WOrld market which have to be OvercC
Activity 4。9
(1) Collecting data from newspapers
new development programmes.
(2) Deliver a speech on the theme
march towards development" and
75

k of Sri Lanka indicate that in order effort, it is necessary to eradicate raise the standard of living on a achievement of desired economic governments policy declaration Teral new development programmes pment strategies. The following
eS:
Li thousand tanks.
um Scale industrial entrepreneurs.
here are obstacles such as terrorist 2ountry and the oil price hike in the
)IՈC.
5, magazines, prepare a report On
The problems encountered in the
your suggestions to solve them.

Page 85
4.5 The influence of te globalization on the world
4.5.1 Technological advanceme
A set of pictures showing the de
The above are a few modern produ advancement in technology. On acc has become possible for man to pel find things which our forefathers di plenty. The change that has occurri background for technology.
Man, who has come a long way fron technologies and facilities he is el During the hunting, pastoral and fa features of technological advanceme changes that have taken in though scientific and technological develop Valley Civilizations and in ancient result of the technological renaissa occurred in the fifteenth century, thi This resulted in the voyages of disc and new Countries). In ancient time energy in performing his day-to-day and time-saving methods and Proceeding further, technology has b community in various aspects and single global village.
 

chnological advancement and economy and Sri Lanka
lt
:velopment of modern technology
cts manufactured consequent to the ount of technological development, it rform his activities easily. Today, we d not even dream of, are available in ed in man's thought has become the
In time immemorial, has acquired the ngaging in today with much effort. rming ages, he experienced the basic nt and it has been enhanced with the t. You have already learnt about the ment that had occurred in the River
Greca / ROman Civilizations. AS a unce and the rivival of leaning that 2 discovery of technology accelerated. overy (discovery of new trade routes s, man had to spend a lot of physical activities, and today more convenient 'quipment have been discovered. een able tO influence the entire WOrld also to make the entire universe One

Page 86
Recollect a few instances when technological development. Discuss indicated below:
O Watching from home a cricket ma
New Zealand O Transmitting an e-mail message O Reading the daily newspaper from O. Using goods produced in various
the results of technology.
Today, technology has strongly sprea
Cee Technology
Consumption pates
C
Epotation
İran Sport
It is a sad state of affairs that techn such as the production of sophistical much as technology has helped to fa of man's action on account of the a environmental pollution, escalation (
Assignment 4.4
With the help of your teachers, "Technology has caused man's prog
 

you experienced the results of them. Some such instances are
Ltch played either in England or
O a friend
the Internet countries of the world are some of
ld to all sectors in the community.
Prod On ind industry
Communication
Oction
Εηροντηση Ορροπίύ Τίτος
ology has spread fast even to sectors ted military equipment and arms. As cilitate human activities, as a result dvancement in technology, such as of world's warring atmosphere.
organize a debate on the topic ress as well as his destruction".

Page 87
The basic reason why the countries development is the receipt of technol them in their economic activities. To and equipment produced, too, has ir
The following are a few examples:
O Connecting the Internet for edu
knowledge. The production of printing machin Of a document in a minute. Using the facility of Internet for m The production of very minute eq data and information.
This is only a trace of technological a
4.5.2. The influence of Globalizat:
Lanka
You will realise that technological a world together.
By globalization is meant that the village (a Global village). With th achieved technologically in each development has occurred in several
Through the fields such as commun foreign investment, countries are inti national frontiers between countr gradually being contracted as one having one culture and transacting
One can notice a rapid growth in thi political ties between the countries
accelerated development in informati the last several years. Through the nations in this manner, economic un has turned the entire world into One

he world over are marching towards ogical knowledge and working to use Iday the efficiency of the machinery creased rapidly.
cation and for the search for new
es that can print hundreds of copies
edical consultation and treatment. uipments to store a vast expanse of
udvancement
ion on the World Economy and Sri
dvancement has brought the entire
2ntire world has become one single
e expansion of the advancement
field of activity, an extensive Sectors.
(cation, transport, foreign trade and 2rgrated as one single economy. The tes have dwindled and they are unit-speaking one single language, business in One monetary unit.
is sphere on account of building up that took the centre stage with the on technology that took place during development of close ties between ity has developed among them. This single market. -

Page 88
Paying attention to the world econom is forming one single economy. For ex only for local consumption. The UI wheat, or petroleum is produced in the consumption alone. These products a the world, too. Every country exchang in order to satisfy their requirements. within the world market influences th too. A change in the price of petroleur of Sri Lanka can be cited as an examp
A further analysis of the influence economy shows that due to the openin aviation services, people have got th Through this free movement, people experiences with each other. The ex Middle Eastern countries after 1977 i attention was focused on areas Suc operators and drivers. Today, the ten exodus of skilled categories to go ir account of globalization, today emplo experts such as computer technol engineers have become more and opportunities for a person in one c. Continent.
Today, transactions in international carried out only in a few currencies Sterling Pound and Japanese Yen international transactions the world i currency units. The countries in the currency, speaking only one language to combine as one single economy.
79

7, One notices that the entire World ample, Sri Lanka produces tea not ited States of America produces Middle East, not for their domestic re distributed to other countries of es its products with other countries
Moreover, every event that occurs e economies of the other countries, in strongly influencing the economy le. This is a result of globalization.
exerted by globalization on the g of international frontiers through le opportunity of travelling freely. have been able to exchange their odus of Sri Lankan labour to the s one example for this. Then more h as housemaids, Juki machine dency is for brain drain that is the n search of greener pastures. On Dyment opportunities are open for ogists, data processors, doctors, more open. Now there are equal ontinent to emigrate to any other
trade throughout the world are such as US Dollar, Euro, British It is clear from this that in s getting used to utilizing common European Union use Euro, a single and making a successful attempt

Page 89
Furthermore, due to the reduction the expansion of the world market, among them have emerged. Examp European Economic Union, SAP ASEAN and BIMSTEC organizatio World Trade Organization in intern countries. The outcome of these is t
In keeping with the trends in th development, Sri Lanka too, effect since 1977. In pursuance of this ch multinational companies had enga government has provided them with establishment of export promotion z Today, this sector functions in our of product globalization.
A distinct tendency in the world ecc was the globalization that occurr leading countries of the world, na Europe and Japan, multi-nationals the profit they followed several polic
(1) Keeping the cost of production
(2) Undertaking production to su
change.
(3) Presenting creative products ut
technology.
Different sections associated with r in each country. The investors in consideration favourable condi environmental policies and low wag in these countries.

of remoteness between nations with trade pacts and regional organizations les of such regional organizations are TA Agreement, SAARC organization, n. Moreover, the intervention of the ational transactions too, affect all the hat the obstacles to trade have eased.
he sphere of international economic ed changes in her economic policies ange in policy, private investment and ged in investing in Sri Lanka and the h various facilities and incentives. The 'ones too, is one step towards this end. country as one aspect in the process
nomic order during the last few years ed in the production sector. In the mely, the United States of America, have developed. In order to maximize
C16S,
at a minimum le Vel. it the market that undergoes rapid
ilizing modern science and
nulti-nationals have been established leveloping countries, have taken into
ions such as tax concessions, es when establishing their companies
BO

Page 90
According to the Human Developme Nations Development Programme (UNI have been identified as having a high 1 O out of those are mentioned be maximum benefits from Globalization
1. Norway 2. Iceland
3. Australia 4. Luxembourg 5. Canada
O.
All other countries having a H. D.I. abo countries. If the first 20 countries are the only Asian country among them Lanka ranks 93rd. According to th countries at the lowest development them 25 are African countries. Accord the exercise of globalization the lesshave its benefits distributed among th
Some of the benefits Sri Lanka has
stated thus:
(1) Owing to the entry of the indust
there has occurred an inflow of The dawn of the opportunity providing a solution for the unem (2) Getting the opportunity to find ne' produce and the rise of foreign ex (3) Limiting the labour outflow to f various new employment opportu (4) Changing the domestic consump
consumer prices due to the equipment and commodities in th
8

nt Report prepared by the United DP) in 2005, 57 out of 177 countries human development index. The first low. They are countries enjoying
Sweden
Switzerland
reland
Belgium
United States of America
ve 0.830 are identified as developed
taken, Japan which ranks 11th is . As a mid-developed country, Sri e Human Development Index, 26 level have been identified. Out of ling to this record, it is clear within developed countries should further
լ€111.
reaped from Globalization can be
rial sector into the foreign market, oreign technology and investment. for utilizing local resources; and ployment problem. w markets for domestic agricultural change earnings. oreign countries and the dawn of nities for the talented. tion pattern and the relative fall of abundance of new technological e domestic market.

Page 91
(5) Businessmen getting more fa opportunities for barter (excha within trade organizations on
(6) Relationships with foreign col technological equipment a Communication sector. The W together. New educational fac. eased through the Internet facilitated). The rise in the st improvement of its quality th beneficial effect.
Globalization blows like a wind ac
nations and all have to move in leaders have attempted to find si each country has to face in this pro towards Globalization, production increased rapidly. Therefore, more protecting the environment. Action World Organizations to raise awar hazards associated with problems
man's ignorance and indiscreet be
Assignment 4.5
Gather information about the i economy of Sri Lanka and on com
2. President in a form of a table
of developing countries with re
O Suggest what you could do conditions you have identified.

cilities owing to the availability of ange of goods) on free tariff policies account of regional trade pacts.
untries have expanded due to new nd the rapid growth in the ord has been brought very much ilities are available and learning is
(Studying from home itself is andard of living of the people and rough all these developments is a
rOSS the World. It influences all the
the direction of the Wind. World
olutions to the harmful situations ocess. With the opening of the world and the use of resources too, have attention has now been focused On n is being taken now at the level of eness among the people about the like HIV/AIDS which are caused by haviour.
influence of Globalization on the Lmunity life.
the advantages and disadvantages gard to Globalization.
D to avoid the disadvantageous
2

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5 Conflict Res Democrat
From ancient times to the presen through a series of unending confl more than in the past and have take distructive nature.
5.1 Introducing Conflicts?
Human Society is made up of various from one another in shape, size, in and even in the language they speal One notices in humans, and these di of conflicts among them. Individuals matter or event. These disparities for who observe the following picture ma
The human nature of holding differer and refusing to recognize this situatl among them. The minor frictions th: develop into large scale conflicts.
Activity 5.1.1
o Look at the above picture, and sta o Try to understand the ideas peopl
from One another.
 
 

olution in a ic Society
魔
t day, human society has evolved icts. Today conflicts are multiplied in a more complex turn and are of a
types of people. They are all different telligence, complexion, social status k. These are natural characteristics fferences often lead to various types hold varying opinions on One single m the root cause of conflicts. Those ly express varying opinions on it, as
it views on the same matter or object ion in this manner leads to conflicts at may arise among individuals can
te your opinion about it. e have regarding the same fact vary

Page 93
Activity 5.1.2
Instruct the pupils in the class to 1 they wish to visit. Get each pupil to divide them into groups of 5 or 6. to form a circle, holding each oth neighbours neck and get them to piece of paper. Resolve the conflic them to solve how all of them can of paper.
It is possible to explain at this stag and ideas and the possibility O collectively and democratically how
The clash that occurs among two ( views, verbally, physically or using
Thinkers and philosophers who d expressed varying views about ther is an expression of the heart and Peter Waleenstein, A conflict is a parties or among several parties th) amount of scarce resources at the s emphasized are land, natural resol values. Such conflicts are possible
pencil, ball or chair. If these conflic can develop into large scale catast spread even beyond the school beg
Galtung’s Conflict Triangle
Structure
Activities Behaviour

note on a piece of paper a place which write the name of the place too. Then Next instruct the pupils of each group her by passing their arms round the go to the place each mentioned in the t that ensues at this point and allow go to the place mentioned in the piece
e that the individual has various goals f reaching decisions by discussing
all could achieve their goals.
or more persons holding contradictory weapons is a conflict.
efine various types of conflicts, have m. According to the Buddha a conflict mind of the individual. According to Situation that Occurs between two rough their desire to acquire the same same time." Here the resources he has urces, political power, Superiority and in school among pupils for the eraser, rts are not settled democratically they ropic conflicts. It is because they can inning with siblings and parents.

Page 94
Reasons for conflict
* Negative attitudes * Behaviour pattern * Disproportionate targets
According to Galtung a conflict ca) mentioned above. According to the Bu cause for either peace or conflict.
Activity 5 -
What are the various types of conflicts school. What are the reasons for thes of a table.
5.1.1. Stages of a conflict
Some critics have seen conflict as a c as a process with a sequence moving However the various stages of any col in a certain set pattern. It is becau second time after a gap where severa The sequence of the stages of conflict (
(l) Indiscriminate Stage - Everybody
superior and good. There is no ra These feelings can be resolved discussion.
(2) Stage of division - In this stage
indiscrimination, Cause division a will never be able to unite. Could
(3) Stage when mutual grievances a
states the advantageous and d capabilities and skills in numerica be presented through a mediator and disadvantageous positions. T granted more representation.
85

n occur at any of the situations uddhist concept human mind is the
that occur among pupils within the e conflicts? Present them in a form
aircular phenomenon. Others see it g from top to bottom or vice versa. nflict do not form a process moving se a particular stage may occura all other steps followed it originally. an develop from simple to complex:
is thinking that he/she is highly tional understanding of each other. through meeting, dialogue and
members of the group, based on mong themselves and feel that they be solved by uniting both parties.
re expressed - Here each member isadvantageous positions of their al terms. At this stage solutions can after considering the advantageous he less represented groups can be

Page 95
(4) Polarization and arming Stage divide into groups. Ultimately
begin to arm themselves. Eve situation of violence outright, and conflict, when things get c
(5) Violent Conflicting Stage - In th
can survive only by destroying away the others and expand t participate in any form of dis success, or to safeguard them:
Activity 5 II
Arrange in correct sequence the va within the School. Find the reas solving the conflict explain the soli why the conflict could not be avoic
5.2 Types of conflicts and their
The philosophers who engaged th classified conflicts in various form
/BetweenN / / Between
tWO groups of
Nndividuals/ \
Between two Husband-wife Regionally as
individuals in parents religious /
society on children racial / Caste
WalOUS (siblings) | tribe matterS
Here the various types of conflict causes are indicated briefly. Howe be classified under other view p following types of conflicts
 

- At this stage the aggrieved parties
the groups polarised in this manner n though it does not lead to arising a it can turn into a situation of violence out of control.
his stage the rival parties feel that they their rivals. Then they purposely chase heir power geographically. They do not scussion and work only towards their Selves alone.
rious stages of a conflict that occurred ons for missing the opportunities of utions you would suggest, and analyse led.
SOLLTOGS
Lemselves in a study of conflicts have S, minute to very large scale conflicts.
Within state Among several against nations at government World (global)
y terrorists Scale
To have On frontiers Political
a national ideologies, Separate boundaries eCOnOmic
State river Water Or iSSueS
TCSOUTCCS power etc
S that occur among people and their ver, in addition to these, conflicts can Oints too. Thus we can identify the
86

Page 96
II.
III.
IV.
Political conflicts :- Conflicts that or with the goal of forming a sepal be mentioned the conflicts that V Soviet Union under their leadersh people of East Timor in Indonesia
Religious conflicts :- There are s conflicts beginning with the Crus Conflict between Hindus and M Ayodhya building the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
Frontier (national boundary) conf about the demarcation of frontiers about the demarcation of nation: Palestine.
Apartheid conflicts :- We have he “Whites” and “blacks”. The conflict til particular significance here. Simi America too occasionally.
Conflicts about resources for econ Conflicts about petroleum resou particular. Current conflicts betw due to the oil resource. Conflicts
Decline of the Soviet Union can be
Tribal Or caste conflicts :- Tribal cc of Rwanda attacking the other tril the NOrthern and Western hill trib Harijans in India, are examples of
Complete the following table accordi identified
Type of conflict Examples
87
 

occur based on political ideologies rate state. Under this category can were initiated by America and the ip; the struggle carried out by the demanding a separate state
everal examples for these type of ades that occurred in early days. uslims in India; the Muslims in Mosque at the site of Ramsi Kovil
licts :- Conflicts that have arisen (national boundaries). The conflict al boundaries between Israel and
2ard of the Conflicts between the hat occurred in South Africa are of lar conflicts are arising in North
Omic advantages :- rces can be mentioned here in een Iraq and America are mainly targeting the capture of markets.
cited as examples.
onflicts in African countries; Tutsis bes, conflicts in Thailand between pes; conflicts between Hindus and
this type of conflicts.
ng to the types of conflicts you
CauSeS

Page 97
When examining the causes of conf
I. the uneducated nature of the in II. the absence of proper socializat III. Deficiency of intelligence IV. Aggressive nature which is a bi V. Selfishness VI. Taking decisions through impu
may arise in the form of minor c. finally develop into large scale confl
Activity 5 V ]
Describe the causes of conflicts "The origin of conflicts is aggressiv Use this as the topic for a class C thene.
5.2.1 The harm caused by confl
country
The destruction caused by conflict enormous. The devastation caused the advancement in modern scienc than ever before. Stated in general t having taken the following forms:
O Loss of life and property
O Destruction of environment and
O People becoming physically dis family life, the emergence of re and disturbance to the entire S Economic issues that emerge di of the country and the decline Having to maintain a large expenditure on the purchase retards. Escalation of social clashes d associated with the degeneratic Harm caused to development a amounts of money to reconstru

lict, causes such as
individual EiOn
ological heritage
lse without resorting to alternatives
onflicts at personal level which may icts leading even to world wars.
reness which is a biological heritage" lebate, for and against on the above
icts to the development of a
s among humans to date, have been by conflicts that has arisen along with e and technology today has escalated erms this damage can be described as
d natural resources abled; mental disorders desruption of fugee camps caused by the destitute ocial system. ue to the degeneration of the economy of the people's means of livelihood. army; owing to the rise of defence of sophisticated arms development
ue to the decline in human morals on of education is a result of having to spend colossal ict the breakdowns and destruction.
88

Page 98
Breakdown of amity and relation within diversity. Breakdown of international relat country.
Activity 5 VI
O Select with the instructions of the shocked you most and discuss th Analyse the reasons caused for th
O Discuss whether you could avoid
5.3 Methods of resolving conflicts
People resort to violence due to frustra the differences of opinion and the pr social relations. When they are unable manner they return to the prelimina them. This instinctive characteristic ( can be remedied only by imparting necessary to resolve them through the
In Order to resolve conflicts the indivi To approach the resolution of conflic obstacle for obtaining satisfactory rest
I. Analysis of conflicts - Identifying C
analyse their causes as personal principle
II. Generation of alternatives : Rec one's own opinion but other solut
III. Co-deliberation : The ability to
other parties involved in the confl
IV. Compromise - Assisting in arrivin
1316.
Conflict resolution is building innova the parties involved in a conflict. - Sin
Conflict resolution is the process of i signs and warning of a potential and i to prevent its occurrence. There are se process of conflict resolution, namely,
89

ships and the growth of animosity
ionships and investors leaving the
teacher a conflicting situation that e damage caused by it. at Situation that Situation.
tion caused by the failure to resolve oblems that arise in their various to resolve their conflicts in a decent ry mental state and act to resolve of the humans to resort to conflict the knowledge, attitude and skills 2 education given to them.
dual should have four basic skills. ts vithout these skills vill be an ults. These four skills are:
'onflicts as natural phenomena and needs, fright and cause and effect
ognizing that these exist not only iOns tOO. exchange ideas amicably with the iCt g at a final solution in an impartial
tive and final relationships among non Fisher and Group.
dentifying a current conflict or the imminent conflict and taking action averal aspects or components of the

Page 99
I. Taking action to eradicate the
II. Taking action to promote ne
involved in the conflict.
III. Generation of positive attitudes
IV. Prevention of the chances o
behaviour.
From olden days various metho resolution. One such course of ac conflict on the parties involved. H forced on the parties it will not be conflict. A true or genuine resolutic of solving the problems in a creativ the assessment of identity of all th remedying their human needs and genuine resolution of conflicts, sinc to the roots of conflict surfacing a resolution of conflicts is to face opportunity for the parties involved parties. The approach to resolve co be stated as follows:
Activity 5 V
I. Define conflict resolution II. State the basic qualities a pers

basis of the conflict. w relationships between the parties
among the parties concerned f developing violence or aggressive
lds have been followed in conflict ition was to force the solution to a Owever merely because a solution is a true or genuine resolution of the on of a conflict goes though a process e and non-violent manner, identifying e parties involved in the conflict, and desires. Avoiding conflicts too is not a e such temporary avoidance can lead gain. The most successful method of
it democratically. It provides the to reach a solution acceptable to both Inflicts through direct discussion can
Dn should have in conflict resolution.

Page 100
5.3.1. Approach to conflict resolut
1. Exchange
information on yOur Consent and needs.
2. Identify the
actual areas where your ideas differ from those of the other
party.
This indicates the approach to find S nature between individuals to those th wars. Here all the parties involved in willingness to find a solution to the p situation all the parties should have a
(i) tolerate the others' views and to li
(ii) to absorb the gist of these ideas a
(iii) change their stand without stickiu
(iv) to generate common new opinic
Operation.
91
 
 

3. Generate new alternative ideas that nullify the COntroVerSial ideas between the two parties.
4. With the
agreement of the two parties, reach the most suitable Solution.
solutions from conflicts of a simple lat extend as far as large scale world n the conflict should express their roblem through discussion. In this
Sensitive attitude to
isten to them patiently.
nd VieWS.
ng only to their views ons working in harmony and co

Page 101
The process of resolving conflicts C the following chart.
Conflict
Exchange of Identification information of
and ideas problems
Here the parties to the conflict a groups should exchange their id openly. At the second stage the cau The causes presented by both par manner with no party sticking stric the generation of alternative new i groups are flexible and prepared Ultimately, through the process of
the way is paved for arriving at a
intervention by a mediator (arbitrat
It is difficult to resolve a conflict w a substantial amount of property, a without the intervention of a media country is one such incident. Here clinging hard on to their own views solution to this conflict, so long as clings on to the concept of unita: group LTTE in the north clings on
 

an be clarified further as indicated in
3esolution
Generation of Reaching
alternative a Solution
new ideas
CuSSiOn Sacrifice
|-
re Groups X and Y. Initially the two eas about the conflict cordially and ses of the conflict Should be identified. ties should be examined in a flexible tly to its ideas alone. This will lead to deas. It is because at this stage both to make the necessary sacrifices. agreeing on new ideas by both parties Solution. Here there has not been an Or).
hich claimed several lives, devastated and which prolonged for several years, tor. The current ethnic conflict in this both parties to the conflict can be seen s only. It will not be possible to find a the Sinhalese community in the south ry government and the armed Tamil to the idea of a separate state.

Page 102
Conflict management and conflict re. from the settlement of conflicts. Act satisfaction of the desires and need collective agreement. It is not forcing : time. Conflict management does not r the conflict. It is the positive control of parties to the conflict. Here action is t parties to the conflict through a collec
Settlement of conflicts is a very arduc that most conflict resolution proce pertaining to ethnic problems) have become much more serious, than wh worse disasters. The best example fo 1987. On one hand it was a solution fo India and America. Moreover, it was ac a few leftist parties. The Sri Lanka Fr Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna were opp party to the conflict, namely, the L.T.T Indo-Lanka peace accord gradually, SeriOuS.
Now this ethnic problem has become
claiming numerous lives, destroying p country's development and disturbin that the participation or intervention C
Towards solving the ethnic problem of mediator. The qualities of a mediator
I. A patient listener I. A credible person IIII. A person dedicated to arbitration IV. A genuine mediator in arbitration V. A person experienced in arbitratic VI. A facilitator in solving problems
An arbitrator or a mediator is never a
judgement. He is a facilitator in solvi things logically and who can explain t
93

onciliation are processes different ually settlement of conflicts is the S of the parties involved through a solution. On a certain party at any nean giving a long-term solution to the desires and anticipations of the aken to bring together the relevant tive process.
us and complex process. It is seen sses in the world (particularly, failed and subsequently they have at obtained originally, resulting in r this is the Indo-Lanka Accord of orced on the L.T.T.E. pressurised by cepted by the UNP in the south and eedom Party, and particularly, the Josed to it. In this context, the main .E., is seen running away from the rendering the conflict even more
somewhat of a long drawn out war, roperty and adversely affecting the g community life. Thus it appears f a mediator is essential to settle it.
Sri Lanka, Norway is involved as a an be outlined as follows:
judge or an authority who delivers ng problems, who can understand hings to others logically.

Page 103
Activity 5.VIII
Perform dramatically the way the t in the class engaging an arbitrator
5.4 The advantages of avoiding
The view that man is aggressive b Accordingly, avoiding a conflict st the growth of human behaviour. It a possible major disaster. Moreov pave the way for the settlement of conflicts strategically, it will not conflict completely. Hence what v resolution of actual conflict. It wi society.
The best example for successful re. On the other hand Palestine and conflict resolution even though an
Advantages of conflict Resolution
I. Through the relationship and cessation of rivalry between a impetus which brings about establishes national identity.
II. The instability that resulted fi enthusiasm and interest Cre: contribute to the country's de
III. The loss of lives and destruct
IOW CeaSeS.
IV. The possibility of diverting th spent on arms, to the country
V. The possibility of reducing the
parties and engaging the sta development effort.

eacher resolves a conflict that occurred
and involving two groups of pupils.
conflicts and amicably settling them.
by nature is built on biological factors. rategically too is a superior quality in is because it can prevent temporarily, er, it also provides the opportunity to actual conflicts. However, by avoiding be possible to eradicate the causes of we should seek is a procedure for the ll fetch several advantages for human
Solution of conflicts is South Africa and Nepal are unsuccessful examples at approach was made towards it.
co-operation that ensues following the ntagonistic parties, there occurs a new t human resource development and
rom the conflict now subsides and the ated generally among the community velopment.
ion of property that hitherto occurred
e colossal amounts of money hitherto 's development
personnel in the security forces of both ff retrenched thereby in the national
94

Page 104
VI. The cessation of the damage causec country and the atmosphere on act
VII. The possibility of stopping reh permanent habitats for the people. expenditure and engaging the peop
VIII. Development of international relatic
foreign investors.
IX. The possibility of developing th
deteriorated and collapsed and towards human development and t
Generally speaking, within a peaceful sc there will be generation of employr production will increase and a congeni result. It will contribute towards build country.
Activitvi
1. Make a note regarding advantages C of countries which conflicts occured
2. Imagine that you have to act as a your school / village / Town. .א
Expain how you would act in such
3. Describe, in a democratic society, h
solving conflicts.
O Present your views to the class.
O Discuss the views of the whole C chart using the most suitable m
95

to the natural environment of the count of conflict.
abilitation work and providing The possibility of reducing public le in productive activities.
ons and the growth of the influx of
he education system that has getting education to contribute he progress of the country.
Dciety the country will develop and ment necessary for the people,
ial atmosphere for the people will ing a peaceful atmosphere in the
of conflict resolution. Give examles d.
mediator in a conflict occured in
a Situation.
how the rulind party should act in
clas sincluding yours, and make a nethodology.

Page 105
Gr
1. Democratic Government (30
This component should lead to stude of government in the context of the
Competency Levels :
1. Understands the nature and e 2. Analyzes the main characteris Appreciates the distinction b responsibilities of and to citize 3. Internalizes the ideals Of demC
Subject Content
O Definition of the concept of de
O Origins and evolution of demo
O Characteristics of democratic
- Election of governments ol – Electoral systems, and fre - Competitive party system - Participation in democrati — Constitutionalism (in relat - The right to information a Students should study differe and their outcomes.
Definition of the state and of Origins Nature of the state and goverr (a) Forms of the st formation of na and Federal (b) The major orga powers - Legisla (c) Forms of Gov.
Systems O Role of the State - Mainta developmental activities, confli
The historical development of the above of social changes within societies. Stu necessity of particular portfolios, in th state, and to discuss their importance i
O The importance of democrat
rationales of government and
Debate and discussion of the above projects that involve research that pron

ade 10
) periods)
nts' understanding structures and concepts meaning and importance of democracy.
volution of democracy tics of democratic governance etween the state and government, and the 'IS
cracy.
mocracy cracy - direct and representative governance In the basis of universal franchise e and fair elections
c activities on the basis of equity and freedom ion in particular to Majoritarianism) nd the freedom of the media nt examples of the systems discussed above,
government - concept of the republic, and its
lment Late - nature of the nation state, origins and tion states; basic structure of States - Unitary
ans of government and their functions and |ture, Executive and Judiciary. ernment - Parliamentary and Presidential
ining law and Order, provision of welfare, lict resolution.
concepts should be introduced, in the context Idents should be encouraged to evaluate the Le context of the above responsibilities of the in terms of the main functions of government
ic government – examination of alternative related political perspectives.
should be encouraged, with students given notes comparison and contrast.
96

Page 106
2. Decentralization and devolution c
This component should enable students to : the context of facilitating achievement of country and promoting effective administra
Competency Levels:
1. Identifies the differences between conc 2. Explores structures, functions a
decentralization and devolution 3. Evaluates the necessity of making stri
Subject Content
O Introduction of the concepts of decent O Examples of decentralization and
exploration of structures, functions ar O Instances of structural changes in rec O History of devolution and attempts at
Students should be encouraged to discuss the levels within a country, and explore allocatio context of fulfilling such functions efficiently. decentralization in Sri Lanka should be examin should be from a historical perspective, since ( will be taken up in Grade 1 1.
3. Multi Cultural Society (15 periods
This component should enable students t multicultural society, and the manner in whi interests of all citizens.
Competency Levels:
1. Appreciates the nature of multicultura
2. Explores the formation of a mu
characteristics.
3. Identifies the importance of nation bui
Subject Content
Introduction of the concept of multicu Factors behind the formation of a mul Multicultural Society and the modern
Possibilities of mutual benefit and gooc political, socio-economic and cultural
Students should explore other examples of reports measuring success with regard to nati operation. Examples of failure should also improvement evoked. Role-plays to evoke apprec be encouraged,
97

if power (15 periods)
analyse structures of government in f governmental goals throughout a tion.
epts of decentralization and devolution und powers of various units of
uctural changes in a modern state
ralization and devolution devolution in modern states, with hd powers of relevant units ent times in selected examples devolution of power in Sri Lanka.
2 functions of government at different ns of power and responsibility in the The rationale for devolution and / or ed, in the context of social needs. This detailed analysis of current structures
)
o understand what is meant by a ch such societies can develop in the
ul Society. ulticultural society and its basic
ilding in a multicultural society
ltural society and its basic features ticultural society
State l governance through respect for other identities.
multi-cultural societies and present on-building as well as productive cobe explored and suggestions for 2iation of different perspectives should

Page 107
4. Economic systems and rela:
This component will provide basic activity and organization, along with to Sri Lanka.
Competency Levels :
Understands economic activity Explores various economic sy Analyses economic systems in Analyses the impact of globali
Subject Content
Definition of economic activity Introduction to Various econo The concept of the market ecc Present economic system in S The relationship of the Sri LaI Impact of technological dev economy as well as Sri Lanka
Students should be introduced to an ul social, that facilitate analysis of eco1 economic systems should be encoura COuntries.
5. Conflict resolution in a den
This component will develop unders societies, and the importance of peacefully.
Competency Levels :
1. Understands various types of 2. Explores positive approaches 3. Evaluates the importance of r
Subject content
O Introduction of conflicts O Types and sources of conflicts - Political, Socio-economic O Various methods of anticipati O The advantages of avoiding co
Case studies of at least a couple of oth making comparisons and contrasts
successful conflicts resolution, as well a should engage in role-plays to facilitat as well as the difficulties and possibilit

tions (15 Periods) தி understanding of the nature of economic problems that arise, with special reference
y and basic problems SternS
relation to development zation in Sri Lanka.
and related problems mic systems - Socialist, Capitalist and Mixed nomy, and its various forms ri Lanka in the context of development nkan economy to the world economy relopments and globalization on the world
nderstanding of indicators, economic as well as nomic systems. Individual study of different ged, with comparative case studies of other
mocratic society (15 periods)
standing of conflicts that may arise within containing and resolving such conflicts
conflicts towards resolving conflicts esolving conflicts in a democratic society.
, ethnic ng containing, resolving conflicts onflicts and of resolving them peacefully.
her conflicts should be explored, with students to the Sri Lankan situation. Instances of as the opposite, should be considered. Students e understanding both of the causes of conflict, lies of peaceful resolution.
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