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evon News R
September 3, 1983
 

asa | WHAT NEXT 2
eV A EVN k NATIONAL
HARMONY
k SPORTSCOPE

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TO OUR
This week, too, we have been schedule. We hope that we will bli mentioned earlier, what we publish material selected from the daily press t seal of approval and also material to v object. Customary in-depth Tribune a matters can come only after the cens
We will also publish For daily press which we think will provic nts but also help to unfold the story avouring to record the diverse tren make history, we will pursue the ob tion and Reconstruction under the um
We face many serious problem displaced. Many others, from all cor have been shocked by events into s know when they will recover from the in which they appear to be presently S
We are making efforts to trace who have been displaced. Our netwo and elsewhere has been shattered. We h to our readers and well-wishers help u that has dawned in Sri Lanka.
TRE
43, Dawsc Colomb: Te: 3

READERS
able to maintain the usual 28 page. e able to keep it up. As we have about the current situation will be hat has obviously received the Censor's which the Competent Authority will not nalysis and comment on contemporary orship is completely lifted,
The Record, news reports from the de not only documentation for studeof these troubled times. Whilst endeds that have made and continue to jectives of Reconciliation, Rehabilitabrella of Development.
is. Some of our writers have been mmunities with no communal animus, tate of mental paralysis. We do not
present agony of the intellectual coma :ubmerged,
the present addresses of Subscribers ork of Sales Agents in Colombo, Kandy ave to build a new and we look forward is regain a normalcy in the new era
B U M E
bn Street, }o 2. 3172

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TRIBUNE
WM
Ceylon News Review A Journal of Ceylon and World Affairs
Founded in 1954
Every Saturday
Editor: S.P. Amarasingam
vol.27 No.46
September, 03, 1983 43, Dawson Street. Colombo 2.
Tel: 33172
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 1 -What Next? W
EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK 2 -Indo-Sri Lanka
MAHAWELl 5 -The Challenge
DOCUMENTATION CENTRE 6 -India
SRI LANKA CHRONİCLE 8 -August 15-21
FOR THE RECORD 1 O -President's Address D. W. C. Statement
AGRICULTURA DIG EST 13 -World Bank
US Railways Computers & Pests
REHABILITATION 17
-National Harmony
Plea from Batticoloa Academics & the Willage Aural Market
SPORTSCOPE 22 -Spotlight, Chronicle
CONFIDENTIALLY 28 -Black Week
ETTER FR
ON THE COVER aquaculture proje Sri Lanka. Not i aquaculture for income of fisherm Brackishwater aq of people can get tries like farm
freezing, ca ing the most importa called shrimps, liv muddy and rich in ishwater aquafa of farming, faste conditions are Pe 250 gms.), P, ind Donsoni and M
gms). M. Mono
The freshwater Macrobrachium
300 to 400 weight 150 gms fish like Chanos Liza (the grey mul
i sluggish prawns
of edible oysters, tive. But, at this dissertation on b Suddenly been ca of marine foods take this opportu the despondent r that has envelope comes through e which has becom a prime priority foi ease. Nor is it ea that brought brims quarters. Howev that breeds menta We will continue existence. It is recriminations wi
tO act do mot kno
in a dilemma criec pity; and my min
tell me what is be
direct me, I pray.
Or Over the invisib now paralysing thousands, in Sri thinking persons c of sane and hones tedly to bring peac between man anc task wil unfold

ROM THE EDITOR
Ne have a picture of a group inside a brackish water ct making a catch. It is a comparatively new field in many are as yet aware of the scope of brackish water multiplying fish production and also increasing the len. In many other countries, it has made great headway. uaculture is labour-intensive. A substantial number employment in part time avocations and anciliary indusconstruction, seed collection, manuring, ice-making, , transporting and feed manufacturing. Prawns ave unt species in brackishwater aquafarming. Prawns, also re in deltas, estuaries or lagoons with bottoms generally organic matter. The most important species for brackrming, considering the nutritive value, economics r growth rate, easy adaptability to varying ecological naus Monodon (maximum length 320 mm, weight about ues (length 230 mm and weight 80 gms.), Metapenaeus . Brevicornis (length 125 mm and weight 8-10 ceros (length 145 mm and weight 10-12 gms) prawn species include the giant prawn Rosenbergli (length 320 mm and Weight gms) and M. Malcomsonii (length 230 mm and .). Along with prawns, highly compatible species of Chanos (milk fish), Mugil Cephalus and species of lets) can be cultured. in fact, they activate the otherwise to attain a greater growth rate. Besides the culture clams and estuarine crab have proved highly remunera juncture, we must say that we have ventured on this rackish water aquaculture mot because Tribune has arried away by the urgency to increase the production (considering prices in the market). We really Want to nity to preach a homily on the urgent need to overcome melancholia that stems from the dark and troubled times 'd this country. Out of murky brackish water much good nterprising aquaculture. Similarly, in the difficult days ne everyday life the art of mere survival has become r many who have so far enjoyed a good life of complacent sy to pick up the threads of existence after a holocaust stone and fire, suddenly and unexpectedly, from every er hard it may, unless we raise ourselves from despair and physical inertia and act with meaningful purpose. to go round in circles in the quagmire of aimless difficult mot to indulge in recrimimations but umending only inhibit positive action. Even those Who Want w what to do. in the Bhagvad Gita, Arjuna caught up 1 out to Lord Krishna: '....My heart is oppressed with d confused as to what my duty is. Therefore, my lord, st for my spritual welfare, for I am Thy disciple. Please For, should I attain the monarchy of the visible World, ble world, it would not drive away the anguish which is my senses. . . ." Many thousands, many hundreds of Lanka face the same diemma today. What is it that :an do in the grim real, ties of the day ? What is the duty t people? The answer is simple. The first duty is undoubte and calm to this ceuntry at a time when human relations man has been shattered. Once this is done, the next itself,

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EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK
indo - Sri Lanka Ties
Colombo, August 27, 1983
The only other paper, besides the Sunday Observer that had commented promptly on Indo-Lanka relations was The Island. In an editorial on Monday, August 15, 1983 on WHAT IN DI RA CAN DO, it said: 'Wracked by the recent trauma and thrown into acute political crisis as a result of it, Mr. Amirthalingam undertakes his passage to india with all eyes in Sri Lanka turned towards him. His visit to india has been described as a private one but it does not need any political acumen to say that it could be of pivotal significance. His visit to New Delhi and the meeting with Mrs. Indira Gandhi has occured two days after the visit of President Jayewardene's personal envoy H. W. Jayewardene O. C. 'lndia and Mrs. Gandhi herself are cnly too acutely aware of the ravaging effects of communal violence. By a remarkable coincidence today is the 36th anniversary of her independence and from the ruinous dismemberment of India which gave birth to Pakistan during the early days of that independence to the recent blood bath in Assam, India's experience has been one of latent communal tension if not actual confrontation. It is a tribute to lndian leaderships down the years and the far-sightedness of its people that the country has been able to retain its territorial integrity and the oneness of its nation state. To Some extent this was due to the external threat embodied by Pakistan which ralled the indian people together. but the fact is that for a country of its dizzying ethnic multiplicity India's record has been remarkable India's experience of ethnic diversity and her Success in retaining intact its territoria intergrity should crucially colour her talks with Mr. Amirthalingam. India has repeatedly reiterated that she stands for the territorial integrity of Sri Lanka and this is what the indian leader has to impreSS O Sri Lankan Tamil leaders when they meet her again tomorrow. There is movN a nationa com SenSUS in the country on the need to retain the unitary state of Sri Lanka and it is up to the TULF not to keep the Tamil people out of this consensus, it is in india's own interest to have a strong and united country as its neighbour in the context of her admitted anxieties about super power manoeuvres in the Indiam Ocean region and if the Indiam Prime Minister Cam persuade the TULF to return to the mainstream of national politics in Sri Lanka that will be decisive as far as resolving the national question is concerned. The other aspect of a stand on the issue by Mrs. Gandhi should be in the matter of the Sri Lankan Tamil terrorists who are on Indian soil. The ready availability of refuge in Madras and the geographical proximity of the two countries has been one of the crucial determinants of terrorist activity in the North of Sri Lanka, This was compounded further by Sri Lanka not having a treaty for the extradition of the
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terrorists who were wanted by Police here. There can be no hope of a solution to the problem as long as terrorist activity continues in the north and as long as terrorists can seek refuge in South india and india should take swift action to close this eScape route. India has done well in preventing Mr. Nedumaran's marchers from leaving lindian te ritory and fast action In preventing Sri Lankan terrorists from entering Indian territory can similarly go a long way in finding a Solution to the problems. Mrs. Gandhi is not only the Indian Prime Minister and an international leader but she is also the current Chaiman of the Nonaligned Movement having taken over the role at a decisive juncture in the Movement's own history. India and Sri Lanka are both members of the movement who cherish its principles highly. It will be in the interests of both countries and the larger political stability of the entire region if Mrs. Gandhi's meeting with Mr. Amirthalingam again tomorrow could help the TULF to reconsider their past policy and lead to a meaningful dialogue among the major parties in Sri Lanka to find a solution within a unitary state."
Again in an editorial on Thursday, August 18' entitled NATIONAL OUESTION: ACT NOW is said: 'Mr. Nedumaran's marchers have called off their act of bravado but Sri Lanka's eyes continue to be turned towards India as the country gradually recovers from its trauma. This is not only because of Mr. Amirthalingam's presence in India but also because of the role the Indian Prime Minister is playing in the aftermath of recent events. The recent incidents have been so important from the Indian perspective as to even merit mention in the Indian Prime Minister's address to the nation on its independence Day which fell on Monday this week. Certain Statements have been made both by the Government as well as by Mr. Amirthalingam to the press in Madras but what is important at this juncture is quick and definite statements on a solution to the national question. There is naturally considerable interest in the country about what is happening and it is desirable in the national interest to keep the people informed at every step. it is also desirable that whatever steps the Government proposes to take should be taken soon before the sense of national shame that the more sensitive people in our midst are feeling evaporates completely. In fact, this is the crucial factor in any solution to the problem. A the elaborate plans drawn up to settle the issue will be of no use if the country cannot be attuned to accept a reasonable solution to the problem which will be in the interests of both communities. Few people among us dispute that the present situation has been
brought about by petty acts of myopic chauvinism on both sides of the racial barricades over the last. few decades. Tamil political parties found it electorally convenient to keep the issue boiling. Sinhala political parties equally determinedly tried to thwart a solution at every turn for their own narrow political gain. But at least due to the recent events there is a reali
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sation among thinking people about the urgency of offering a reasonable resolution to the problem so that it is up to the Government to make use of the national mood to initiate a Solution,
"This is not a task, which can be delayed any longer for recent events have not prepared the country to accept a reasonable solution. It is up to all rightthinking Sections in the community to do so. Yesterday We commented on the failure of the country's intelligentsia to give leadership in this time of c isls and at least now when so many ravages have been Wrought on all that we hold dear, it is the duty of the leaders of opinion to actively persuade a Sections concerned about the need for a permanent Solution. This applies to not only to sections of Sinhala opinion but the Tamil political leadership as well. The country is littered with the results of irresponsible talk and mock acts of chauvinistic braggadocio on the part of both communities and at least now there must be an end to these acts of political irresponsibility. Already there is a resurgence of the ugly noises on both sides of the communal divide which were instrumental in bringing the Country to this state and these individuals must be told firmly by the more responsible elements in the community that such loose talk can have tragic results. Both the Tamil United Liberation front and the United National Party as the two political parties involved crucially in any political solution to the problem have to prepare its own cadres to accept a reasonable solution. This responsibility also falls on other Sinhala political parties as well because whatever solution is offered will have to emerge from a national consensus and bear the stamp of approval of Sinhala opinion if it is to Succeed. It is up to the responsible elements among both the Sinhala and Tamil leaderships to keep the extremists in their own ranks in creck and attune their rank and file for a political solution. Recent events have negated many of the gains of the past as far as communal relations are concerned and it is clear that any solution to the problem will have to go beyond the horizons which had been set before. A whole generation has been exposed to trauma and the rebuilding of their attitudes and values will be no easy task. The collapse of contact which occurred between the Sinhala and Tami people as the result of monolingual education has now been compounded by the frightening cleavage which the July cataclysm engendered. Nobody among us should Underestimate the emotional and spiritual damage which has been done and it is the ask of every right-thinking Sri Lankan to commit himself or herSelf to preparing the ground and the climate of opinion for a solution.'
Understandably, there are also growing fears about India's offer of 'good offices' or 'mediation'. These fears were further aggravated by press comments in india. The island on August 24 had a front page three-column story REVIEW ON INDIAN DPLO
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

MACY: AD TO LANKA FROM THIRD NATION THREAT TO INDA. it read ''An inemational dimension has been added to the intermittent and So far sterite negotiations between the Sri Lanka government and the TULF with India's offer to help both sides to start a dialogue according to a report from New Delhi by Salamat Ali of the Far Eastern Economic Review, who specialises in South Asian affairs. The report says that India's diplomacy has already reinforced two points. First. it has acquired Sri Lanka's implicit endorsement of the indian assertion that the Tamil issue is of as much concern to India as it is to Sri Lanka itself. Secondly, it is clearly understood now that New Delhi regards any military Support Colombo may acquire from a third country as threat to indian security. Mr. Ali says that the Sri Lanka issue is threatening to split Tamil Nadu's ruling Ali India Amna Dravida Münnetra Kazhagam Party. Its chief whip in the State Assembly T. R Janardhanam has resigned from both his job and his party, claiming the Chief Minister and founder M. G Ramachandran and some of his Cabinet colleagues. did not appreciate the strong feelings of Tamil Nadu . On the Sri Lankan issue. The report says that to capitalise on public sentiment and with an eye om the general elections, the president and general Secretary of the main opposition party in the state, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, have resigned their seats in the legislature.'
And on August 26, the day after Indira Gandhi's envoy arrived in Sri Lanka, viz., August 25, The island. and the Sun took great pains to set the record straight each from its own point of view and this no doubt reflected the thinking of the majority of Sinhala people. The Island had a front page news comment entitled NEW NDAN DOCR NE OF REGIONAL SECURITY EMERGING: NOT ASKING INDIAN AD IS ANTI-INDIAN: 'The recent disturbances in Sri Lanka has spawned an Indian doctrine of regional security under which no South Asian government must ask for externa military assistance with an anti-indian bias from any country, asserts this week's issue of the well known Indian journal india Today, India Today without naming any authority claims that the doctrine has received prompt or explicit approval of regional as well as international communities. The journal states: "India has no intention of intervening in internal conflicts of a South Asian country and it strongly oppose intervention by any other. India will not tolerate external intervention in a conflict situation in any South Asian country if the intervention has any implicti or explicit anti-Indian implication. No South Asian government must therefore ask for extermal military assistance with an anti-Indian bias from any country.
'The article written by Bhabain Sen Gupta further States that if a South Asian country genuinely needs external help to deal with an intermal conflict situation or the threat to a legitimately established government
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it should ask help from a number of neighbouring countries including india. The exclusion of india from such a contingency will be considered an anti-lindiam move om the part of the government', the article contends. The writer assumes: "This regional security doctrine reflects on the one hand, the reality of India's preponderant power position in the region and that there should be no interference among countries in the region. The India Today article reflects new thinking emerging among New Delhi writers about South Asian regional Security. The latest issue of the Far Eastern Economic Aeview also in a report from New Delhi said that it was now clearly understood that New Delhi regards any military support Colombo may acquire from a thrid country as a threat lndian security.'
The Island in its centre page published AN OPEN LETTER TO SHR PARTHASARATHY from a reader in Peradeniya. It set out the point of view of a Sinhala nationalist with a great dea of vigour. Though the letter appears to have been censored in pats what was published does not mince any words about Sinhala Sentiment vis-a-vis Tamils im general and the Eelamites in particular. It also advised india to keep out of the domestic politics of Sri Lanka.
.. The Sun in an editorial entitled LANKA CAN SOLVE IT'S OWN CRSS said: 'Now that the Namasthes and Ayubowans have been exchanged between Sri Gopalaswami Parthasarathi and the Lankan politicians, we must hasten to caution everyone not to be too optimistic about the mediatory role india could really play. It may not anyway help the intransigent TULF come out of the dilemma it has created for itself Unless Appapillai Amirthalingam agrees to change his tune and renounce separatism. the Indian emissary will only find himself in a cul de sac. Ouite unlike his Test captain Kapil Dev, Sri Gopalaswami will end up with a draw. That indeed is a very Sticky wicket. In fact President Jayewardene did not hesitate to caution the Indians to play it cool and refrain from rushing in to bat on the ethnic front. We gladly endorse this viewpoint, India can certainly help us douse the flames of anxiety and inevitable xenophobia if she continues to act with overt restraint in the current Lankan debacle. The problems of the Tamils can of course be solved by the Tamils in meaningful dialogue with the government and the members of other political parties within the country t should mot be internationalised or even regionalised, for the simple reason that it is an internal affair of Sri Lanka. India knows this too well and has already accepted this as a fact that should be respected and adhered to. She has also reiterated to respect the unitary status of this country and nation. That is most praiseworthy However much the TULF will try to prevail on India to interfere on their behalf, New Delhi cannot and will not oblige them. That is why the Tamil opposition must first of all renounce its separatist cry and enter into a dialogue with the government which is obviously ready, willing to do
4.

in order to explore and find a lasting Solution to the problem.
'Judging by what was and is being said and done on the ethnic front down the years and particularly during the past few months, there is nothing much that could be achieved in the current indo-Lankan mediation talks. They will only be repeating positions and postures taken by the government and the TULF. Just as much as the mediation effort sounds rather redundant at this juncture it can also penetrate misapprehension and fears among the majority of people in this country. Lankans who have experienced five centuries of colonial domination would naturally be averse to any foreign power giving them advice om how to rum their affairs-however much altruistic it may be. Mrs. Gandhi herself will understand this Sensitivity and will not fail to comprehend this reality. India is therefore best advised to keep an exceedingly low profile in this instance. Now that the flames of ethnic violence has died down, it is up to the Lankans, a both Sinhalese and Tamils alike to resolve once again with a Sense of earnest seriousness and with credible sincerity to find a way out of the imbroglio.
This is our own country and we can and must find the best possible way to coexist as We have done these two thousand years and more. The panacea for Lanka's political is must necessarily be homebrewed. Lanka certainly needs good relations with its neighbours, and it has always held them with respect expecting mothing more in return tham recfprocal treatment. Mrs. Gandhi's good offices in time of trouble will be treated in the same Spirit But if the TULF has other expectations from this good neighbourly act, they are making a sad mistake. India, we know, is gracious enough not to concernitself with matters internal to us. Besides her own load of crises with similar separatist undertones will make her shun from doing so We would also urge New Delhinot to over react with credulity to fantastic multinaitonal media claims, as it apparently did recently We refer to the one about the purported military assistance that Lanka sought from foreign Countries The President has already made himself quite clear on that point lf that was one reason why India wished to test Lanka's ingenuity and integrity by offering us its good offices to solve the Tamil problem, then we are sorry But is as we believe it was out of its inherent goodwill then we as Lankans can say Lanka-Hind Bhai Bhai."
These comments in The Island and the Sun reflect the sentiments of not only a large number of the Sinhalese but also of the Muslims, Christians and others No Sri Lankan wants interference in the island's affairs from any outside country, but the offer of india's good offices to help bring about a dialogue was no doubt accepted in goood faith that the good offices would mot amount to "interference" or "intervention". What nobody wants is that india should not attempt to rehabilitate the TULF which should be allowed to
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pull its own chestnuts out of the fire of what many people regard as of its own making
There is another aspect to the Tamil question to which India and Indiam opinion should pay heed . The entire Tamil population of recent Indian originthe so-called Indian Tamils-are opposed to Eelam and the leadership of the TULF and the CWC and DWC and others have made this clear There is also a silent majority of Sri Lankan Tamils who are not for Eelam but who have been leaderless and who have been terrorised into silence. In the so-called Tamil areas, in the North and some parts of the East, for the last 50 years from the time of the great boycott of 1931, dissident opinion has been suppressed through a psychosis of fear, based on visible and invisible violence, jingoistic and chauvinistic slogans and finally through the bullet. And now after the holocaust these unfortunate people have been rendered even more voiceless and leaderless. Unless india and Indian opinion understands this, it will fail to get a true picture of the situation among the Sri Lanka Tamiis in this island.
MAHAWE
A Taunting Challenge
The Mahaweli Ganga, Sri Lanka's main river, rises in the Hatton plateau in the heart of the mountainous centre of the island, 1280 m. (4,200 ft.) above the sea level. It is joined at Ulapane by the Kotmale Oya, its most important tributary in the upper reaches, which itself cuts loose from Horton Plains, a table-top plateau 2134m. (7,000ft.) abowe sea level. The catchment of both rivers benefit from the NE and SW monsoons and receive an annual rainfall of 4445 to 5080 mm (175 to 200 inches). Draining more than 16 per cent of the island's total land area, the Mahaweli in its 330km. (206 mls.) long, serpentine journey to the Sea carries some 7,900 million cu. metres (6,400,000 ac.ft.) of water which is more tham 20 per Cent of . the total run off of all the island's rivers.
To Sri Lankans who have battled the elemental power of rivers from the 6th century BC, the might of the Mahaweli was always a taunting challenge. Yet the more enterprising Sinhala kings of ancient Sri Lanka, heirs to a remarkable tradition of irrigation engineering, left behind evidence that they had the measure of the might of the Mahaweli and had indeed come to grips with its main stem, at least at three separate points. indeed, Sri Lanka has a remarkable heritage of ancient irrigation works of truly epic proportions which eloquently testity to the highly sophisticated level of hydraulic enginering practiced by her early craftsmen. Some of these works
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

date back to the 3rd century BC. Most of them are so advanced in design and excecution that they have
endured to the present day with very little removation.
HARNESSING THE MAHAWELI; The ancients
harnessed the resources of the Mahaweli at three points, their most remarkable achievement being at Minipe, then a few miles upstream of Dastota at Kalinga-nuwara, and at Kandakadu near the deltaic area. They also laid out intricate Elahera canal system with an amicut across the Amban Ganga, one of the major tributaries of the Mahaweli. The first attempt at harmessing the Mahaweli could be Credited to King Mahasena ( AD 275-301) who is recorded to have dammed the Mahaweli and built the Pabbatanta camal to irrigate the area around Dimbulagala. Dhatusena who proclaimed himself king in AD 463 and became famous as the builder of the Kalawewa also constructed a dam across the Mahaweli and "created fields which were permanently watered', according to the ancient chronicle, Culavamsa. This is though to be a reference to the extension of the Pabbatanta scheme constructed earlier by Mahasena, according to the University History of Ceylon.
Rock inscriptions of the 1st century BC have also referred to a canal which was taken off the MahaWelli in its broad lower course to irrigate the Swampy Minwila. No trace however exists of a stone dam having been built at this point. The method adopted 2,000 years ago to divert the river is therefore a matter for speculation.
A massive attempt tu harness-the Mahaweli was at Minipe R. L. Brohier in ANCENT RRIGATION WORKS IN CEYLON states: 'It is said that in the reign of King Dasenkeliya ( another name for King Dhatusena ) there lived on the slopes of Dumbara mountains a tribe of Veddahas at the time called Yakkos. The king invited them to help in building large channel and an aniecent across the Mahaweli Canga . . . this giant work which excites the wonder of the modern engineer consists of a Scheme which turns the Mahaweli Ganga at a bend in the river where a large body of water enters a narrow channel contiguous to the bank partially closed by two rocks which intercept the water om its returm to the maim straem. These rocks when united by masonry became a dam raising the waters in the natural channel to a great height."
THE TANK BUILDERS; The University History of Ceylon credits King Aggabodhi 1 (AD 571-604) with the consturction of the Mineipe dam and the canal which was not more than 17 miles as originally laid out. Sena 1 1 ( AD 853-887) later extended the canal to a total length of 47 miles. The great King Parakrama Bahu 1 (AD 1153-1186) who

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according to the Culavamsa constructed or restored 165 dams, 3,910 canals. 163 major tanks and 2,376 minor tanks, is next mentioned in relation to the Mahaweli Ganga.
During his reign a dam was constructed across the Mahaweli at a point lightly upstream, nor known as Kalinga Nuwara, from the base of whcih Aciravati canal took off flowing west and then northwards while the Gomati canal flowed eastwards past Dimbulagala towards Maduru Oya. It was R. L. Brohier's view that King Mahasena was responsible for the origin of this scheme and that it was later augumented by King Dhatusena and Parakrama Bahu the Great. He concludes that when the Mahavamsa referred to the Pabbatanta canal, it was in fact referring to the canal that flowed eastwards from Kalinga Nuwara, The Aciravati canal is now known as the Kalinga-Yoda Ela.
A lesser known earlier work is the diversion at Kandakadu, in the deltaic regions of the Mahawli, to a feed the lands in the Allai area. The Minipe anicut and canal, no matter constructed them, are engineering achievements of the highest order. They represented the most significant works by our ancient to harness the waters of the Mahaweli Ganga. The Minipe headworks, abondoned and in disrepair, were restored by the irrigation Department in the 1940s. The land along the canal on the left bank of the Mahaweli was alienated to landless peasants from Patha Dumbara and Udu Dumbara Arrangements were made to ay the cana all over again, not necessarily along the old trace. The rest is contemporary history.
-From - A TALE OF TWO FRIVERS.
IN DAN SOCIAL SCIENCE
Documentaion Centre-2
By S. P. Agrawal (Director)
PROJECTS : A modest beginning was made with two broad categories of programmes (1) Projects undertaken by the Council directly or in collaboration With selected institutions and (2) Projects assisted by the Council under its grant-in aid scheme. A brief description . of projects in both categories is given below:
Union List of Social Science Periodicals : Four volumes of the Union lists relating to periodicals Currently available in Andhra Pradesh, Bombay, Delhi and Karnataka libraries were brought out in 1971-72.
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The Delhi list was updated in 1978 and subsequently revised in 1982. It records the availability of 517 4 periodical titles in 91 libraries in Delhi during 1982.
Union Catalogue of Social Science Serials : The compilation of the Union Catalogue was the first major project undertaken on April 1, 1970 and formally completed on March 31, 1976. 32 volumes giving location of about 31, 125 serials in 550 libraries in the 17 states and two union territories with a separate volume on National Library Calcutta have been published. The Union Catalogue provides a tool to locate a recognized volume of social science periodicals serial if it is available in one or the other participating library. It also helps these libraries to share their serial resources with one another for the benefit of their clientele. The Union catalogue, by its very nature requires revision from time to time to provide information about the current status of serials in our libraries. In Some cases, serials may be weeded out by certain libraries. Libraries in general will have large holdings in the years to comethan they have now Unique holdings of some titles may also be discovered in presently lesser known libraries. The revision of the union catalogue is not only necessary but imperative if the time of social scientists is to be saved. It is therefore, being considered to take up this work om a regular basis and make it a core activity and continuing programme of the SSD.C.
Union Catalogue of Newspapers in Delhi Libraries. As a supporting activity, after the compilation of Union Catalogues of serials excluding Newspapers, and based on demands, a preliminary edition of Union Catalogue of Newspapers reflecting holdings in Delhi Libraries as on Septembar 15, 1978 was brought out in memo form and distributed to local libraries for reference. It is being updated and the information is intended to be maintained on cards.
Directory of Social Science Research . Institutions and Director of Professional Organisations in India: Similarly, SSDC has updated the two directories originally published in 1971 and the information is available on cards for reference. Mahatma Gandhi Bibliography: The first volume in tha series' Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: A bibliography' devoted to monographs in English was released on October 27, 1974. This has been followed by volumes covering monographs in Hindu and Urdu; Sanskrit volume s in the press. The manuscript of Bengali fascicule S also ready to be released for printing. The remaining volumes are at various stages of compilation.
RETROSPECTWE CUMULATIVE INDEX OF INDAN SOCAL SCENCE
Periodicals: With the union catalogue project behind it, the SSDC planned to prepare a retrospective cumulative index of indian Social Science Periodicals ight from their respective first volume. The Retros
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pective index Project was started from April 1, 1976. SSDC identified 240 periodicals for the project, and decided 1970 as the cut-off year. So far work relating to indexing of journals in Education, Psychology, Anthropology and Sociology has been completed. When the project is completed by mid-80, it will offer bibliographical control of periodical literature published over the past hundred years or so of potential utility to social scientists, The index is planned to be maintained initially on cards which can be consulted by scholars even while the work is in progress, it may be printed Serially or computorised later on.
The initial experience of bringing out a volume of findian Education Index under this series has been greatly appreciated, which is reflected in the demand for Such work. This is, therefore, planned to be a long term continuing service under which a series of volumes are proposed to be brought out. On completion, the Retrospective Cumulative index will have the following advantages : (i) The Index wil provide reasonable bibliographic control of periodical literature published in this country during approximately the last 130 years; (ii) The Union Catelogue volumes will provide locations in the country of needed volumes of any periodical for quick and easy access ; (iii) Inter-Library Resources Centre will try to provide access to these volumes of supply copies of required articles at reasonable cost.
AREA STUDES BIBLOGRAPHES E Started during 1979, the project on Area Studies Bibliographies aimed at bringing together a Social Science material of research value pertaining to the diffe ent states and union territories. Under this proiect, it is envisaged to bring out series of bibliographies which will cover material in special science available in any form and language exclusively related to the area concerned. Under the supervision of a project Director in each State the compilation Work is in progress in the following regions: 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Assam and other N. E. States of india. 3. Bihar, 4. Delhi 4. Goa Daman and Diu, 6, Gujarat 7. Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, 8. Jammu and Kashmir 9. Karnataka, "10. Kerala, 11. Madhya Pradesh, 12, Maharashtra 13. Punjab, 14. Rajasthan, 15. Tam. Nadu and 16. Uttar Pradesh. About 2,500 titles in regional languages and about 2,000 titles in English language have been so far received om the various States and union territoies.
Language Bibliographies: The project is wider. in Scope and seeks to cover research materials in all desciplines in social science in Indiam regional languages. The compilation work of Bibliographies in Gujarati, Hindi and Kannada is in progress. The biblio, graphical data of about 3,600 publications is in hand.
ICSSR ASSISTED PROJECTS : The Second Category of programme assisted by the CSSR with a grant-in-aid relates to compilation of indexes and
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

bibliographies. This includes: 1. Index of Articles on Agricultural Economics; 2. Asian Social Science Biliography; 3. Documentation on Asia; 4. A Director of Behaviroural Science Research in India; 5. Doctorrates in Social Sciences; 6. Marathi Periodicals index.; 7. Kannada Periodicals index; 8. Hindi Peiodicall Index; and 9 Children's Periodicals index.
In addition to the above projects, the ICSSR has also sanctioned grant-in-aid for the following: 1. Annotated bibliography of Journals in Education Psychology and Sociology; 2. Bibliography on Foreign Research on indian Political System; 3. Bibliography of South Asian Linguistics; 4. Children's Literature since Independence; A Bibliographical Study of its Social impact; 5. Encyclopaedia of Social Science in Marathi; 6. Indian Press index; 7. Information Requirements and Suggestions for Developing Library and Information Services for Social Scientists in India; 8. Preliminary Survey (Pilot Study) of Social Science Material in Hindi Leading to Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences; 9. SocioEconomic implication of Pauranic Legends,A Chronological Bibliog aphical Su vey; 10. Studies im Communa Behaviour with special reference to Hindu-Muslim Tension; 11. ICSSR has also provided a grant-in-aid of Rs. 170,000 to indian Council of World Affair towards the maintenance of the Library during 1980/81.
Another way ICSSR has promoted publication of good reference work is by bulk purchase of published Copies. In this category are included (1) index Indian (2) Indian Behaviuoral Sciences Abstracts; (3) India; Press Index; (4) A guide to Reference Material On India; (5) Thesis on the Indian Sub-Continenn (1877-1971); (6) Indian Political Movement (1919-71t (7) Civil Disobedience and Indian Tradition; (8) Hindi Sandarbh; and (9) index to Calcutta Review 1844-1920.
FUTURE PROGRAMMES OF THE SSDC : 1. Establishment of a Microfilming Unit; (2) Updating of Union Catalogue of Social Science Serials/ Periodicals; (3) A national information grid has also been on the planning board for sometime. The system is expected to link centres of excellence (in Social Sciences) of the country and make expenditious
Service to the seeker of information in sine guo non of coordinated cooperation among the constituents.
Social Science Documentation Centre, 35, Ferozshah Road, New Delhi 110 001.
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SRI LANKA CHRONICLE
August 5 - 2
DARY OF EVENTS IN SRI LANKA COMPLED FROM DALY NEvsPAPERS PUBLISHED IN COLOMBO
DN-Daily News; CDM-Daily Mirror; EO-Evening Observer; ST-Sunday Times; 'SO-Sunday Observer; DM-Dinamina; LD-Lankadipa; WK-Virakesari: ATH-Aththa; SM-Silumina; SLDP-Sri Lankadipa; JD-Janadina, SU-Sun; DW-Davasa; DP-Dinapathi: CM-Chinthamani; WK-Weekend; RV-Riviresa; DK-Dinakara, EN-Eelanadu:1 S-island; D-Divaina; IDPR-information Dept. Press Release.
MONDAY, AUGUST 15: Riot affected property. including industries and business will be vested in the state free of all encumbrances, REPIA Chairman Rear Admiral Alfred Perera announced. The Defence Ministry has appointed a committee which will handle the task of deploying immediately Home Guards to assist the police in Kollupitiya, Bambalapitiya, Dehiwela, Mt. Lavinia and Kohuwela areas. The improving security situation has enabled the Curfew to be further relaxed, the government announced yesterday; it will be enforced from 11 p.m. tonight in Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Matale, Nuwera Eliya, Badulla, Ratnapura and Kegalle district and lifted at 4 a.m. tomorrow. Three Afghan nationalist movements are meeting in Rome to discuss setting up a government in exile to coordinate efforts to end Soviet occupation of the Country, a spokesman for deposed King Zahir Shah said last night-DN. Indian Police have placed a heavy armed guard near the Pamban rail bridge in the Ramnad district to prevent marchers from reaching Rameshwaram and illegally try to cross over to Sri Lanka-CDM. As the water supply situation to the city and the suburbs yesterday reached a point of crisis, the National Water Supply and Drainage Board decided to cut off the supplies of water to all OnSUmers who were found to be misusing or wantonly wasting the liquid. The leader of Sri Lanka's Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) said in New Delhi today that his party is prepared to consider any "reasonable alternative' proposal from the Sri lankan government concerning the demand for an independent Tamil state. Several key Telecommunications Department personnel have been asked to 90 on leave pending the completion of top level investigations; CID detectives are now conducting full inquiries into alleged terrorist links these perSonnel are said to have had; they had reportedly helped in communications as wel as in a number of other tasks-SU. industrialists affected by the recent violence who are willing to resume operarions by reconstructiong their factories and institutions without awaiting the outcome of insurance claims have run up against a new obstacle. Looters

sensing the long arm of the law catching up with them have now started to abandon goods in their possession, a Police spokesman said yesterday-S.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 16: Representatives of the country's major trade and industrial chambers yesterday assured Labour Minister C.P.J. Seneviratne that they would try their best to provide temporary employment to 14,000 employees of seventy indus. tries damaged or destroyed in the July riots. The curfew will be from 11 tonight in Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Matale, Nuwara Fliya, Badulla. Ratnapura and Kegalle districts and lifted at 4 a.m. tomorrow. Leaders of Pakistan's banned political parties claimed to have won the first round in a new campaign against six years of military rule after a surprisingly large turnout at a protest ray in Karachi, police fired teargas to break up clashess between protes.ers and up to 15,000 government supporters in the port city yesterday, Pakistan's 36th independence anniversary-DIN. The new leader of the Tamil Eelam Liberation Army has been found dead at inneveli junction in Jaffna on Sunday, August 14 ; the named Liberation Army leader Oberoi Thevan had been shot by persons yet to be identified-CDM. Several thousand Tamils who had threatened to sail to Sri Lanka in an armada of Small boats to protest against recent booshed there abandoned their protest yesterday. The Tamil United liberation Front appears to be sharply divided in respect of a statement attributed to its Secretary General A. A virthalingam that his party is prepared to consider any "reasonable alternative' offered by the Sri Lanka Government to the demand for an independent Tamil State. The Security forces have detained 32 persons under Emergency Regulations for suspected involevement in the violence and disturbances in July-SU. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi in her Independence Day Speech, commenting about the situation in Sri Lanka, said that India had no intention of interfering in the island's internal affairs but 'when violence and large scale killings take place We have concern in it.“ Tourist arrivals in August 12, 13 and 14 on scheduled flights amounted to nearly 1000, Mr. Liyanage announced yesterday. Both the insurance Corporation of Ceylon and the National insurance Corporation have refused to issue new policies covering 'riots' in what they say is a temporary decision -/S. About 30,000 people affected by the recent violence have been sent to Jaffna So far-DP.
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 17. The Nationai Savings Bank has circularised a its branch and unit managers to take the strongest precautions to ensure that no one but a genuine customer encashes fixed deposit certificates or makes withdrawals from pass books issued by it. The Ceylon Employers' Federation has
recommended to its member firms to grant special leave for the first two weeks to employees affected by the recent disturbances. The curfew will be from 11 tonight in Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Matale, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Ratnapura and Kegalle
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

Page 11
district and lifted at 4 a.m. tomorrow; it the Kandy district it will be in force from midnight to 4 a.m. tomorrow. Israeli Foreign Minister Yitzak Sharmir is today expected to have a second day of talks with Romanian leaders on ways to bring about peace in the Middle East-DN. The SLFP General Secretary Ratnasiri Wickremanyke in a statement issued yesterday said that his party while upholding the inviolability of the country's unitary status was disappointed over failure of the government to prevent the massive devastation caused. General Sepala Attygalle, a former Sri Lanka Army Commander, has been appointed Secretary to the Ministry of Defence. The dollar moved up by three cents yesterday activating Colombo's financial markets brokering Sources said-lS. Canada will provide two grants totalling Canadian Dollars 75,000 for emergency relief to Sri Lanka; this announcement was made by Mr. Alan J. McEachen, Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State External Affairs of Canada -CDM. The Ministry of Transport is to decide shortly whether it is possible to resume unrestricted bus services in the north the situation in Jaffna yesterday was confirmed as being calm with no disruption whatsoever. A survey to ascertain the problems of each family in the four Welfare centres in Colombo is being carried out by the Essential Services Secretariat. The Central Committee of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party said yesterday it was fully convinced that the large majority of Tami people did not subscribe to the demand for "Eelam” advanced by a handful of reckless individuals who had become pawns in the hands of Some political adventurers desiring a division of the country for Some ulterior motive. The Soviet Union did not participate in the - Colombo tea auctions yesterday, creating specula
tion in the market-SU.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 18: REPIA will give permission instantly for the repair of owner-occupied dwellings subject to the normal planning regulations and de-vest these dwellings as soon as repairs are completed. Trade and Shipping Minister Lalith Athulathmudali yesterday told the heads of departments and corporations under this Ministry to create the necessary atmosphere in their offices and Work places to enable the Tamils to return to work. The curfew will be from 11 p.m. tonight in Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Matale, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Ratnapura and Kegalle district and ted at 4 a.m. tomorrow, Chadian President Hissene abre has ruled out any possibility of talks with rebel leader Goukouni Oueddei and said Libya was the only possible negotiating partner for his government-DN. President J. R. Jayewardene yesterday approved the plans . prepared by the Urban Development Authority for the development and re-zoning of the Pettah area and riot damaged areas of Borella, Wellawatte and Dehiwela-CDM. Government yesterday offered a reward of 50,000 rupees each for any information leading to the arrest of Rohana Wijeweera, Vasudeva Nanayakkara and Upatissa Gamanayake
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

leaders of the proscribed Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and the Nava Sama Samaja Party. Indiam Prime. Minister Indira Gandhi is sending a special envoy to Sri Lanka for further talks on matters arising from the recent disturbances. Government yesterday Cut through red tape to ensure that victims of the recent acts of violence would be entitled to insurance COverage in respect of policies taken out by them. The draft bill for the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution was approved by Cabinet and will now go before the Supreme Court—SU. The Cabimet of Ministers presided over by President J. R. Jayewardene expressed the opinion that there was no cause for anxiety because no serious incidents of any kind were reported from all parts of the country except for some recent killings in the North. Labour Minister Capt. C. P. J. Seneviratne's request for leading commercial and industrial establishments to employ a minimum of 10 percent of the workers displaced by the recent communal disturbances has produced immediate results-IS. FR/DAY, AUGUST 19 : Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene was quoted as saying the island's minority Tamils must give up their demand for a separate state before fresh talks on their grievances can begin. Over Rs. 2 million in compensation due to families of Lankans who have died in the Middle East has been lying unpaid for over a year due to the lack of adequate machinery to handle the disbursement. Mr. Douglas Liyanage, Secretary to the Ministry of State , said that a 9 p.m. curfew will be effective in the Colombo district and other areas covered by the curfew; the police divisions of Dehiwela, Kohuwela and Piliyandala are exempted from this restriction because of the Bellanwilla perahera; the curfew in these areas will begin at 11 p.m.; in the Kandy district the 12 midnight curfew will remain operative. Afghan nationalists plan to rally round the figure of ageing ex-King Zahir Shah to try to unite resistance to the Soviet occupation of their country, nationalist Sources said yesterday-DN. The government in principle has decided to shift the two main Prisons at Welkade and Bogambara to new sites out of the cities of Colombo and Kandy respectively; this suggestion was made by Dr. Nissanka Wijeratne Minister of Justice-CDM. Security precautions in Kandy, where the Esa la Perahera is now under way were strengthened yesterday following reports of a possible bomb attack; State Ministry Secretary, Douglas Liyanage, when asked about these reports confirmed that Government had information that certain antiGovernment forces were planning bomb attacks in Kandy on Saturday when large crowds are expected to converge for the Perahera; this is not a plan by the TULF or , Tamils. The Government, which awaits the arrival here next week of indian Premier indira Gandhi's special envoy, has agreed there will be no change in its basic criteria for talks with Tamil political parties or groups - that they disavow separatism-SU. "It is for the Sri Lanka
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Page 12
Government to decide how and when a conference with Tamil leaders could be brought about. But becuase of India's profound concern we have offered to help in whatever way we can', indian Prime Minister Mrs. indira Ganhi said in the Indian Parliament (Lower House) yesterday. The Sri Lanka Freedom Party has summoned a meeting of the All-Sri Lanka Working Committee and the Executive Committee for Sunday, September 4, it is reliably understood. A proposal is now before government for the transfer of export quotas for readymade garments which cannot be fulfilled by manufacturers affected by the recent distrubances to unaffected manufacturers. All schools will commence on August 29 and not on August 24 as earlier announced-S.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 20: Air Lanka has invited journalists from Europe to visit Sri Lanka and see for themselves the situation that now prevails after the disturbances last month, an Airline spokesman said yesterday. The government yesterday announced the advancing of the curfew which will now begin at 7 p.m. today and end at 4 a.m. tomorrow; Mr. Douglas Liyanage, Secretary to the Ministry of State said that the new curfew hours will remain till the Kandy perehara ends on August 24. Solidarity leader Lech Walesa said yesterday that his banned trade union would not drop its demand that authorities reopen negotiations with it or face a series of go-slow strikes at Gdansk's Lenin shipyards-DN. Mr. H.W. Jayewardene OC as special envoy of President J.R. Jayewardene left Colombo yesterday om a visit to a number of countries in Asia to meet the heads of these countries and hold discussions in connection with the recent disturbances; he will be visiting Japan, South Korea, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Indonesia., Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand-CDM. Having been deprived of access to information regarding the movements of the armed forces the administration other vital communication the northern terrorists are incapable of any more mischief of the nature and scale experienced earlier official Sources revealed yesterday. Government is likely to provide concessionary rental rates to those displaced tenants seeking commercial space in the new St. John's Fish Market complex. Some of the 13,000 refugees in the four welfare centres in Colombo are stateless while a few have indian citizenship, it was disclosed yesterday-SU. Despite an estimated 25,000 persons who lost their jobs following the destruction of their work places by rampaging mobs, only 900 persons had reported to the Labour Ministry as called for by the Government The Yala paddy harvest has not reached expectations due to the severe drought but there are sufficient stocks of rice to tide over this till the next Maha harvest in April, Mr. Gamini Jayasuriya, Minister of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives said-lS.
SUNDAY, AUGUST 21: The British newspaper The Guardian has apologised for publishing a 12-year old picture which purported to show
10

recent developments in Sri Lanka. The curfew will begin at 7 p.m. today and end at 4 a.m. tomorrow in Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Matale, Nuvara Eliya, Badulla, Ratnapura and Kegale. The reservoirs at Labugama and Kalatuwawa need an aggregate of at least 80 inches of rain within a period of 40 days for the reservoirs to reach overflowing capactiy a Senior official of the National Water Supply and Drainage Board said-SO. The Labour Department questionnaire to employees of organisations affected by the recent disturbances has evoked good response; according to the Deputy Commissioner of Labour Mr. David Soysa around seven hundred employees have answered the questionnaire regarding employment among these 250 are garment and textile manufacturers-ST. Anti-government elements are indulging in an attempt to damage the country's economic devalopment, the Presidential Secretariat said yesterday; the government requests the people not to be incited by false rumours peddled by elements who are trying to cause fear and panic in the minority community and religious groups. The United National Party's Working Committee which meets on August 31 is expected to decide on the course of action against members who were in any way involved in the recent disturbances. There has been a temporary setback for tourism after the recent disturbances but there is no doubt that we will catch on fast, State Minister Dr. Anandatissa de Alwis said yesterday. Three hundred indian repatriates will be moved out to India from Colombo on the vessel 'Bharat Seema', next week, indian High
Commissioner S. J. S. Chatwal said yesterday-WK. The Sinhala Balavegaya, in a memorandum to President Jayewardene has said that the appropriate course of action at this juncture would be to Search for a solution to the present problem from among the country itself in keeping with the preservation of the unity, progress and dignity of Sri Lanka and Sri Lankans. Messrs Lakshmi Textiles Ltd., of india, Managing Agents for the Thul hiriya Textile Complex, have expressed their desire to employ 100 Weavers and 25 textile fitters from among the displaced workers with immediate effect; they are prepared to employ these workers even on a permanent basis-S.
FOR THE RECORD
PRESIDENT JAYAWARDENE'S
Address to the Nation
The following is the text of the President's address to the nation over Radio and TV on August 22, 1983.
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

Page 13
۔۔۔۔
My dear friends, three weeks ago, the people of Sri Lanka passed through experiences which they have rarely had in this country since independence Hundreds of people lost their lives, thousands lost their jobs, houses were burnt, factories destroyed. These events applied equally to all citizens of Sri Lanka, Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslims. Fortunately it was confined only to certain areas of Sri Lanka including Colombo. express my deepest sympathy to those who have suffered and we ahall try our best to see what help we can afford them.
I am speaking to you today as the head of the State, and Head of the Government, elected to the people. I am not here in this position by arms or violence, but by the free vote of the people. My government too was elected by the people, where a democratic government is functioning in a democratic environment. I had been advised that should say this or something else, but I thought should speak from the depth of my own conscience, not to hurt anyone, not to please anyone, but to place before you certain facts and opinions which hold.
There has been a growing tension between the Sinhalese and the Tamil people in the last thirty-five to forty years. need not now go into the history of these conflicts. But when we came forward for election in 1977, the United National Party in its manifesto, outlined how it intended to Solve Some of these problems. Since then, we have introduced legislation imposing certain conditions which we promised we would do. We have impkemented them, may be not as fully as we wished to, but we are in the process of doing so. We have, therefore, taken whatever steps we could legitimately do, to implement the provisions of our manifesto. We intended at the Round-table conference which we summoned just before these violent activities took place, to place before those who attended the conference our Solutions and what we intended to do and also to obtain the consensus for the banning and making illegal of the desire of a separate state. Unfortunately We were unable to do so because on the first occasio many of the parties invited did not come, and one the second occasion violence had broken out. Instead we were able to introduce in Parliament, a resolution and a law to make the desire and the movement for a separate state illegal. For the first time, in our history since a group of politicians decided to divide this country into two, we brought that legal action to make such a step illegal and punishable. need not go into the details of that law. We also had a dialogue with the Prime Minister of India and for the first time, the Central Government of India has specifically stated that they do not support the separation of our country, will not help such a movement and that they further stand for the unity, the integrity and the independence of Sri Lanka.
It was when we had come to this stage of our dialogue with those who wanted a separate State, that the violence broke out. We have also decided
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

that in future, we will not have any talks with any party that wants to advocate the separation of Sri Lanka. Therefore, who would benefit from this violence created or these violent actions taken ? cannot think of any solution to the problems we face by violence. Some say the violence was communal, some say it was political. It is true there was a growing feeling as I said of tension and animosity between the Sinhalese and the Tami people. That animosity was recreated and flamed up for the purpose of the political activities and desires of those who we think, led and spearheaded this movement. You are aware that this government came into office on July 23, 1977. The elections were on July 21, the results were on July 22nd and myself and the members of my cabinet took their oaths on July 23, 1977.
We had the Presidential election last year and people decided at a referendam that general elections which were due in August 1983 will not be held but they postponed it for six years. Since the result of the referendum, there have been various speeches and actions by members of certain political parties that they would not let this government function after August 1983. draw your attention particularly to a statement made by Mr. Vasudeva Nanayakkara who was a candidate for one of the by-elections in May 1983 in the Eheliyagoda seat. He has said quite specifically that if he is elected he would use his powers as a member of parliament for extraparliamentary activity, joining hands with the terrorists in the North for the purpose of achieving their objects.
He has further stated that he does not stand for democratic elections, but was prepared to join in what he calls 'Aragalaya' that is riot or a disturbance or a violent movement for the purpose of seeing that elections are held in August 1983 and this government does not function after that. It is obvious therefore om the statements of the Nava Sama Samaja Party leader Mr. Vasudeva Nanayakkara that from August 1983 they are preparing for some form of violence and disturbances. We have the evidence that soon after the referendum or during the referendum, a certain group that we called the Naxalite group were preparing by inflaming the people's minds making them violent minded against the government, against the President that they would take Some action in case they returned to office to destroy the United National Party and others who thought democratically including those in the Sri Lanka Freedom Party who were democratically minded.
We have also the conduct of the JVP where a party which in 1971 took to arms, fought the government of the day, tried to destroy it, took over the police stations and almost succeeded in bringing down a lawfully elected government. remember was the Lader of the Opposition at that time, in parliament 1 gave the full support of myself and my party to Mrs. Bandaranaike to defeat any insurrection which sought to overthrow a legally elected govern
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ment. Therefore the JVP also made statements and made it clear after they lost the referendum, they did not even contest some of the by-elections, they made it clear that they are giving up their parliamentary tactics and that they should take to non-parliamentary tactics in order to defeat a govemment by a referendum extending this period by more than six years. We have therefore proscribed certain political parties in this cquntry, the Communist Party, the party of Vasudeva Nanayakkaracalled the Nava Sama Samaja Party, the party of Rohana Wijeweera the JVP, which are dedicated not to the democratic way of life but to a violent way of forming a government and maintaining it by violence.
We have on the other hand, the United Nationa Party, and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party which are democratic parties. During the elections that were held last year, out of six million five hundred thousand Voters, six million voted for the two democratic parties, the United National Party and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. It is therefore parties that represent only five hundred thousand people who believe in violence as a way of attaining political power. We also find in the violence that took place from July 29, there is a certain pattern of leadership, where 9ngs of youths were going about in vans and bicycles notor cycles and cars inflaming their party cadres, in various towns and city and violence and arson took place after that.
We found that in Colombo. We found it along the Colombo-Kandy-Galle Road, we found it in Kandy and Badulla and Bandarawela that it is not a Sudden outburst of mob violence but planned and Carefully nurtured over a period of time. We found also that the murder of thirteen of our Soldiers in Jaffna took place om a very significamt day, The day being 23rd of July 1983. It was six years before on the 23rd of July 1977 that myself and my government were Sworn in exactly on triat day, also a Saturday, that we find this outburst beginning with the death of 13 Soldiers in Jaffna. That was the signal for the uprising which took place in certain parts of this Country. would like you therefore, to remember, that we had the JVP which initiated the insurrection of 1971 who were released by me as thought we should give them a chance, returning to the democratic System, they contest the elections, but having lost the Presidential election, having lost the Referendum, having lost the by-elections, they thought the only way to return to power before 6 years were over was by violence. Now these are being investigated by certain authorities and when we receive their report further action would be taken.
Our parties that believed in democracy, for democracy to function where the majority will prevail, where a parliament functions after elections by the free vote of the people, the government and the opposition are chosen and laws are passed by the majority vote taken in Parliament where discussions
12

to settle problems affecting communities of people: are settled by round table conferences by discussion. and majority vote. These matters are alien to the thinking of those who believe in violence. If may Say so, some of the Marxist parties in our country, without law and order being preserved, without the law being respected, without order being the guiding line for the government, you cannot have democracy. These parties do not believe in democracy, these parties feel that under the democratic system the economic advance that we have undertaken, the economic steps we have taken, to give jobs to our people, to raise the standard of living of our people would attain such a height in the next few years that all chances of coming to office will be lost and finished.
Therefore my friends, this government is dedicated not only to the democratic way of life, not only to economic development according to the plan outlined but also primarily to maintain law and order. In that Our government is completely dedicated and resolved that where people seek to disturb and disrupt law and order in this country the strictest tenets of the law will be conforced. Whatever punishment there has to be served out to them, our government is determined to do that whether it be individual or partly.
Thank you for listening to me and l hope have the cooperation of all those who believe in civilisation, in a civilised way of living who believe that law and order must prevail, that the smallest, the poorest and whatever race or caste he may belong to, who is a citizen of this country is entitled to live and think and work within the framework of democracy. That feel would have the fullest support in all the efforts that this government is taking to preserve that itself.
DWC STATEMENT
For A United Lanka
THE DEMOCRATC WORKERS CONGRESS conveys its deep sense of sorrow at the recent and happenings in the country and expresses its sympathy to the victims who suffered loss of life and property and were redered homeless. The Democratic Worker's Congress is for a United Sri Lanka and feels that the dispute between the people of the Northern and Eastern provinces on the question of Tamil rights and regional autonomy should be discussed at a round table conference. The carnage that was lot loose on the innocent people in the South is no solution of the present problems either of Eelam
or of the Tiger movement.
What has happened during the last two weeks has put the country back by Several years, and it will take a long time before the re-contruction of the
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economy and of the devastated homes could be made. Whatever the forces that were responsible for the acts of violence, the harm has occured not only to the Tami people, but also to the country as a whole. As a result of destruction of factories and shops, the ranks of the un-employed in the country has been further swollen. It has mot only redered homeless tens of thousands of people, but has also put the economy of the country out of gear for several years. Those who are responsible for this should be severely punished by the government. it is necessary that the law and order situation in the country should be brought back to normal. The government in this respect should take all necessary measures to prevent a recurrence of devastation and lack of security that has been created as a result of senseless violence against innocent people.
it is further regrettable that the plantation workers again have been the target of violecne. The political and trade union organisations of the plantation workers without any exception have repeatedly expressed themselves in favour of a united Sri Lanka. They are also not engaged in any Tiger movement and have kept themselves severely aloof from Such activities. Yet they were made victims of violence on a widespread basis. This shows that those who indulged in violence against the plantation workers did so irrespective of the fact whether the victims are supporters of Eelam or not, otherwise why should the plantation workers also be attacked to Such a widespread scale. While people in the towns took refuge in the camps, plantation workers whose houses were attacked and household goods looted ran into the jungles to save themselves, their wives. and children. -
in our view, the only way to solve this problem is for the parties to come to the negotiating table. The government and the TULF, along with whatever political parties willing to co-operatie should sit at a table and find a suitsble solution to the vexed problem of the Tamil people of this country. We would welcome and Support and cooperate in any measures in this direction. We hope that wiser counsel would prevail and cooperation and understanding be the basis of an approach to the soution of this problem, so that the people of this country may be able to live in peace and harmony.
it should be realised by all minority communities in this country that as much as they cannot live without the cooperation of the majority community, the majority community cannot live without the co-operation of the minorities. Unless this fact is appreciated both by the majority and the minority we will be doomed to a long period of uncertainties in our otherwise happy land-Daily, News, August 22, 1983,
E
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1985

MIBUIE AGRICULTURAL
DIGEST
THE WORLD BANK And The Third World
In Sri Lanka the World Bank, IMF and other international financial agencies, have been the subject of much controversy. They were regarded, especially by left-leaning polititical parties, no doubt with some justification, as the instruments of Western capitalism seeking not only to strengthen international capitalism but also to bring more and more of the developing Third World (where many countries were experimenting with "mixed economy' economic programmes or psuedo-socialist state sector programmes) into the orbit of world capitalism.
But time has shown that in view of the realities of global economics that тату, if not most, of the socialist and communist countries are not able to do without some form of co-operation and assistance from these financial institutions. From 1977, Sri Lanka has, more than before, obtained the advice and assistance of these instituions. Aor the benefit of our readers we publish this week the first of three instalments on the World Bank and some Third World Countries, including Sri Lanka.
THE WORLD BANK is a group of three institutions, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (BRD), the International Development Association (IDA) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources from developed countries to the developing world.
The World Bank, established in 1945, is owned by the governments of 139 countries. The Bank,
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whose capital is subscribed by its member countries, finances its ending operations primarily from its own borrowings in the world capital markets. A substantial contribution to the Bank's resources also comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans. Bank loans generally have a grace period of five years and are repayable over 20 years or less. They are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth. The interest rate, the Bank charges on its loans, is calculated in accordance with a guideline related to its cost of borrowing. The Bank's charter spells out certain basic rules that govern its operations. it must lend only for productive purposes and must stimulate economic growth in the developing countries where it lends. it must pay due regard to the prospects of repayment. Each loan is made to a government or must be guaranteed by the government concerned. The use of loans cannot be restricted to purchase in any particular member country. And the Bank's decisions
to lend must be based only on economic considerations.
The International Development Association (DA), was established in 1960 to provide assistance for the same purposes as the Bank, but pri marily in the poorer developing countries and on terms that would bear iess heavily om their balance of payments than Bank loans. DA's assistance is therefore concentrated on the very poor countriesmainly those with an annual per capita gross national product of less than $681 ( in 1979 dollars). More than 77 countries are eligible under this criterion.
Membership in IDA is open to all members of the World Bank and 125 of them have joined to date. The funds used by DA, called credits to distinguish them fom Bank loans, come mostly in the form of Subscriptions, general replenishments from DA's more industrialised and developed members, special contributions by DA's richer members, and transfers from the net earnings of the World Bank. The terms of DA credits, which are made to governments only, are 10-year grace periods, 50-year maturities, and no interest. An annual Service fee of 0.75 is charged on the disbursed portion of each Credit. Although legally and financially distinct from the Bank, DA is adminstered by the same staff.
The linternational Finance Corporation (FC) Was established in 1956. Its function is to assist the economic development of less developed countries by promoting growth in the private sector of their economies and helping to mobilize domestic and foreign capital for this purpose. Membership in the Bank is a prerequisite for membership in the FC which totals 115 countries. Legally and financially the FC and the Bank are separate entities. The Corporation has its own operating and legal staff but draws upon the Bank for administrative and other Services.
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While the World Bank has traditionally financed all kinds of capital infrastructure such as roads and railways, telecommunications, and ports and power facilities, its present development strategy places a greatly increased emphasis on investments that can directly affect the well-being of the masses of poor people of developing countries by making them more productive and by integrating them as active partners in the development process. This strategy is increasingly evident in the agriculture and rural development projects that the Bank and lDA help finance. It is also evident in projects for education and family planning and nutrition, and in the Bank's concern for the urban poor, who benefit from projects designed to develop water and Sawerage facilities, as well as 'core' lowcost housing, and to increase the productivity of small industries. At the same time, lending for traditional projects Continues, but it is being red rected towards becoming more responsive to the new strategy of deliberately focussing on the poorest segments of Society in the developing countries.
The economy of Nepal in recent years has exhibited little growth, largely reflecting the inab lity of the agricultural sector to expand output GDP and agricultural growth since fiscal 1976 have averaged less than population growth, and per capita production of food grains has fallen steadily, While investment has expanded, growth in productivity has lagged. Largely as a result of the slow growth in agriculture, the current-account deficit n ter balance payments has increased sharply in recent years. The obstacle to development in Nepal are severe; they include its difficult natura topography, inadequate, infrastructure, institutional weakness, rapid population growth, and progressive deterioration in the physical environment as a result of steady deforestation and erosion.
The Bank has assisted in developing infrasturcture in Nepal through credits for highways, power, and telecommunication. Now the assistance of the Bank is being directed toward lagging agricultural sector through a number of projects in the hills, grain storgae, and credits for forestry and ersosion conitrol. The Bank routinely incorporates technical assiatance in virtually all its projects in the country in order to stregthen project implementation and institutional capacity.
Resurgence in Sri Lanka: The principal policy reforms of 1977 in Sri Lanka were followed by dramatic improvements in economic performance as import liberalization, extema assistance, and a rationalization of prices led to an upsurge of private and public investment and large increaSes in production and employment. Alrhough growth in GDP decelerated im 1980 to about 5.5 percent, this was still twice the rate that had prevailed during the period 1970-77. The slowdowm was largely attributable to declines in tree crops, manufacturing,
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construction, and mining, Paddy production, however, grew more than 10 percent during 1979, reaching a record high level and bringing the country close to self-sufficeincy in rice.
: A striking feature of Sri Lanka's recent growth has been a massive increase in capital formation. important projects in the public Sector incluide the Accelerated Mahaweli Program and housing and urban-renewal programs. Private investment has also increased sharply, with total gross investment increaing from 14 percent of GDP in 1977 to 35 percent in 1980. Foreign savings finanaced most of this large increase in investment. Beginning in 1980 and continuing into 1981, claims om oso ces-especially demands by the public sector for the completion of important projects that require long gestation periods brought Severe pressure Oከ public finances and the balance of payments, leading to rapidly rising prices and a reassessment, Supported by the economic and sector work of the Bal of the government's development program. This, reassessment has led to a decision to reduce general expenditures and readjust spending priorities.
The resurgence in the Sri Lankan economy and the accompanying pressures on resources had, by early 1981, reached the stage at which major stocktaking and policy actions were essential in order to preserve the gains reached in the period since 1977 The central ptoblem was excessive spending on long-gestation or low yielding projects, coupled With stagnation in exports of tree crops. A reversal of the deterioration in the overall economic situation. requires a reform of public finances, including better performances of corporations in the public sector, reevaluation of the public investment program improvements in the tree-crop sector, and rectification of the trade deficit by stimulating exports and containing imports.
The Bank is working closely with the government in attacking these problems. The Bank is giving substantial support to the Mahaweli Program, which consists of ambitious, multiplepurpose projects for river-basin development. Lending to expand productivity in the tree-crop sector is an important contribution to export development; joint studies of export-incentive policies by the World Bank and the Sri Lankan government have the same objectives.
Agricultural Production in Burma recorded steady progress in the late 1970s as investment priorities shifted toward the primary producing sectors. Use of higher-yielding varieties of rice, coupled with favourable weather and attractive fertilizer price incentives, led to rapid increases ir paddy output. Industrial performance, however, was less consistent. Real GDP, nevertheless, increased percent a year in the late 1970s in sharp contras to performance in earlier years, and is expected to have increased 8 percent in fiscal 1981.
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

While Burma has thus made substantial economic progress in recent years the level of economic activity is far below the country's potential. There is Subtantial scope for further increases in production of paddy and other primary products but this will require improvements in incentives to producers. An additional major issue is the need to strengthen efforts at mobilization of resources both because the politicoeconomic system of the country calls for the state to fulfil a pivotal function and for public investment in particular and because resources devoted to meeting needs in the social institutional Support to nontraditional exporters are a part of programs supported by the Bank in Guyana, Kenya, the Philippines, and Turkey.
Other common features of structural-adjustment operations include a review by governments of the level and composition of public investment expenditure and of government recurrent expenditure and measure to increase, the mobilization of private Savings in the face of falling rates of growth of
real national income.
To Be Continued
C U.S.A.
Railway Deregulation
One of the main bottlenecks that restrict and inhibit the marketing of agricultural produce, fertilisers and other essentials is transport. There is also no doubt that the state-owned Sri Lanka Railways has ceased to play the competitive and purposeful role it should in freight transport. We publish below the fisrt of the two parts about the story of the impact of "Deregulation' of the railroads in the United States where for a long time the Railroad Companies had seen undel "Federal" (government) regulated control. In jargon understandable in Sri Lanka, American railroads had been brought under virtual state (nationalised) control. In this state, the railways in the USA had suffered serious losses. But when the Federal Government withdrew its controls and permitted the Railways to operate freely on 'an open economy'' (and not a "free enterprise") basis, they began not only to make profits but also present a competetive challenge to road transport which for a long time had enjoyed a virtual monopoly in freight fransport.
This article and what it reveals has тату lessons for Sri Lanka.
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RAILROADING was the first major Americar industry to undergo comprehensive federal economic regulation, having earned that somewhat dubious distinction in 1877 when the original interestate Commerce Act became law. Until recently, railroads were also the most heavily regulated of all American industries, unable to set prices, start new services or abandon old services without first gaining federal approval. But now that has changed dramatically. it isn't that railroads have been completely deregulated. That has not happened. Railroads are stil/far more regulated than most American industries. But the amount of regulation faced by railroads has been substantially reduced in recent years. through the passage of new laws-the so-called '4-R' Act of 1976 (Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act) and most especially, the Staggers Rail Act of 1980-and through new, more market-oriented interpretations of existing law by the Interstate Commerce Com
mission (ICC).
Already it is apparent that deregulation is working to the benefit of both railroads and railroad customers. The new freedoms, for example, are permitting railroads to recover inflation-based cost increases through rate increase on a more timely basis. At one time, regulatory delay in this area alone was costing railroads up to $ 1 billion a year in revenues. Beyond this, railroads are also using their new freedoms in innovative ways to attract new business, improve service and increase earnings. Perishables Deregulated : The potential benefits of deregulation-to Shippers as wel as railroadsbecame apparent in 1979 when the ICC used authority it had under the 4-R Act to deregulate rail movements of most perishable foodstuffs. Railroads responded by setting prices in accordance with the laws of Supply and demand-reducing rates when demand was low and equipment was available, increasing rates when demand was up and railcars were in short supply. Railroads also began aggressively to market reduced backhaul rates, filling up trailers, containers and freight cars that previously had been returned empty. The result was a dramatic increase in rail movements of perishables-the first such major increase in a quarter century-as rail share of market increased from 11 percent to almost 15 percent within one year.
Among western railroads, Santa Fe, the Burlington Northern, the Southern Pacific and Union Pacific all reported Substantial increases immediately following deregulation. So did Conrail, which picked up considerable connecting traffic from the Western railroads at Midwestern 'gateway' cities. With thsis new business, it became profitable for railroads to offer the expedited service required of perishables. These gains are continuing. During one five-month period in 1980, Conrail reported its piggyback movements of perishables tripled over 1979. Shortly after it became legal to do so, Union Pacific offered shippers of apples and pears $ 300 rebate during one
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two-week period-and reported its volume rose from 56 car-loads to 187, with 31 shippers trying the rail movements for the first time. Many of these new customers stayed with rail even after the "sale. ended.
Contract Rates : This ability to enter into contracts was mot specifically given to railroads until passage of the Staggers Act. Many believe that this will be one of the most important new freedoms given railroads under deregulation. Experience is so far supporting this prediction. As expected. many of the contracts involve coal. A number of utilities have entered into contracts in which railroads provide various rate guarantees in return for volume guarantees. One of the most innovative is a 20-year contract between ionois Central Gulf and Hoosier Energy. Hoosier has agreed to advance S 9 milion to CG so that the rail line can be upgraded. In return, Hoosier will recive a lower rate than it otherwise would have been able to obtain.
The export coal business has also proven to be fertile ground for contracts. The Norfolk and Western has signed a number of export contracts in which, typically, a skipper guarantees the railroad 800,000 tons of annual volume; and the railroad, in turn, provides a guaranteed loading date that not only improves car and pier utilisation but also allows vessel owners to avoid demurrage charges. The ability to enter into contracts is allowing some railroads to develop new markets for export coal. Southern, for example, will move some export coa through the port of Mobile. Coal from the linois Basin will move through the port of New Orleans to Spain as a result of another contract negotiated by CG. Chessie and l CG are involved in another contract that utilizes unit trans and eliminates the empty backhaul, the one negative feature associated with unit trains. ICG moves a unit train of phosphates from the Gulf of Mexico to Chessie which delivers it to fertiliser plants in the Midwest. Chessie then loads the train with grain and delivers it to the CG which takes it back to the Gulf for export.
Deregulation is also credited with the development of the longest non-coal unit train route on the continent-a three-railroad, two-nation phosphate shipment that starts out on Family Lines in the Tampa Bay area, moves on to the Chessie and then crosses the border into Canada for delivery by the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo at Port Maitland, Ont. Before this contract was signed, much of that traffic moved part of the way by other modes. Conrail has also used its contract authority to develop some new international business. In conjunction with Canadian National, it is moving 60-car unit tank trains of fuel. oil between Sarnia, Ont., and Oswego, N.Y. Another unit train of tank cars-this one, 84 cars long-moves over 194 miles of Conrail line from Albany to Oswego.
Contracts are also making it possible for Conrail to compete with trucks on some short hauls. One
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contracts calls for Conrail to move mini-trains of chemicals between Exxon Chemical America's Bayway, N. J., Chemical Plant and the Powell Duffryn Oil & Chemical Terminal in Bayonne-a distance of less than 20 miles. A typicrl train consists of 14. tank cars, carrying a total of 320,000 gallons. All of that business previoulsy moved by truck. A number of railroads have also signed contracts in which emphasis is placed on provision of premium Service at a premium rate. This permits shippers to reduce inventory costs. The Milwaukee Road has been trying to attract business from paper companies in this way. lf the railroad fails to meet its service guarantee, it pays a penalty to the shipper. Southern agreed to buy more expensive freight cars than Southern thought needed after another shipper agreed to pay a premium rate.
Southern Pacific has contracts with a number of shippers in which service reliability rather than Speed is the goal. Service contracts between Portland and the Los Angeles area call for SP to provide four-day Service, between Los Angeles and New Orleans, St. Louis and Memphis, the standard is six days, other standards are set for different routes. Since this program began, reliability has improved dramatically, with more than 85 percent of all movements meeting or surpassing the service standards, compared with 60 percent before the contracts were developed. Some contracts have focused on still over objectives improved car utilisation, for example, in the target of one contract involving Southern Railway and General Motors. That objective will be met by reducing the empty car mileage.
To be Concluded.
COMPUTERS
Help Track Plant Pests
THE U.S. Department of Agriculture has developed a cooperative computer system which spent each year tracking down destructive plant pests and diseases. The computer system has one through its first Season of processing results from plant pest Surveys in 16 U.S. States. Officials say the project will be expanded to 38 Stats in 1983. The aim is to help combat pests and give State and local agricultural agencies more assistance in advising farmers on pest control. ''State and federal specialists and commercial Scouts hired by farmers all conduct plant pest Surveys, but until now it has been difficult to compile results from State to State, much less mationwide,' Mr. Ronald Johnson, an official of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 'Our new computer assisted system ties this data together to help officials use it to better advantage,' he says. 'Now officials can apply the results beyond the boundaries of a single State to get a broader view of pest conditions.
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

As the new system becomes fully operational, Mr. Johnson said, it will help in combating pests and certifying commodities for export and also give the States a better basis for advising farmers om controlling established pests. 'Our first-year objective was to demonstrate that plant pest information could be successfully received, processed and transmitted back to the States', said Mr. Johnson. 'We were clearly successful at this - we handled 214,912 separate data entires--but in addition, the System helped us find a number of pest species for the first time in Several States."–USS.
REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION AMD THE PEOPLE
JOINT EFFORT ܐ .- For National Harmony
Daily News, August 22, 1983.
A meeting initiated by the Citizens Committee for National Harmony and held om August 19 at the Headquarters of the All-Ceylon Buddhist Congress, brought together members of several religious organisations and non-governmental organisations '0 discuss the urgent problems arising from the recent communal disturbances. Among the participants were members from the following organisations: Citizens Committee for National Harmony, All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, YMBA, Sinhala Bala Mandalaya, Shanti Seva Bhikku Sangamaya, Satyodaya Mahabodhi Society, centre for National and Tamil Affairs (CINTA). Colombo Chetty’s Association National Christian Council, Centre for Society and Religion, Colombo Diocesan Committee for Social Study and Action. Pubuduwa of the Catholic Church Sri Lanka Methodist Church, All Ceylon Moors Association, All Ceylon YMBA Conference, Moo's Islamic Cultural Home, A Ceylon Union of Muslim Youth League Fronts, all Ceylon Muslim league Sri Lanka Humanitarian Society, Ceylon Worker's Congress, Democratic Workers' Congress, Social Economic Development Centre (SEDEC) N. C. C. Commission for Justice and Peace, Marga ilmstituto, Society for international Development (SDA).
The meeting provided an opportunity for a frank and open exchange of views between Sinhala and Tamil participants. The discussion dealt with several issues and ways of resolving them. Among the topics discussed were the steps that had to be taken simultaneously both by Sinhala and Tamil Communities to end violence as a means of solving the Sinhala-Tamil problems, and im particular to prevent
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a recurrence of the type of violence that ccurred in July. The meeting discussed the need to create an environment of security and communal amity for the rehabilitation of the victims and their return to the homes in which they resided. The meeting also discussed the need to create a Sri Lankan identity which creates a common commitment among Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim, Burgher and all other groups to a united Sri Lanka, a national environment that assures citizens of all communities freedom from fear of violence and the right to live with human dignity
and Self respect.
In this context the meeting addressed itself to issues of ethnic balance in economic activities which would among other things, look after various grievances which have been voiced by the majority community. The meeting proposed a program of work which could enable citizens and non-government organisations to contribute substantially to the solution of ethnic problems on each of the main issues. The program envisages a close dialogue and collaboration between the Sinhala and Tamil citizens in carrying out this work. The participants expect to continue discussions to work out the program in detail and organise groups which could implement it. in addition, the meeting has made several recommendations for govemment action which it hopes to release in a Statement after reaching consensus.
Daily Wews, August 23, 1983.
Eight Proposals For National Harmony. Following the meeting of religious and social workers last weekend, organised by the Citizens Committee for National Harmony eight recommendations have been made to government by the participants. Reversing the trends towards confrontation through politic dialogue and negotiations checking by means of the law the tendency to overlook mob violence, setting up a commission to inquire into the pattern of violence, speedy and equitable compensation to victims; setting up a multiracial, multireligious national task force to help create a genuine Lankan identity, are among the recommendations made.
They have also urged that an international group of eminent persons, with wide knowledge and experience of ethnic problems, to examinie the situation here. The Ven. Havampola Ratnasara, president College of Buddhist Studies, Los AQgeles, addressing a press conference at the Marga lnstitute on Monday said five committees were set up at the meeting to help tackle the problems. Besides committees to handle publicity, communication and promotion, there are others for the 'study of ethnic balance' the "concept of Sri Lankan identity", and for 'safety' rehabilitationand neighbourhood relations.’’
The Ven Ratnasara stressed that the violence of July was deplorable. It, was against Buddhist teachings, he said. "As a Buddhist monk I am sorry
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and embarassed. Our world image is shattered he added. Rev. Fr. Tissa Balasuriya of the Citizens Committee for National Harmony said that everyone concerned with the problem must be somehow drawn into dialogue. 'Everyone must be willing to listen and talk. In the process of reconstruction we must also pay attention to the rehabilitation of the person, his mind and heart." The Ven, Walpola Piyananda, chief incubent of the DharmaVijaya Buddhist Vihara, Los Angeles, Mr. Godfrey Gumatilleke, director of Marga, and Mr. M. H. Mohideen associate director of Marga lnstitute were also associatod with the press conference.
FROM BATTCOLOA
A Plea for intercommunal Harmony
By K. Kanapathipilla
THIS IS THE TIME for all right-minded people in Sri Lanka to make a concerted effort to promote intercommunal harmony. We need to evolve into a . people with sane views and a Samer judgement, divested of any form of division and divergent trends. Shouldn't man live in harmony ? It is the keynote of Nature's design to enable her many members to live in amity, goodwill and social harmony. 'Go the ant, thou sluggard, learn her Ways and be wise'.
A concerted and co-operative endeavour is the prime need of the hour. A divergent trend, in whatever form it may be, under whatever force of circumstance, tends to breed hate and ill-will, envy and jealousy; and the outcome is utter ruin, destruction and com plete annihilation or Stark destitution. This fact has to be admitted, accepted and owned, and made to become a moving and convincing factor in one's way of thinking and one's art of feeling.
The nation of social and intercommunal harmony and goodwill should not be suffered to remain a mere ideal, an economic issue, and an article of theoretical faith. It should become a dynamic and living principle. It should be thought upon, reflected in all clarity of vision, in a perfectly calm mood; and become one's own ruling passion, may a dominant maxim in life. Then it would have found lodgement in one's own inner being, and help govern one's thinking, feeling, and acting.
Shouldn't there be a kindly thought a deep Seated intent appending every one of our actions? if that be granted, why don't we at this hour of addled thinking, and feeling, commotion and consternation; Clam down, put a thought upon a thought; clarify
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issues; track them down to their logical conclusions, and help beget a meaningful vision of life, built
upon the solid and sure foundation of living kindness, encompassing, compassion, clear intellection and detached understanding. And there shall be beauty and truth, justice and equity-to wit a 'dharmista' ethos..
Now shouldn't we say to ourselves; let us forget all about it, and make a firm resolve to come to terms with our neighbour and repeat a daily the Sublime Verse
''Mathru devo bhava, i Pithru devo bhava,
Achariya devo bhava, Adhidhi devo bhava
and mediate upon its noble injuctions:
'Your mother is divine, Your father is divine, Your teacher is divine, Your neighbour is divine.
Can there be a greater precept 2
Let us therefore build up not a more pretentious edifice for others to see and say: What a noble and imposing pile of brick and mortar: What rhapsody in serpentine: What gloss: what glitter; let us plunge into ourselves, seek out the small inner voice and put this simple question to it: Are my thoughts in order ? Are they righteous 2-'dharmistic'? Brimfull of compassion and true love? And, how best shall order my thoughts, my words, and my deeds So as to build up a noble Social order on a solid, true and lasting base ?
in order to attain this goal our leaders, whoever, they be, shall be men of some calibre, and shall put all their cards on the table, put their heads together think aloud, confess their misprision of felony should there be any, seek absolution, disown their diplomatic flourish of disembling and dissimulation, become children, and then devise and design and pattern a Social fabric that shall last an age, nay an aeon.
Having thought out and clarified a Sublime vision of life-a "visva rupa”-let every right thinking person in Sri Lanka shed this or her colour, discount his or her prejudice, and see to it that every one of them influences ten persons, persuades them to beget a right understanding of a closely knit solidly bonded human Society. Rumours bruited at street corners by mischievours busy bodies are highly dangerous and more destructive then even atom bombs.
There shall be no talk of community, race, language caste, creed or even cults. They tend to breed tainted, garbled versions events and happenings. These shall
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be forgotten for they propogate envy and hatred and conspire to break up society into Smithereens and Splinter groups. Then shall man be man for all that; then shall be the true son of man, Shouldn't we live as full-fledged Sri Lankans ?
52, Naliah Road, Batticoloa 15.8.83.
EC
ACADEMICS AND
Research Studies in Village
By Dr. A. T. Ariyaratine
We publish the below first installment of extracts in extenso of a paper entitled VILLAGE STUDIES FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES", by PR. A. T. Ariyaratne at the Asian Regional Seminar organised by the Sri Lanka Marga lins
titute. This version is taken from the Sarvodaya, magazine "DANA''. What Dr. Ariyaratne says provides food for thought for all those who
are interested in the villages of Sri Lanka
and desire to help in the process of cons
truction and development. There are, unfortu
nately, a great many academics with great pretensions to knowledge and wisdom who pontificate from ivory towers on Olymyian
heights of intellectual arrogance about what is good for the village and its rural folk. The way Dr. Ariyaratne debunks
these self-styled prophets of contemporary
punditry, who operate under the umbrella
of the much abused cliche of "Develop
ment', will help all perceptive persons to
understand some of the true realities in our
Villages.-Editor.
AM NOT AN ACADEMIC; at the outset must caution you, because if your expect an academic contribution from me, you would be greatly disappointed. I am a practical man who has experienced the Sarvodaya Process for nearly 25 years. We have been attempting to work with people and make them help themselves. In this process released in the villages of Sri Lanka we have encountered varying problems. I am speaking about these problems and in a way my intention is to speak my thoughts aloud. Forgive me, if I am blumt, lacking im academic excellence, because these are never my trade-marks. Scholars have come to us in the past and also in the present to conduct studies in our villages. have not kept a register of such scholars from here and abroad. But from a very modest account, might Say, We had at least 1,000 scholars coming to us to do village studies in one form or the other about our movement in the past.
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The first question have asked the is: 'What practical use is your study to our villagers, our people?' Believe me, that when I asked this question then and even now, most scholars look at me as if amasking Something that a decent person should not ask a scholar. After fidgeting embarrasingly for sometime they would say 'Well, well it is for academic purposes. you know. We want to find exactly Why it is so". I did not exactly understand what they said then; nor do understand what some of them Say even now. i believe they want to discover Some great thing, perhaps a theory or a principle that explains all our work we do with people in the village. But out of courtesy have just helped them to go to our villages and do their studies. But I am sorry to say when I read their Research Reports, | still cannot understand what they wanted to do for the village or villagers where they conducted their research. It is because of this reason that I am a little sceptical of scholars and research too.
HAVE ALWAYS BELIEVED ONE THING, When a study is made about our villages the results of that study should made available to the village. This is a norm for us the Sarvodaya workers. When We Collect. Something from the village as it belongs to the village, the foremost benefit of that should undoubtedly go to the villagers When you collect information from the village, write a book and publish it elsewhere, no one in the village can find out what exactly there is in the book written by you if this is what you call an 'academic exercise" then Seriously disagree with it You are here exploiting the people in the name of an academic exercise. Even as a scholar you have no basic right to do so. it is Strange how some scholars who speak about economic and Social exploitation, actually exploit people by this 'academic exercise" which they do not cal by that name but which is one of the worst of inhuman exploitations ever undertaken.
also believe that when you write Your excelent article or the book and publish it only in a langg the people do not understand, you are again doing a wrong thing. Is there no way for you to make at least the major part of your findings available in the language that the people among whom you did your Research understand? I understand you desire to publish it in a Journal that your academic peers value and read. I am not worried about your peers and the academic competence of your work But what practical impact does it have for the poor people in the village 2 Have they access to your distinctive Journal published for the sake of a few elite men and women in the country and that in a language foreign to the village P :
do not know what you would call it, but to me if your findings are , mot i bringing any worthwhile practical results to the village, I would cal such a study a 'sterile one". Village studies are for the pur
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pose of translating the findings in Research into action. have asked various scholars when they begin their studies in our villages this simple question. "How would you translate your findings into action once you finish your Research work' Believe me, the majority have looked at me as if I have asked something in bad taste. Some have replied that they would make the Report available to the Government or international Organisations to implement: the others, except a few, offered various excuses. s
Here I am reminded of a folktale. A woman once desired a child. The Goddess who was instrumental in granting a boon to the woman to get a child asked her: 'How would you like this child to grow up and then select an useful occupation?'. The woman replied 'It is left to the child and if the child wants, he or she can choose anything.' 'A mother who has no , idea what she wants hér child to do in the future deserves no child' the Goddess had replied. Of course no one can before-hand plan what occupation a child would pursue in the future. What the Goddess actually wanted was to make the mother conscious of the up-bringing of the child in a manner positively helpful to the Society. As she was not conscious of this primary ethical duty, the Goddess decided that She was not fit to become a mother.
IN THE SAME VEIN, I would say that if you have no idea as to how you would make our Research findings available to the people among whom you pursued the Research, then certainly your entire exercise is of no significance to us. Some Scholars have told me 'We do it just to satisfy our scientific curiosity and nothing more'. If this is So, am of opinion that such scholars are indeed inhuman. Here you are engaged in an exercise in which your 'laboratory'' objects are human beings. You observe them, obtain data from them, with no feeling about them. You are impelled by your curiosity and nothing else. There is no justification for this kind of village study under any circumstances. However much you may have gained distinctions in your academic field, for me, your are a person with no system of values, you have no sympathy or feeling for your fellow-beings.
"It may be that after we discover something in the field, later on some one may come and trans: late it to action'. This balated hope of the arrival of ; Prince Charming one day is again a myth. You disguise your callous disregard for the people under, a Sometimes socially accepted utterance of this type. You shrug your shoulders in your inimitable academic style and often say 'Of course we did the researct; But that part of implementing it, is not our business.
really get angry at remarks like this. When You do a village study, when you are involved in development, it is in a way a committed type of work. You
TRIBUNE SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

Page 23
are committed both to your discipline and perhaps more to the village people. It is this commitment that distinguishes such studies from other types of academic exercises
Some Scholars, come to me and expect to do village studies without even an understanding of exactly what we are doing at the grass-root level. The greatest lesson that have learned in development is briefly this. In order to develop the village, you must first learn about the village from the people in the village. To do this you must work and live with them, sharing the complex complex pattern of their every day life. This experience-sharing de-educates you from all that you have imbibed elsewhere and re-educates you in relation to the village. If you are not ready for this and not in a proper frame of mind to do it. you might as well forget village Studies.
Secondly you must be able to understand the people. The language of the people should be understandable to you. Of course here do not mean only the particular languages or dialects they speak. When you meet a man or woman and you do a favour for him, the man or the woman who does not know your language, Smiles in a certain way. The warmth and the style of the smile is quite clear to you. He or she is profusely thanking you for what you have done for him or her. You and he or she are 'taking' in the same language. It we develop this feeling further it would not be possible to imagine a situation beforehand in which you and the villagers feel a strange warmth to one another, intuitively realizing or sensing sympathising, affecting one another. You have devised a 'cultural antennae'' that enables you to feel and understand the villagers You could come to this level only when you have lived with them, worked with them and developed a great sympathy (a
commitment) for them.
To Be Continued.
K 其
NDIA
Developing the Rural Market
By A. S. Ganguly
This is the concluding part of the speech made by the chairman of Hindustan Lever, Mr. A. S. Ganguly on 'The Growing Rural Market in India." What Mr. Ganguly has to say about the rural market in India has great relevance to Sri Lanka where the future prosperity of the rural community depends a great deal on developing and servicing the market outside the urban areas
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

For any company to undertake communication and distribution up to the retail outlet on its own would be prohibitively expensive. It is the presence of the ubiquitous Indian trader, the wholesaler, the transport agencies and several thousand people employed by them directly or indirectly which makes cost effective and successful business possible. Therefore, the fairly common perception that these are unnecessary middlemen engaged in profiteering and blackmarketing is a disservice to the majority engaged in a very important and time-honoured occupation in this country. HLL owes a great deal to its agents ' and distributors, some of whom trace their association with the company to about a hundred years. Indeed many represent third generation links. Representatives of our associate companies from many parts of the world come to observe and study these systams and relationship which are considered to be among the most efficient and equitable.
If the trading houses of Japan provide similar services in much of South East Asia, the indian trader does this magnificently in his own country and in Several parts of Africa and West Asia. The trade also sometimes generates resentment because in many inaccessible communities they come from outside and by perseverance and hard work, build up a thriving business. Most people do not seem to appreciate that all this, in the ultimate analysis, is much more than trading. Therefore, the pre-eminent role of the trade in the rural market cannot be OverStated.
Investment and rural development: investment in backward areas and our experience in integrated Rural Development in Etah since 1976 also makes us confident about the future prospects of economic well-being of rural india, given certain managerial inputs. Most of our major investments in the last 20 years have been in the industrially backward regions of the country, spurred by the opportunities, encouragement and incentives. It started with investment in Etah in 1962 and increased rapidly in the seventies through investments in Maharashtra, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal and most recently, in Madhya Pradesh. The management of industries in such widely disp.rsed rural areas provides experience and knowledge invaluable for the company's investment and growth plans.
Our involvement im Integrated Rural Development (IRD) gives us the opportunity to better underStand the problems that slow down development in much of rural india and the opportunities it offers. We have now made it mandatory for all our management trainees to work for two months in our Etah rural development programme. In this way We help the urban-bred young men to comprehend the problems of the majority of our countrymen. This, in turn, þelps develop a cadre of people who would be also moving to the undeveloped rural hinterland
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with new investments. Its lifD programme in Etah district has brought to the company's people a ring side view of the countryside and the immense potential that India's villages offer for business. Without doubt, all this spells new opportunities. But they represent tremendous challenges as well.
coMCLUSIONS: At a time when one hears of sectoral recession, lack of entrepreneurial opportunities and, in general, about risks and regulations that restrict growth, the slow but steady development of a widening cash economy in the major part of this country is an opportunity which certainly deserves more attention. The growth of economic activity in rural india is attended by per capita numbers and unending debates about the poverty ime. These are real and cannot be wished away.
But in a democratic society uniform growth would be an elusive goal. If one set aside for a moment the Socio-political aspects and instead analysed the socio-economic realities, then the dispersal of industrial investment Plan expenditure, marketing of agricultural and other products into rura ndia represents an important aspect of a possible approach for ensuring a measure of uniform economic spread. in this analysis, one must recognise the role of communications and encourage rather than inhibit this, as is attempted from time to time. Rural communications must not only carry messages for services. Communication is an expensive and difficult task. This cannot be denied. At the same time to ignore it would be imprudent. This has been forcefully demonstrated in the successful Green Revolution and to an extent, in ushering in the message of family planning by the Government. It must now encourage the industrial and Service sectors to divert a major part of their activity and attention to the rura market and accer
erate economic mobility.
The remarkable strengths of the small Indian trader can be supplemented and channelised for more equitable distribution. HLL's experience in marketing and distribution has been greatly strengthened by innovations in technology and investments in the core sector. Its research discoveries of chemical compounds which boost agricultural productivity and its investment for manufacturing inorganic fertilisers provide added impetus for deeper penetration of the hinterland. National surveys as well as research undertaken by the company confirm the view that population growth tends to overshadow progress being made and opportunities which are developing. However, they also clearly bring out the rapid developments taking place im mamy paits of rural India. We must now get out of the shadow of lopsided growth of the urban centres and carefully plan to Service the increasing demands of non-urban india. Another aspect is that rural development remains a neglected sector and the involvement of companies like HLL. enables the induction of scarce managerial inputs.
22

HLL wivh its near-century experience in marketing has an intimate knowledge of its consumers both im urban and rural lndia. lts international connections have been of great significance in meeting the needs of consumers in many countries around the world. Today its sound technological base and innovations particularly born of agriculture related scientific research make HLL all set to meet emerging new needs of the farming community. The company is the proverbia tip of a subject which is vast and more complex than can be encompassed in a single address. lf however, even in a limited manner, this speech provides some inte est for further investigations, it Would have served its purpose.
Concluded.
EELISE 4.sponsSCOPf
asz
onsa-A
SPOTLIGHT
Sugathadasa Stadium
World Athletics'
When the remodelled Sugathadasa Stadium is ceremonially opened om September 10, Sri Lanka vill have one of the most up to date stadiums and one which can be compared with the best in the world. President J. R. Jayewardene will be the chief guest at the opening. On the day of the opening the proudest man will undoubtedly be that man for all Seasons, Mr. Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Ministr of Sri Lanka and Minister of Local Government and Housing and Construction. When the Stadium was allowed to go into rack and ruin there was one newspaper that vigorously campaigned for its remodelling and rebuilding. The Stadium was in a bad state due to the earth sinking and disintegration. The Sugathadasa Stadium was the brainchild of the first Minister of Sports. the late Mr. V. A. Sugathadasa who was one of the finest sportsmen produced in the country. Mr. Sugathadasa was the Member of Parliament for Colombo North where the stadium is situated. He had his dreams come true with the completion of the two stadiums, the outdoor and the indoor. The outdoor stadium was built where the former Prince of Wales Playground was and the indoor stadium the former Trolley bus garage.
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Page 25
The two stadiums proved to be the most popular venue for all sports, especially soccer and track and field athletics. However over the years and due to bad soil conditions and exposure to the weather the tiers as well as other buildings in the stadium were Subjected to damage. It was then that the good Prime Minister stepped in. Himself a sportsman of no mean repute, he took it upon himself the task of redeveloping and reconstructing the stadium and making it Sri Lanka's premier sports stadium. When the stadium is opened there is no doubt, that it will be as good as any Stadium in any part of the world. The Prime Minister who is always at hand to help. a worthy cause is also mindful of the role of Sports in moulding character. Determined to see the stadium as one of the best he launched a fund for its redevelopment. Voluntary donations kept on pouring into the Fund and on the day it was set up nearly five million rupees was collected. The Prime Minister appointed a Project Committee with the Mayor of Colombo, Sirisena Cooray at the helm and the work was entrusted to the Urban Development Authority. The grand opening will see the culmination of a very good job of work by all concerned. The new stadium will have a Grandstand Pavilion which will house dressing rooms, administrative accommodation, indoor gameS and several other facilities. The entry points and the turnstiles have been updated. The flood lighting system is also of international class and facilities have also been provided for Press, TV and Radio coverage.
The estimated cost of the entire redevelopment of the Sugathadasa Stadium was Rs. 30 million and the monies were found through public donations. The plans were drawn up by the Urban Development Authority, Construction work was in the capable hands of the State Engineering Corporation. Others who associated in the construction were the Colombo Municipal Council and Nawaloka Builders. As the playing area is the most important, the whole ground was dug up and re-turfed and fortified to withstand the heavy demands of the future. What is most interesting is the special underground drainage system that has been installed to prevent Seepage and water logging. Another unique feature is that even the tiers have been provided with overhead roofing and 20,000 spectators will be able to watch a sports events in comfort. The old pavilion which was a single structure covered by asbestos roofing has been demolished and in its place has been built the fourstoreyed Grandstand Pavilion with fixed Seats for nearly 2,500 spectators. Come Seotember 10, and the happiest man no doubt will be the man of the common man, Mr. Ramasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister without whose efforts the reconstruction work would have been impossible.
Taking the cue from the efforts of the Prime Minister, there will be yet another Stadium in the heart of the city, when the City Football League completes as
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3 1983

blueprint for a well-equipped stadium at the City Football League grounds in Slave Island. The man behind this effort is the hard-working F. A. Yaseen President of the City Football League and a great Soccer enthusiast. Yaseen is already doing his bit by attracting finances to the League which is of vital importance for any game to survive and progress. Yaseen was elected President of the City Football League in 1979 and he immediately set about getting down to hard work. It is said that when he took over as President the League was left with only Rs. 12. Yaseen realised that if money was to be got then the holding of a floodlit tournament was a must. He immediately got round a band of willing office-bearers メ and Set in motion the Mayor's Cup Football Tournamant under floodlights. After the tourney was completed Yaseen was able to show a profit of Rs. 75,000 which he has put in Fixed Deposit. Yaseen has received tremendous encouragement from the Mayor of Colombo Mr. Sirisena Cooray in all his endeavours. The money at present available is hardly sufficient for completing the stadium. The estimated cost is Rs. 300,000 and Yaseen promises to collect this money and See his idea through to fruition.
'Greater than the greatest Ali'. That was how Carl Lewis the three gold medal winner was called after his record breaking feats at the recently concded. World Athletic Championships in Helsinki. Lewis who dominated the Games won golds in the 100 metres, Long Jump and the 4 x 100 relay. However the 22-year-old Houston University student was not the only star among the glaxy of athletes at the Helsinki Games. East Germany's Marita Koch won four medals, Britain's Steve Cram won the 1,500 metres in grand style. American Ed Moses dominated the 400 meiers hurdles and Daley Thompson of Britain confirmed that he is the most outstanding around athlete. 'Car Lewis is without doubt the greatest athlete in the world of all time. He's got to rank much higher than Mohammed Ali, said fellow American Steve Scott, the 1,500 metres silver medalist. Lewis dashed home in the 100 metres final in record time and it is said that there was no stopping him from Winning a medal in the 200 metres if he had decided to run in that event. Lewis however, provided the dramatic few minutes when he secured the gold medal in the Long Jump with one big leap. e later anchored the American Sprint Squad to Victory is tea Clocked the fantastic time of 37.86 seos to clip 0.17 seconds off the six year old record set by another American Squad. Lewis' timing in the relay was a record-breaking 8.90 seconds. At was the first time 1 could stand on the podium, see our f'Mag and hear our anthem", said Lewis. Another athlete to excel at this meet was West Germany's Narita Koch. Koch a 26 year old medical student won three medals for the 200 metres and two relays and a silver in the 100 metres event. Koch helped East Germany to win the most number of medals in the event for
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women. "Without the women we would be nothing in sport worth half as much in athletics may be a quarter', according to East German commentator
Heinsz Florian Certel.
ALLROUNDER?
X
SPORTS CHRONICLE
August 8 - 2
MOWDAY, AUGUST 8: Blue Oceanic Beach Hotel, Negombo, aided by a fine unbeaten 59 by Z. Lanthra defeated C. W. Mackie's by 54 runs in their Mercantile F Division cricket tournament match played recently at McCarthy Road: Blue Oceanic Hotel 183 for 6 in 50 overs and C. W. Mackie's 129 in 40.3 overs. Tissamaharama became champions with 276 points at the Inter-AGA's Division track and field sports meet of the Hambantota District held recently; Tangalla and Hambantota with 113 and 87 points were second and third respectively. St. Joseph's BMV, Kegalle won the under 19 and under 17 netball titles at the Kegalle District schools Sports meet held recently at Kegalle, A. M. Dissanayake Won the men's cycle marathon conducted by the Ministry of Sports which was held among the fourteen AGA Divisions of the Badulla district last month.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 9: A West German football team comprising tourists was beaten again by the Bentota Sports Club who emerged victors by 3 goals to one in their return match played recently at the Gamini MMV grounds, Bentota. The People's Bank Branch of Bandarawela won the Softball cricket tournament organised by the People's Bank Branch of Muthiyangana and held recently among the People's Bank branches in the Badulla District; they beat the Muthiyangana Branch team in the final by 7 wickets; Muthiyangana team Were all out for 25 runs in their innings and the Bandarawela team in reply scored the required runs for the loss of 3 wickets. Australia helped by a controversial penalty try, beat the Argentine Pums 29-13 in the second Rugby Union international at Sydney to avenge their defeat a week ago and draw the two-match Series.
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10: English County Cricket Champions and leaders Middlesex, skittled for 83 in the first innings by Title rivals Essex, fought back strongly as Graham Barlow scored an unbeaten century yesterday ; Opener Barlow's 115 mot out fifted Middlesex, 206 behind after dismissing Essex for 269 to 217 for one at the close of the second day of the three day match at Chelmsford. The New Zealand cricketers needed only 11 overs to rttle off the 60 runs needed to beat Hampshireat Bournemouth
24

on Tuesday; the only disappointment as they swept to a nine-wicket victory-their third Success of the tour against a County side-was the cheap dismissal of opener Bruce Edgar who was out for 8 with the score 18. American Carl Lewis triumphantly confirmed his status as the world's leading Sprinter last night when he demolished a top class field in the men's 100 metres final at the first World Athletics Championships at Helsinki; Lewis flashed across the finishing line in 10.07 seconds to lead an American clean sweep of the Medals; World record holder Calvin Smith was second in 10.21, while Emmit King clocked 10.24 to take the Bronze.
- THURSDAY, AUGUST 11 : Middlesex amassed the highest total im the English County Cricket Champions since 1949 when they made 634 for Seven to save their top-of-the-Table match against Essex at Chelmsford yesterday; the total was eight short of Middlesex's best 642 for 3 against Hampshire in 1923 and within sight of the highest second innings in this country 703 for 9 by Cambridge University against Sussex in 1890. E. D. Moses proved yet again that the 400 metres Hurdles has never seen his like on the third day of the World Athletics Championships at Helsinki yesterday, while in the Men's 800 metres, willi Wuebeck of West Germany cast off the years to upset the applecart; the Golds for Moses and Wuebeck were only the highlights of a rich evening of athletics with the first capacity 53,000 crowd in the Olympic Stadium for these Championships watching seven World Titles being disputed. Italy's Brava was last night heading for an easy win in the 605-mile fastest Classic, Final Race in the Admira's Cup, the World Championship of Ocean Racing.
PRIDAY, AUGUST 12: Galle CC comprising several Lakspray Trophy cricketers scored an easy five wicket victory over Matara SC in their 50 over Cement Trophy cricket tournament match of the Galle District Cricket Association at the Galle Esplanade recently: United Southern SC beat Gesto CC: United Southern CC 274 for 9 in 48 overs and Gesto CC 88 in 23.3 overs. Galle Combined Schools beat Hambantota CC at the Uyanwatte Stadium; Hambantota CC 73 in 42 overs and Galle Combined Schools 77 for 4 in 18.3 overs. Rio SC Ambalangoda beat Cement Corporation at Ambalangoda Esplanade: Rio SC 189 in 45.2 overs and Cement Corporation 148 in 40.2 overs. Galle CC beat Matara SC at the Galle Esplanade: Matara SC 113 in 46.1 overs and Galle CC 117 for 5 in 30.2 overs.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 13: Scores on the Second day of the third cricket test between England and New Zealand at Lords on Friday are as follows: England first in hings 326 and New Zeeland first innings 176. Inspired by David Gower's century and Mike Gatting's highest score in 39 innings for his country. England finished the opening day of the
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

Page 27
Third Test Match against New Zealand at Lords in relative prosperity. Asked to bat by touring Captain Geoff HoWarth, they recovered from the disappointing start of losing a wicket in the opening over to close at 279 for five. Lake House SC reigning Mercantile A Division Soccer champions have qualified to play in another final. They meet Nalanda College in the final of the Ratmalana United Sports Clubs inviation knock out Soccer tournament for the Dheerasel era Challenge Cup at Railway Grounds Ratmalana tomorrow at 4 p.m.
SUNDAY, AUGUST 14: Gestetner Ceylon Ltd., beat Glaxo Ltd., by 35 runs in a 40 over cricket match played at S. Thomas grounds, Mount Lavinia recently in preparation for the forthcoming Mercantie Cricket Association Tournament : Gestetner 144 for 8 in 40 overs and Glaxo 109 in 27 overs. Zahira College, Gampola scored an exciting 1 - 0 win over Sri Rahula College, Katugastota in their Sports Ministry Shield under 15 Soccer tournament crnducted by the Sri Lanka SShools Soccer Association played at Kandy recently. At half time there was no scoring. Two goals by cenre forward Mohamed thiad helped Black Square Sports Club beat Sunny Mount Sports Club by 2 goals to nil in their quarter final football match in the Y.R.M. Yaseen Cup Knock out Soccer tournament match played at the City League grounds yesterday. At half time the winners led 1 - nil.
MOWDAY, AUGUST 15. Ekamuthu Youth Club, Biyagama, won the men's inter-youth club Volleyball tournament conducted by the National Youth Services Council of the Biyagama electorate and held recently at Sapugaskanda Maha Vidyalaya grounds' Kelaniya. Siyambalape North Youth Club won the women's tournament with Delgoda Youth Club as runners up. The net ball title was won by Siyambalape North Youth Club with Biyagama Ekamuthu Youth Club as runners up. Britain's Daley Thompson added the World Decathlon Title to his Olympic, European, and Commonwealth Gold Medals at the First World Athletics Championships at Helsinki Thompson showing no sign of the injuries that have interrupted his training this season, comfortably defeated World Record Holder Jurgen Hingsen by 8,666 points to 8,561 while another West German, Siegfired Wentz finished Third with 8,478.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 16: Reigning Mercantile A Division Soccer Champions, the star-studied Lake House SC team, drubbed Nalanda College by 6 goals to 2 at the Railway Grounds, Ratmalana on Sunday to add yet another Trophy to their bag-the DheeraSekera Challenge Cup to their shelf of trophies. Amran Khan, Pakistan's Cricket Captian has been awarded a National 'Pride Of Performance' Medal by the country's president General Zia UL-Haq on the eve of the country's 36th Independence Day yesterday, A Fourth Medal for East German sprinter Marita Koch, yet another disastrous spill on the track and the
TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

emergence of Steve Cram as Britain's leading middledistance runner were just three of the highlights
yesterday on an action packed Final Day in the First World Athletics Championships.
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 17: England, with their fast bowlers exploiting a pitch of unpredictable bounce crushed New Zealand by 127 runs with a day to spare in the Third Cricket Test at Lord's in London yesterday. England 1st innings 326 and New Zealand 1st innings 191: England 2nd inings 211 and New Zeland 2nd innings 219. The Soviet Union won the World Ice Hockey Championships in Munich ahead of Czechoslovakia; Canada, Sweden, the federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic: The GDR took home the Fair Play Cup. Banned England off-spinner John Emburey led a fight back by County Cricket Champions and Leaders Middlesex with five for 64 against Lancashire om Monday; Emburey, seving a three-year Test an after taking part in an Unoffical English tour of South Africa last year, helped to dismiss Lanchashire 72
ahead on first innings for 193 whew they batted a Second time.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 18 : Nawalapitiya President's X SC beat Carlston sc from Colombo 3-0 in a Soccer match played recently at the Jayati eke Stadium World Doubles Champions Steen Fladberg and Jesper Heltedie of Denmark surprisingly crashed to a three set defeat at time hands of Martin Dew and Steve Baddeley of England on the opening day of the Third Alba World Cup Badminton Championship here yesterday; the English pair won 15 - 9, 8 - 18, 15-12. West Indian Norbert Philip kept Essex in the hurt for the English Country Cricket Champion ship Title yesterday when he grabbed a hat trick to help his side crush Northamptonshire by 128 runs. Northamptomshire set to score 272 to win, were all out for 142 to put Essex within five points of leaders Middlesex: Philip finished with four for and John Lever 3 for 48: Earlier Essex declared their second innings at 236 for 7 after Keith Fletcher had top scored with 71.
FRIDAY, AUGUST 19: Sputnik SC defeated little Birds SC by 5 wickets in a semi-final match of the Softball Cricket Toumament sponsored by the National Security A3ency for the K. D.M.C. Bandara Challenge Shield played recently at the Railway Jayanthi SC Sports Club grounds Anuradhapura Little Birds SC 47 and Sputnik SC 48 for 5. Maradankadawala Stars SC and Jayanthi SC won their quarter-final matches in the same tournament Maradankadawala Stars SC beat GA's X by 4 wickets: GA's XI 54 end Maradankadawala Stars SC 56 for 6. Jayanthi SC beat Abhaya SC by 7 wickets: Abhaya SC 39 and Jayanthi SC 41 for 3. lan. Botham played one of the finest innings in his illustrous car eer to smatch victory for Somerset from umder
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the Middlesex noses in the Natwest Cricket 60-over Semi-Final at Lord's London yesterday; he scored 96 not out as Somerset recovered from 52 for 5 to reach 222 for 8 and beat Middlesex 222 for 9 in Fewer Wickets Lost.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 20: Taxila Maha Vidyalaya, Horana won both the Senior and Junior titles at the Kalutara District inter school athletic meet held at Panadura esplanade recently; the District Championship was won by the Horana Educatiom Ciricuit. Malaysia's Misbun Sidek beat European champion Jens-Peter Nierhoff of Denmark 15 - 5, 15 - 9 on the third day of the Third Alba World Cup Badminton Championships yesterday. The British Yacht Victory 83 won through to the finals of the trials to choose an American's Cup challenger yesterday by beating Australia by two minutes and 50 Seconds in light winds. New Zealand paceman Martin Snedden took the honours for the first time in a cricket tour of personal disapiontment as his team moved into a strong position against Essex here yesterday: New Zealand first innings 321 for 4 declared; Essex first innings 233. Twelve year old Alison Weathersley of London yesterday became the youngest girl to swim the English Channel; it took her 16 hours to Cross from Calais to DOVer.
SUNDAY, AUGUST 21 : Sounders 'Blues' entered the semi-finals of the A. R. M. Yaseen Cup knock out soccer tournament when they scored a hard fought 1 nil win over Silver Tongue SC in a quarter final match played at the City League grounds Yesterday, Amateur Elise Burgin beat fellow American Kathy Jordan while seeded players Martina Navratilova Chris Evert Lloyd and Hana Mandilkova won easily, in the quarter finals of the Canadian Women's Open Tennis Tournament. The New Zealand cricketers overcame a bold Essex victory bid to record their fourth Consecutive win over an English County today when they won their three day match here by 48 runs : New Zealand 321 and Essex 223. Leicesttershire recovered from the shock of losing a wicket without a run on the board to complete a respectable 74 for 1 on the opening morning of their three day match against the New Zealand cricketers at LeiCestershire yesterday. The United States picked up another bunch of gold at the Panamerican Games to be well clear of Cuba with its swimmers, shooters and weightlifters winning mamy ewents.
26

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MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, HOUSING 8 CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS
Tenders for the construction of Semi permanent building for acupunture Clinic, Colombo South Hospital, Kalubowila will be received by the Chairman, Tender Board, Superintendent Engineer's Office, Colombo Division Department of Buildings, Colombo 7, upto 10.00 a.m. on Wednesday 07.09. 83.
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CONFIDENTIALLY
Black Week
IST NOT TRUE that the silver lining that emerged during the dark and dismal days of Black Week in July and Grey Days of August centred round the fact that within a matter of days food supplies were made plentiful in the beleagured city of Colombo and other towns devastated by the marauding hosts of extremists, looters and others of the same ilk ? That if rice, coconut, wheat flour, vegetables, pulses and other subsidiaries had not been made available. in places where people could reach them easily and at prices that Smashed the black market that had reared its ugly head, the vicious elements, intent on undermining the foundations of the economy by destroying ordered life in the capital city, would have unleashed the final putsch to topple the government through food riots and further arson and killing? That the credit for making food available must, in the first instance, go to the Minister of Trade and Shipping Mr. Laith Athulathmudali? That there is no doubt that he and the departments and organisations in his Ministry rose to the occasion and won praise and admiration not only from all who were in Colombo in the dangerous days of the Black Week but also from a viv no Were aware (or were apprised) of the situation? That in this exercise, the Minister of Agricultural Research, Food and Co-operatives, Mr. Gamini JayaSuriya also played a notable role by the swinging the Paddy Marketing Board and the Co-operatives into action ? That the work of co-cordinating all these efforts and particularly the task of setting up and sustaining the refugee camps in Colombo came under the able and competent control of the Commissioner-General of Essential Services under the aegis of the Prime Minister Mr. R. Premadasa 2 That there is total unanimity that Mr. Bradman Weerakoon and his hand picked colleagues did an excellent job of work? That it is difficult not to indulge in recriminations especially by those who have suffered loss of property and/or lives of those near and dear ? That the mere act of displacement alone is enough to break hearts and paralyse minds 2 That in spite of as these horrendous facts, and circumstance, it is nevertheless necessary to recognise the good deeds that brought help and succour to the thousands of the afflicted?
THAT IT S A FACT that many thousands of -Sri Lankan Tamils and Tamils of Indian origin whose dwellings were either destroyed or who were affected by the panic wrich gripped them left their homes and their dwellings and rushed to Police Stations in search of security? That the government moved in to help the refugees who had sought security in Police Stations where nowever no facilities were available to house such large numbers? That Relief Camps were immediately set up in the city of Colombo and in the other parts of the island where violence had erupted? That in the city of Colombo 20 Relief
28

Camps were immediately set up and about anothef 30 were set up in towns and cities outside Colombo ? That almost all the Relief Camps were established in large school buildings which were spacious and which had a satisfactory Supply of other amenities including open space for people to relax and exercise? That is was decided to house om the average si.. or Seven thousand refugees in a single camp so as to provide the occupants with enough room space to live and move about and also to administer the camp Smoothly and efficiently? That within two days the first Relief Camp was set up at Ratmalana Airport and within 6 days other Relief Camps Set up to shelter all those who received such relief? That by the 1st of August there weste almost 125,000 displaced or affected persons in these 50 Relief Camps? That in the Relief Camps sited in Colombo there were about 85,000 displaced or affected persons and the balance 40,000 Sought shelter in the camps outside Colombo? That the Relief Camps Were administered Senior Government Officials 2 That they were assisted by a large number of Government Institutions and Public Sector Corporations ? That Local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and International non-governmental organisations also assisted not only in the administration of these Relief Camps but also in giving considerable supplies of food items, clothing, drugs etc.? That names and addresses of all sheltered in these Camps were immediately taken down together with immediate Supply and assistance by way of dry rations, medical treatment and clothing which they required ? That further if any of those who were in Relief Camps wanted to know the whereabouts of any relatives or friends such matters were also attended to ? That all Relief Camps had a communication system installed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the Camps, including reuniting members of families who were in diverse Relief Camps? That there were six main areas of services which the Relief Camps had to supply? That firstly, people in the Relief Camps had to be afforded complete security? That this was provided by the Sri Lankan Army which had a strict and tigh' security ring around the camps ensuring full protection to the occupants? That ensuring an adequate and nutritional food supply and other essential amenities were considered to be the next priority area? That all dry rations, mikfood, clothing, bread, flour, rice, sugar and other requisites were fully provided by Government Agencies 2 That in the first few days food parcels were delivered to these Relief Camps and later it was found that a better supply of meals could be ensured if they were cooked within the camp, so that hot meals could be supplied ? That those who were in the Camps readily volunteered to cook and tከ€ Government supplied all the necessary food items and cooking facilities? That an adequate pure water. supply was ensured to all Relief Camps?
To be Continued. .. TRIBUNE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1983

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